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6<br />

EDITORIAL<br />

Road <strong>to</strong> elections<br />

Major parties need <strong>to</strong> reach out <strong>to</strong> give<br />

smaller parties political ownership<br />

ALTHOUGH the major political parties seem closer<br />

<strong>to</strong> a deal on elections than they have been for the<br />

past eight months, it is still unclear whether the<br />

Chief Justice will agree <strong>to</strong> take up leadership of the election<br />

government. While all of the nation’s attention is<br />

focused on this issue, what has received far less attention<br />

is that there are political fac<strong>to</strong>rs that could still block elections.<br />

In particular, there are many small political parties<br />

that feel left out from the current negotiation process. The<br />

larger parties in all likelihood assume that once they sort<br />

out a deal, it will be easy <strong>to</strong> get the smaller parties on<br />

board. This may be generally true. After all, many of the<br />

smaller parties also have a lot <strong>to</strong> gain from elections. But<br />

there are certain political groups that may not be as easy<br />

<strong>to</strong> negotiate with. The larger parties would do well <strong>to</strong> start<br />

negotiating with them soon if they want elections by June.<br />

One major problem that has often been commented<br />

on is the issue of re-delineating constituencies and updating<br />

voter rolls. This could be a major problem, especially<br />

in the Tarai. Many of the Madhesi parties that are currently<br />

in government seem <strong>to</strong> have no problem with the current<br />

plans of the larger parties. But there are some<br />

Madhesi groups that might not be so amenable. Upendra<br />

Yadav’s party, which still enjoys considerable support in<br />

the Tarai, is a case in point. If his group feels excluded<br />

from negotiations, it could well raise an agitation in the<br />

Tarai and refuse <strong>to</strong> participate in elections unless Madhesi<br />

concerns such as the re-delineation of constituencies are<br />

conducted. This in turn may cause the Madhesi parties in<br />

government <strong>to</strong> <strong>set</strong> their own preconditions for participating<br />

in elections. The larger parties need <strong>to</strong> start addressing<br />

these concerns as soon as possible.<br />

The other party that will likely cause problems is the<br />

breakaway Maoist party led by Mohan Baidya. This party<br />

is facing internal problems regarding their future strategy.<br />

Its leaders also feel left out of the negotiating process and<br />

are aggrieved. If they continue <strong>to</strong> feel this way, it is possible<br />

that they will do all they can <strong>to</strong> thwart an election deal.<br />

They may even engage in acts of violence and intimidation<br />

<strong>to</strong> prevent elections. In order <strong>to</strong> prevent this, the big<br />

parties need <strong>to</strong> reach out <strong>to</strong> them and listen <strong>to</strong> their concerns.<br />

Efforts need <strong>to</strong> be made <strong>to</strong> convince them that<br />

there is no other option but <strong>to</strong> hold elections. Given their<br />

common his<strong>to</strong>ry, it would be best if Maoist Chairman<br />

Pushpa Kamal Dahal deals with Baidya in private. There<br />

are many challenges that need <strong>to</strong> be overcome if elections<br />

are <strong>to</strong> be held in June. The major parties need <strong>to</strong> be aware<br />

and address all of them if they are genuinely committed <strong>to</strong><br />

holding elections.<br />

WE in Nepal have given more<br />

importance <strong>to</strong> the SLC<br />

examination than is actually<br />

necessary. The SLC has become<br />

almost the first indica<strong>to</strong>r of education.<br />

Obviously, a huge fear and anxiety is<br />

associated with the SLC. Because of<br />

HEM RAI Hemrai21@yahoo.com<br />

our social schooling, we have a<br />

propensity <strong>to</strong> judge a student on the<br />

basis of the grades he or she secures in<br />

the examination but not on the basis<br />

of his or her competency.<br />

In the process of moving up from<br />

grade one <strong>to</strong> grade 10, one has likely<br />

accumulated lots of experience of<br />

appearing in examinations. Students<br />

are usually frightened, intimidated<br />

and even terrorised by the words like<br />

‘terminal examinations’ and ‘final<br />

examinations’ in one way or the other.<br />

There is <strong>to</strong>ugh and sometimes cutthroat<br />

competition at present in the<br />

education sec<strong>to</strong>r. Different schools<br />

and students prepare for the SLC differently.<br />

The expectations of parents,<br />

Learning<br />

a little<br />

the student’s own ambition and norms<br />

of the society open up different paths<br />

of progress, but at the same time, that<br />

may create huge tension and contradictions.<br />

Psychologically, exam-phobia<br />

is such a problem that affects the tender<br />

mind of the youth both physically<br />

and mentally.<br />

Students who have <strong>set</strong> goals <strong>to</strong> do<br />

well in the SLC work hard year-long.<br />

But examination time brings about the<br />

feelings of fear, tension, anxiety and<br />

uncertainty. Students often lose their<br />

appetite and suffer from other problems<br />

like insomnia, headache, fatigue<br />

and fever. Anxiety actually makes the<br />

filter that is inside our brain, in<br />

between the receiving and production<br />

areas, more active in blocking the<br />

channels between star shaped cells<br />

and pyramid shaped cells. As a result,<br />

the students’ memory power may<br />

become even weaker.<br />

Many students become the victim<br />

of depression when they do not score<br />

high marks in the examination in spite<br />

of their hard work. Our social structure<br />

and schooling is such that one is considered<br />

<strong>to</strong> be an intelligent or a dull<br />

student on the basis of the marks one<br />

obtains in examinations. This mounts<br />

a huge pressure on students.<br />

Examinations thus become a fac<strong>to</strong>r of<br />

intense fear for the students and not a<br />

MADHESIS should not be seen<br />

as the spoilers of the election.<br />

But the voter list and the constituency<br />

are two real substantive things<br />

that need <strong>to</strong> be sorted out. Making a<br />

compromise on these issues can be sui-<br />

DIPENDRA JHA<br />

cidal for the United Democratic<br />

Madhesi Front (UDMF). The Madhesi<br />

political representation would be narrowed<br />

in the upcoming election as one<br />

in every three persons would be disenfranchised<br />

in Madhes districts. Almost<br />

three million missing voters are from<br />

the Tarai among the 4.6 million eligible<br />

voters who have not been registered in<br />

the citizenship-based voter list.<br />

If polls are not held according <strong>to</strong> the<br />

2008 election voter list, a large number<br />

of Madhesi leaders would be badly<br />

affected and so will be the voters. Jay<br />

Ram Yadav’s vic<strong>to</strong>ry in Upendra Yadav’s<br />

constituency in Mornag in the by-election<br />

is a clear example <strong>to</strong> support this<br />

argument. In every constituency in the<br />

Tarai, about 10,000 eligible voters are<br />

supposedly missing from the voter list.<br />

The picture is pretty much clear if you<br />

compare the latest Census data of the<br />

eligible voters with the district voter registration<br />

data mentioned in the book<br />

Voter Registration System in Nepal by<br />

Ayodhee Prasad Yadav, (pages 89, 90, 91<br />

and 92). Look at the missing voters’ percent<br />

on a district-wise basis—Morang<br />

29.67 percent, Sunsari 32 percent,<br />

Rauthat 34.5 percent, Bara 32.08 percent,<br />

Parsa 35.08 percent, Nawalparasi<br />

28.64 percent, Rupendhi 37.15 percent,<br />

Kapilbastu 36.55 percent, Saralahi 34.64<br />

percent, Mahottari 31.45 percent and<br />

Dhanusha 31.93 percent.<br />

About 33 percent of eligible voters or<br />

100, 000 voters will be barred from<br />

enjoying their <strong>rights</strong> <strong>to</strong> vote in the election.<br />

This gap in the voter registration is<br />

also justified by the Dhanapati<br />

Upadhaya Commission, formed by the<br />

Government of Nepal in 1995 <strong>to</strong> address<br />

statelessness. That shows that more<br />

than 3.4 million people were stateless<br />

due <strong>to</strong> the lack of citizenship certificates.<br />

On November 3, 2010 the Supreme<br />

Voters and constituencies<br />

Guaranteeing Madhesis the right <strong>to</strong> vote <strong>to</strong> participate in<br />

political affairs is an important responsibility of the state<br />

Court denied the petitioner’s request <strong>to</strong><br />

overrule the Election Commission’s citizenship<br />

certificate requirement <strong>to</strong> be<br />

eligible <strong>to</strong> register <strong>to</strong> vote. The court<br />

holds that the EC’s November 2 amendment<br />

provides a remedy for those<br />

Nepalis without citizenship certificates.<br />

On December 23, 2010, the Supreme<br />

Court rules that the ECN can: 1) prepare<br />

new voter rolls, as opposed <strong>to</strong> only<br />

updating the current rolls; 2) register<br />

Nepalis who are 16- and 17-years old; 3)<br />

collect personal details for the government’s<br />

national identity card project;<br />

and 4) collect pho<strong>to</strong>graphs as part of the<br />

registration procedure.<br />

However, in the final decision in<br />

February 2011, the Supreme Court ruled<br />

that: 1) only citizenship certificates<br />

could prove eligibility for registering <strong>to</strong><br />

vote; 2) if the validity of a citizenship<br />

certificate was in question, other government-issued<br />

documents could be<br />

proffered <strong>to</strong> confirm its legitimacy, but<br />

they could not establish eligibility for<br />

registration; and 3) the Ministry of<br />

Home Affairs must distribute citizenship<br />

certificates <strong>to</strong> those who do not<br />

have them. As per the SC directive, can<br />

the government distribute citizenship <strong>to</strong><br />

4.6 million eligible voters who have not<br />

registered in the citizenship-based voter<br />

identity card within two months? If not,<br />

requiring the citizenship certificate for<br />

voting is against the fundamental principle<br />

of right <strong>to</strong> voting because there is<br />

extensive discrimination against<br />

Madhesis in getting access <strong>to</strong> the citizenship<br />

certificate.<br />

For the 2008 elections the EC had<br />

registered 17.6 million voters, but current<br />

figures stand at 11 million. The<br />

large number of voters <strong>to</strong> be registered<br />

under the new system decreased in the<br />

absence of citizenship certificates. Here,<br />

it is important <strong>to</strong> remember that the 22point<br />

agreement between the<br />

Government of Nepal and the Madhesi<br />

People’s Right Forum on August 30, 2007<br />

which assured that the former would<br />

“end all aspects of discrimination<br />

against Madhesis so as <strong>to</strong> create an environment<br />

inclusive of Madhesis and all<br />

Nepali people in the national mainstream.”<br />

Then PM Girija Prasad Koirala<br />

signed the agreement <strong>to</strong> “solve problems<br />

related <strong>to</strong> citizenship by redeploying<br />

the Citizenship Distribution Teams<br />

<strong>to</strong> the villages for easy and accessible<br />

distribution of the citizenship certificates.”<br />

The problem is not only in the Tarai.<br />

SLC phobia<br />

THE KATHMANDU POST | FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 22, 2013<br />

A large number of people in the hilly<br />

region are facing a similar problem.<br />

Thus this is not an issue of who is Pahadi<br />

and Madhesi; it is a question of the fundamental<br />

political right of an individual,<br />

who is eligible <strong>to</strong> get citizenship but still<br />

does not possess the card, who consequently<br />

will miss the opportunity <strong>to</strong> cast<br />

his or her vote in the upcoming election.<br />

The latest Census report also shows<br />

that the ratio of population has<br />

increased in Tarai from 49 percent <strong>to</strong> 51<br />

percent meaning there’s reason also <strong>to</strong><br />

increase the number of constituencies.<br />

One constituency is needed <strong>to</strong> be added<br />

in Tarai districts such as Sarlahi,<br />

Rautahat, Jhapa, Rupandehi and<br />

Sunsari. Right <strong>to</strong> vote is the essence of<br />

democracy. But it is difficult <strong>to</strong> understand<br />

why the UML and Nepali<br />

Congress, and even the UCPN (Maoist),<br />

oppose the UMDF proposal <strong>to</strong> give<br />

legality <strong>to</strong> the old voter registration list<br />

and increase more constituencies in the<br />

Tarai.<br />

“There is a widespread complaint<br />

that thousands of Indians received<br />

Nepali citizenship certificate,” they say.<br />

If that’s true, who did that? The majority<br />

of them are hill-Brahmin Chief District<br />

Officers (CDOs) who made money out<br />

of the citizenship business. Where is<br />

their so-called ‘national loyalty’ when<br />

they distributed the citizenship <strong>to</strong><br />

Indians? For the CDOs’ faults and weak<br />

control mechanisms, genuine Madhesis<br />

cannot be punished. These people had<br />

voted in the past elections without citizenship.<br />

How can the faulty laws s<strong>to</strong>p<br />

them in future from enjoying the same<br />

right?<br />

Another allegation is that “the<br />

Madhesis want <strong>to</strong> give citizenship cer-<br />

A few steps could easily cut away at all the stress and fear associated with the SLC<br />

PRAYASH RAJ KOIRALA<br />

THE public buses in Bangalore are often as<br />

packed as the public transport in<br />

Kathmandu. There are also rare occasions<br />

where I have felt like being in Kathmandu when<br />

I had <strong>to</strong> stay squeezed inside the bus and smell<br />

the horrible sweat of a person beside me.<br />

However, it is more comfortable travelling<br />

around in the Bangalore Metropolitan Transport<br />

Corporation (BMTC) buses rather than in the<br />

public vehicles around Kathmandu — the difference<br />

of one being public and the other being privately<br />

owned.<br />

The buses that run around Bangalore are<br />

managed by the Karnataka state government;<br />

whereas, the buses around Kathmandu are<br />

under the control o the businessmen and the<br />

private transport organisations. Thus, the state<br />

managed transport is service oriented and here,<br />

the privately owned transport of our country is<br />

profit oriented. However, there are a lot of things<br />

which can be learnt from the transport system of<br />

our neighbouring nation and can be implemented<br />

in order <strong>to</strong> improvise the transport system of<br />

Kathmandu.<br />

The greatest difference is<br />

that, in Kathmandu, the<br />

buses run after the passengers.<br />

To the contrary, people<br />

have <strong>to</strong> run after the buses in Bangalore. There is<br />

no one who comes out of the bus at each bus<br />

s<strong>to</strong>p or at the door banging the doors and inviting<br />

the passengers in Bangalore. A bus only s<strong>to</strong>ps<br />

only if there is someone <strong>to</strong> drop off or if there is<br />

someone waiting at the bus s<strong>to</strong>p. This has helped<br />

POST PHOTO<br />

postplatform<br />

means <strong>to</strong> evaluate what they’ve learnt.<br />

To combat SLC phobia, first of all,<br />

it is essential <strong>to</strong> control the fear of<br />

examinations. No external fac<strong>to</strong>r can<br />

help the students in this respect. How<br />

can one control this fear? The best way<br />

<strong>to</strong> do it is through preparation. If one is<br />

well prepared and confident, then worries<br />

and anxiety will take up less room<br />

in the mind. A balanced and nutritious<br />

diet is also really important. An empty<br />

s<strong>to</strong>mach only fuels fear and anxiety.<br />

Food rich in iron and protein (amala,<br />

chana- gram, raharko daal, dry fruits,<br />

including almonds) should be included<br />

in the diet as they are considered<br />

‘brain foods’. A glass of cold water after<br />

every hour of study can act as a quick<br />

refreshing agent. Recently, it has been<br />

proved scientifically that water can be<br />

regarded as brain food <strong>to</strong>o.<br />

Self confidence is the main key <strong>to</strong><br />

success in life. That also goes for<br />

examinations. Now the question arises:<br />

how can one build up self confidence?<br />

As far as I am concerned, the<br />

best and the only way <strong>to</strong> gain self-confidence<br />

is <strong>to</strong> study the curriculum<br />

deeply and fully by strictly following a<br />

time table <strong>set</strong> by the students themselves.<br />

Relying on guess papers or<br />

guide books available in the market is<br />

perhaps one of the worst ways <strong>to</strong> prepare<br />

for the SLC. A throrough under-<br />

<strong>to</strong> avoid the traffic jams on the places where the<br />

roads are small.<br />

The effort of the state in order <strong>to</strong> avoid the<br />

incidents of sexual harassments of girls is praise<br />

worthy. Almost 40 percent of the seats in the<br />

front part of the buses are the reservation seat for<br />

females. The open space beside the reserved<br />

seats in the front is only for the females <strong>to</strong> stand<br />

comfortably. Moreover,<br />

there is a separate door for<br />

females <strong>to</strong> get in<strong>to</strong> the bus<br />

so that they can avoid the<br />

<strong>to</strong>uching and pushing of ill-mannered mans<br />

during the rush hours.<br />

Regular users of buses can benefit from the<br />

system of ‘Buss Pass’. Anyone can get a bus pass<br />

from the conduc<strong>to</strong>r of the bus paying reasonable<br />

charges. These passes allow us <strong>to</strong> travel around<br />

tificates <strong>to</strong> as many Indians as possible<br />

so that these foreigners could be a<br />

promising vote-bank for them.” But just<br />

look at the economic boom in Bihar: no<br />

Bihari will be interested anymore in<br />

coming <strong>to</strong> the poor and insecure region<br />

of Nepal Tarai. These types of stereotypical<br />

Mahendrabadi thoughts have no<br />

substantive rationality.<br />

If the United Democratic Madhesi<br />

Front (UMDF) compromise on these<br />

two genuine issues, they will lose their<br />

legitimacy in the Madhesi constituencies.<br />

They would be co-opted in<strong>to</strong> the<br />

political polarisation of the status quo,<br />

the power-seekers and opportunists. It<br />

does not matter whether the election is<br />

held in June or November. But guaranteeing<br />

the right <strong>to</strong> vote <strong>to</strong> participate in<br />

political affairs for all citizens is an<br />

important responsibility of the state.<br />

The principles of universal and equal<br />

suffrage such as the Universal<br />

Declaration on Human Rights and the<br />

International Covenant on Civil and<br />

Political Rights, prohibits unreasonable<br />

limitations of an individual’s <strong>rights</strong> <strong>to</strong><br />

vote. Restricting the Madhesi population<br />

who are willing <strong>to</strong> vote using socalled<br />

legal, administrative and practical<br />

obstacles are not justified on any<br />

grounds. It is hard <strong>to</strong> get official records<br />

in a short span of time. Documents like<br />

birth and marriage certificates, residency,<br />

housing, land and property records<br />

are needed <strong>to</strong> acquire citizenship and<br />

getting them takes time. That’s why we<br />

need <strong>to</strong> accept the 2008 voter registration<br />

list that <strong>to</strong>ok in<strong>to</strong> account the situation<br />

of the Madhesis, including their<br />

lack of access <strong>to</strong> citizenship certificates.<br />

Jha is an advocate at the Supreme Court<br />

standing of the entire curriculum will<br />

go much further in giving students the<br />

confidence boost they need.<br />

Otherwise, they will forever be worrying<br />

about whether the questions in the<br />

guess paper will appear in the actual<br />

examination or not.<br />

Once one actually makes it <strong>to</strong> the<br />

exam hall how then do you solve the<br />

problems and answer the questions?<br />

This is a million dollar question. Prior<br />

<strong>to</strong> writing answers students should<br />

properly understand the questions<br />

first. Reading all the questions with a<br />

cool mind (perhaps take several long<br />

breaths from the nose) is very important<br />

so you know what it is exactly you<br />

are being asked <strong>to</strong>. Another really<br />

important thing is always <strong>to</strong> start with<br />

questions that are easy or which the<br />

student feels comfortable answering.<br />

Trying <strong>to</strong> tackle the hard ones first<br />

means that there might not be enough<br />

time at the end <strong>to</strong> answer the easy<br />

ones or that all the mental energy is<br />

already spent trying <strong>to</strong> answer the long<br />

and hard questions first.<br />

The SLC is not an iron gate. It is<br />

simply an exam and the sooner students<br />

can internalise this, the better<br />

they are likely <strong>to</strong> perform in it.<br />

Rai is associated with the Career Building<br />

International Academy<br />

in any of the BMTC buses for free for a day (with<br />

a day pass) or for a month (with a monthly pass).<br />

Moreover, students who regularly use the public<br />

bus <strong>to</strong> get <strong>to</strong> the school or college from their residence<br />

can also benefit with special bus pass for<br />

students. There are several other bus passes for<br />

the physically challenge people and disabled<br />

people.<br />

Special attention has been made <strong>to</strong>wards the<br />

safely of the passengers by keeping an au<strong>to</strong>matic<br />

door lock system. Thus, the passengers can get<br />

down the bus only after acknowledging the driver<br />

at designated bus s<strong>to</strong>ps.<br />

Many of these systems of Bangalore are<br />

feasible for Kathmandu <strong>to</strong>o. These small changes<br />

can definitely make a huge difference and ease<br />

the transport problems faced by the<br />

Kathmanduties.

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