De I. VNER VEW D Forest Trees of the Pacific Slope

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FOREST TREES OF THE PACIFIC SLOPE.
other essential difference between trees bearing cones so dissimilar in color.
The cones are from 21 to about 51 inches long and from 14 to about 2 inches
thick. The ends of the cone scales, after shedding their seed (mainly in
September), are russet-brown and shiny. After this the cones begin falling,
and by early winter they are all down. A characteristic of the cone in breaking
away from the branch is that some of the basal scales are left on the tree.
The seeds (fig. 13, b) are marked with purple spots and blotches on a dull
yellowish ground; the wings are light purple-brown. Seed leaves, 5 to 9.
Wood, very variable in color, from a pale lemon yellow to an orange brown or
reddish yellow. Wood, usually rather light, fine-grained, and sometimes so
light and so slightly resinous as to be sold as lumber for " white pine; " of high
commercial value.
LONGEVITY.-A long-lived tree, attaining an age of from 350 to 500 years.
RANGE.
From southern British Columbia to Lower California and northern Mexico, including
its Rocky Mountain form (P. ponderosa scopulorum), occurring in every State west of
the Great Plains and one hundredth meridian.
BRITISH COLUMBIA.-East of Fraser River and south of " Chasm," near Clinton and
Great Shuswap Lake (latitude 51° 30') to Gold and Selkirk ranges; in Columbia-
Kootenai Valley to head of Upper Columbia Lake, to head of Lower Arrow Lake, and
along Kootenai Lake to Canadian line.
WASHINGTON.-East of Cascades, between 1,800 to 3,300 feet-sometimes up to 6,000
feet, and nearly to sea level on Columbia River in Cascades. West of Cascades, limited
to following localities: Dry slopes 2,000 to 5,000 feet above Lightning Creek in Upper
Skagit River basin, and gravelly prairies near Roy and Hillhurst (Pierce County), south
of Tacoma. East of Cascades (Washington National Forest), at 1,500 to 3,000 feet
reaching 1,100 feet on Lake Chelan and 6,000 feet at head of Poison Creek and Chelan
Range; southern part of Forest, watersheds of Entiat, Wenache, and Yakima rivers at
200 to 5,500 feet. Rainier National Forest, at 400 to 6,200 feet. Colville National Forest
(northeastern part of State), below 4,000 feet; noted in valleys of Trout Creek, West
Fork of Sans Poil River, and on Kettle River. Blue Mountains (Wenaha National Forest.),
at 1,500 to 4,000 feet. Limits on west and north sides of Columbia and Snake
rivers as follows: At southwest, to Bickleton and Cleveland (Klickitat County), and
upper west slopes Yakima River north and northeast to Ellensburg (Kittatas County);
sometimes reappearing on latter river along Northern Pacific Railroad, along both sides
of Columbia River-Yakima River Divide, below 5,000 feet, sometimes down to Columbia
River bottom, southward at least to Priest Rapids. Chelan, Okanogan and Ferry counties,
nearly to Columbia River and often on opposite slopes. Lincoln and Spokane
counties, to south slopes of Spokane River and west and south borders Spokane County.
Whitman County, only near Colfax and in tongue northeastward into Idaho.
OREGoN.-Cascades, Klamath River Basin, and Blue Mountains, generally at from sea
level to 5,850 feet. East side of Cascades, low foothills up to 5,000 feet at north, and
at 4,000 to 7,000 at south. Eastward along Columbia River from Bonneville (west limit)
to The Dalles, into Deschutes River Valley west of river, to point 5 miles west of Wapinitia,
down to 2,300 feet near Simn asho, 10 miles west of the river at Warm Springs
Indian Agency, Metolius Canyon, west border Fly Creek Desert, upper Squaw Creek,
east side Deschutes River (few miles north of Farewell Bend), Pine Mountain (half
way between Pauline Lake and Bear Buttes), 3 miles below Farewell Bend (road to
Prineville), Pauline Creek, East Fork Deschutes, Sinks Creek, and Klamath Marsh.
West side Cascades, south only of latitude 440 25', extending southward into Siskiyous
and on east slopes of Coast Range, at 1,300 to 6,000 feet elevation, Klamath Gap and
gaps south of Lake of Woods, valley between main Cascades and mountains west of
Aspen Lake, eastern base of Cascades, and eastward throughout Upper Klamath Basin
to Warner and Kokeep mountains (east of Warner Lake). In Warner Mountains, east
and northeast of Goose Lake to mountains and east of Lakeview in gap between north
and south masses of Warner Range; not on west side lower slopes of Warner Mountains,
but in canyons and from Sugar Loaf Mountain southward for several miles; descends on
east base of Warner Range to about 5,600 feet. Kokeep Mountains, in few canyons and
elsewhere on cooler slopes; 1)e Garmo Canyon, from 5,500 feet upward; east side of
Kokeep Range, at site of old Camp Warner (Warner or Guano Creek) at 5,800 feet