De I. VNER VEW D Forest Trees of the Pacific Slope

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sperms. Examples of broadleaf trees with resin in their wood are the cherries,
plums, acacias, mesquite, red gum (Liquidambar), etc., in which the character
of the resin is distinctly mucilaginous.
Family JUGLANDACEZ.
The distinctive characters of Juglandacepe are that male and female flowers
are each borne on different parts of the same tree and that the fruit is a nut
(1) with a firm pulpy covering which does not break open of its own accord
(walnuts), or (2) with a firm woody covering which separates at maturity
into 4 nearly distinct or partly connected, rind-like divisions (hickories).
The single hard-shelled nut is usually soon liberated from the latter type
of covering, but the undivided pulpy covering of the former type dries and
adheres to its nut until rotted away by contact with the ground. The leaves
of the trees representing this family occur singly and more or less distant from
each other-never growing in pairs, one leaf exactly opposite its fellow, as in
trees of some other families. A very important group of timber trees.
JUGLANS. WALNUTS.
The walnuts are a small group of trees very sparingly represented in the
Pacific region. They are important forest trees, some of them producing very
handsome and exceedingly valuable lumber. Pungent aromatic odor is characteristic
of leaves and other green parts when bruised, while the heartwood is a
rich dark brown. Distinctive characters of the branches are the leaf-scars with
3 groups of minute dots, and the partition-like structure of the pith (best seen
by slicing a twig longitudinally). The leaves, called compound because they differ
from the ordinary simple leaf (an apple leaf) in being made up of a single
central stemn from which grow from 5 to 11 pairs of pointed leaflets (each
appearing like an ordinary leaf). By the suppression of one leaflet of the
terminal pair, the number of leaflets may be odd. The flowers appear after the
leaves. Male flowers (pollen bearing) are long, flexible, cord-like, pendent
bodies, borne singly or in pairs from buds of branches grown the previous season;
female flowers, which develop into fruit, are bud-like bodies borne in small
clusters at the ends of the new green shoots of the season, usually on the same
branch as contains the male flowers. The fruit, a spherical nut (in Pacific
representatives), is matured in the autumn of the first season. Its firm, pulpy
husk breaks up after maturity, but with no regular divisions. The heavy
nuts are dependent for their distribution upon the agency of rodents, which
bury many of them for their winter food, and upon floods, which often carry
them long distances.
One only of the four species indigenous to the United States occurs in the
Pacific region and it is confined to western California. Other representatives
of the genus are world-wide in their distribution.
The walnuts are of ancient origin. Remains of numerous ancient species, once
common in Europe but now extinct, have been found in the Cretaceous and Tertiary
formations, while in the northern Pacific coast region signs of ancient
walnuts have been obtained from the Eocene formation, as well as from goldbearing
gravel beds of the California Sierras. No living representatives are
found in these regions now.
California Walnut.
Juglans californica Watson.
DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS.
Though it ranges in size from a shrub to a tree 50 feet high and from 8 to
15 inches in diameter, California walnut is usually a low, wide-crowned tree