De I. VNER VEW D Forest Trees of the Pacific Slope
De I. VNER VEW D Forest Trees of the Pacific Slope
De I. VNER VEW D Forest Trees of the Pacific Slope
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86<br />
FOREST TREES OF THE PACIFIC SLOPE.<br />
CALIFORNIA.-Several hundred acres on north slope <strong>of</strong> Siskiyous, at about 7,000<br />
feet, on head <strong>of</strong> small south fork <strong>of</strong> Illinois River, just south <strong>of</strong> north boundary <strong>of</strong><br />
California and near Waldo, Oreg. South slope <strong>of</strong> Siskiyous (few miles south <strong>of</strong> last<br />
grove), on headwaters <strong>of</strong> small nor<strong>the</strong>rn tributary <strong>of</strong> Klamath River, at 7,500 feet<br />
elevation. About 600 acres at head <strong>of</strong> Elk Creek (tributary Klamath River) on high<br />
peak 2 to 3 miles west <strong>of</strong> Marble Mountain, and 80 miles west <strong>of</strong> Mount Shasta<br />
(Siskiyou County, Cal.) ; elevation, a little below 8,000 feet; several hundred trees on<br />
north side near summit. Summits <strong>of</strong> Klamath Mountains; locations not determined.<br />
Trinity Mountains, crests <strong>of</strong> ridges; noted (in T. 35 N., R. 10 W.) at head <strong>of</strong> Canyon<br />
Creek from 7 miles above <strong>De</strong>drick (at 4,500 ft.) to lakes at over 6,000 feet, and near<br />
divide between Stewart Fork <strong>of</strong> Trinity River and Canyon Creek, at 6,000 feet. Said<br />
to have been found in 1863 on Black Butte (north <strong>of</strong> Strawberry Valley) at base <strong>of</strong><br />
Mount Shasta, but not seen <strong>the</strong>re since. Headwaters <strong>of</strong> Parks Creek (tributary Shasta<br />
River), north slopes above 5,500 feet on north side <strong>of</strong> Shasta-Trinity Divide (T. 41 N.,<br />
R. 6 W.) In Shasta National <strong>Forest</strong>. This is in neighborhood <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> west Shasta station,<br />
and indicates that <strong>the</strong> early one may be found. Reported as abundant on north<br />
and east sides <strong>of</strong> Mount Shasta, but au<strong>the</strong>ntic records are lacking.<br />
OCCURRENCE.<br />
Steep north mountain slopes, ridges, and about protected heads <strong>of</strong> mountain streams.<br />
Dry, rocky soils, but best on deeper, moist, porous soils. Forms pure, ra<strong>the</strong>r open stands<br />
on small areas, but is commonly associated with black hemlock, straggling Douglas fir,<br />
white fir, incense cedar, western white pine, sugar pine.<br />
CLIMATIC CONDITIONs.-Temperature moderate, rarely much below zero, or above<br />
1000 F. Precipitation, from 20 to 60 inches, snow. Snowfall <strong>of</strong>ten 15 or 20 feet deep<br />
and remaining on ground more than half <strong>of</strong> year. Atmosphere humid through greater<br />
part <strong>of</strong> year.<br />
TOLERANcE.-Little is known <strong>of</strong> its silvical characteristics. Its dense foliage, and<br />
habit <strong>of</strong> retaining low side branches in ra<strong>the</strong>r close stand, indicates considerable tolerance<br />
<strong>of</strong> shade.<br />
REPRODUCTION.-Information on Its seeding habits and reproduction is lacking. It<br />
appears to be a fairly good periodic seeder, intervals <strong>of</strong> good production probably not<br />
less than two or three years.<br />
Black Spruce.<br />
Picea mariana (Mill.) B., S. & P.<br />
DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS.<br />
Black spruce is mainly an eastern and far nor<strong>the</strong>rn species, included as a<br />
<strong>Pacific</strong> tree because <strong>of</strong> its occurrence in <strong>the</strong> interior <strong>of</strong> Alaska. Here it is a<br />
small or stunted tree, rarely over 12 to 15 feet high, and <strong>of</strong>ten only from 2 to 6<br />
feet high; elsewhere from 25 to 40 feet high and from 4 to 8 inches in diameter.<br />
Exceptionally it attains a height <strong>of</strong> from 50 to 80 feet and a diameter <strong>of</strong> 1 foot.<br />
The crown is characteristically open and irregular, extending to <strong>the</strong> ground<br />
except in middle-aged or old trees grown in a dense stand, in which <strong>the</strong> lower<br />
half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> crown branches are shaded out. The branches are short, slim, and<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten distant from each o<strong>the</strong>r. In forms <strong>of</strong> this tree growing in wet marshes<br />
<strong>the</strong>re are tufts <strong>of</strong> short branches only, or chiefly, at <strong>the</strong> top <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> stunted stem.<br />
On less wet or moist ground <strong>the</strong> crown branches are more numerous. As a<br />
rule, <strong>the</strong> branches droop at <strong>the</strong>ir ends, but ronetimes <strong>the</strong>y are peculiarly stiff<br />
and horizontal. The foliage is a deep blue-green, with a tinge <strong>of</strong> whitish,<br />
while <strong>the</strong> short leaves (fig. 32) stand out on <strong>the</strong> branches. Bark <strong>of</strong> older trees<br />
is thin and composed <strong>of</strong> small ashy-brown scales. The young twigs <strong>of</strong> a season's<br />
growth are usually a pale russet-brown, coated with small hairs <strong>of</strong> similar<br />
color. The cones (fig. 32) are ripe by <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> August, and within a few<br />
weeks afterward <strong>the</strong>y shed <strong>the</strong>ir small winged seeds (fig. 32, a) ; at this time<br />
<strong>the</strong>y are a pale ashy-brown. Their habit <strong>of</strong> remaining firmly attached to <strong>the</strong><br />
branches for very many years furnishes one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most reliable means <strong>of</strong> dis-