De I. VNER VEW D Forest Trees of the Pacific Slope

80 FOREST TREES OF THE PACIFIC SLOPE.
of high wind-swept crests, from 3 to 5 inches in diameter, are from 150 to 200
years old. Extremely large trees occasionally found would doubtless prove to
be from 500 to 600 years old.
RANGE.
Yukon Territory and British Columbia to southern Oregon and through the Rockies
Into New Mexico and Arizona. Rocky Mountains of western Canada from Peace River
southward through western Montana and Idaho, western Wyoming, eastern Nevada,
Utah, western Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona; westward to east slope of Cascades
in Washington and to west slope in Oregon, extending southward to California border.
In Canada, at elevations from 2,500 to 6,000 feet; at 4,000 to 6,000 feet in Washington;
at 8,500 to 11,000 feet in Arizona, and at 8,500 to 12,500 feet in Colorado.
WESTERN CANADA (YUKDON TERRITORY, BRITISH COLUMBIA, ALBEERTA)I-East slopes of
Rockies in Yukon Territory westward throughout British Columbia south of Peace River
plateau (lat. 550 45') ; probably only to inland slope of Coast Range, and not in more
arid parts of southern interior plateau nor on mountains above 6,000 feet. Northern part
of British Columbia, on streams at 2,500 to 3,500 feet, reaching Babine and McLeods
lakes ; northern limits not yet determined. Eastern limit at south is Cascade Mountain
on Bow River (along Canadian Pacific Railroad). Locally noted at Laggan, Kicking Horse
Lake, Rundle Mountain (near Banff), Lake Louise, Kamloops Valley
Columbia).
(central British
WASHINGTON.-East slope of Cascades and northeastern mountains; generally at 4,000
to 6,000 feet elevation. Washington National Forest appears to be mainly on east side,
at 4,000 to 6, 000 feet; in sheltered passes occasionally up to 6,800 feet and down to
2,100 feet, as in Stehekin River valley, where it extends westward from an island about
5 miles above Lake Chelan to within 15 miles above Lake in lower edge of Abies onaibilis
growth. Other eastern limits are White River canyon (nearly to reserve line), Stamilt
Creek (branch Columbia River south of Wenache River, long. 120' 20'), and divide
between Yakima and Columbia rivers (Kittitas County), at 4,50)0 to 5,200 feet. Reported
also on west side of Cascades on headwaters of Skykomish, Snoqualmie, Cedar, and
White rivers. Mount Itainier National Forest, at 1,000 to 6,200 feet elevation ; Mount
Rainier, at about 3,500 feet. Locally noted as follows: Mount Adams; Early Winter
Creek; Bridge Creek, at 4,250 feet; Stillaquamish River below Silverton; Chelan-Entiat
Divide, at 6,400 feet; peak southeast of Twisp Pass; tributary Similkameen River near
Windy Pass, at 6,125 feet; Rattlesnake Creek; head of North Fork of Entiat River, at
7,000 feet; Emerald Basin, south of Lake Chelan, at 5,500 feet; peaks south of Rainy
Pass; Slate Creek; Falls Creek; Crater Pass, at 6,000 feet; Goat Mountain, at 4,800
feet; Upper Klckitat River, at 4,200 feet. Colville National Forest, in basins and
draws, above 4,000 feet elevation.
OREGON.-Cascades southward to California line; also in Blue and Powder River
mountains; in north, generally at 3,000 to 5,500 feet, but at 5,500 to 8,000 feet, in south.
In northern Cascades, mainly in groups on east side of range in canyons and on high
cool slopes; similarly scattered also on west side of Lange, on streams down to 2,500 feet.
Locally noted on Mount Hood, at 3,000 to 6,000 feet, and at Badger's Lake and Brooks
Meadow, Wasco County. In southern Cascades, grouped or scattered on both sides of
main divide in canyons and on damp slopes, at 5,600 to 8,000 feet; limited, on east side,
to few larger canyons and moister slopes, but sometimes, as in high country between
Mount Pitt and Klamath Point, forming 75 per cent of stand in canyon bottoms-upper
canyon of South Fork of Rogue River (T 34 S., R. 5 E). Not on Umpqua-Rogue Divide,
nor in Klamath Pass, but reported on Siskiyous (Ashland National Forest) at headwaters
of Ashland ('reek (T. 40 N., R. 1 E) ; reported also from north end of Coast
Range, near Astoria, at 3,000 to 6,000 feet. Blue Mountains, wide ridges and at heads of
streams, above 3,000 feet ; John Day River ; also in Powder River Mountains (northeastern
Oregon).
OCCURRENCE.
Tree essentially of high altitudes; its presence controlled to great extent by supply of
soil moistuie, demands for which limit its occurrence to high elevations or to land moist
from springs, seepage, or overflow. Lower range limited to moist canyons or to protected
north slopes, while on other exposures it finds suitable soil moisture only 'at
higher altitudes. Owing to lower temperatures and less intense light at north, favorable
moisture conditions occur there at lower elevations than in south; hence the gradual
lowering of altitudinal range from 8,500 to 12,000 (south) to 6,000 feet (north), with
increasing latitude; This variation is not consistent throughout the range, but is often
influenoed by local climatic factors. Of merchantable size at middle and lower levels;
stunted or depressed at timber line. Shows little preference of soil, if sufficiently moist.