10 Investigative Interviewing - Greater Manchester Police

PLEASE NOTE. The below is Greater Manchester Police
policy as at January 2012, however it has been identified
as requiring an update in light of legislative or other policy
changes and has been scheduled for review during 2012.

TALON POLICY
The effective
investigation of
rape and serious
sexual assault
Date: February 2010
Author: DS Liz Hopkinson
Version: One

PLEASE NOTE. The below is Greater Manchester Police
policy as at January 2012, however it has been identified
as requiring an update in light of legislative or other policy
changes and has been scheduled for review during 2012.

Foreword
“Greater Manchester Police is committed to providing a consistently high level of service to
victims of rape and serious sexual assault and to rigorously investigate these crimes to hold
offenders accountable through the criminal justice system.
GMP aim to work cohesively with, and draw on the expertise of, Greater Manchester Crown
Prosecution Service and other partner agencies to deliver an improved service, which will give
members of the public the confidence to report such incidents and the strength to support a
prosecution.
The Talon Policy has been produced to provide a framework for GMP officers to achieve these
high standards. It is therefore incumbent on all those involved to ensure that every victim is
left assured, regardless of the outcome, that everything possible was done to bring the case
to a successful conclusion.”
ACC Serious Crime & Intelligence
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Contents
1 Introduction
2 Offences
2.1 Rape: Section 1 Sexual Offences Act 2003 7
2.2 Assault by Penetration: Section 2 Sexual Offences Act 2003 7
2.3 Categories of Rape 7
2.4 Acquaintance Rape 8
2.5 Drug-Assisted Rape 8
2.6 Domestic or Relationship Rape 8
2.7 Stranger Rape 9
2.8 Multiple Offender Rape 9
3 Victim Care and Consideration
3.1 Vulnerable Victims and Victims in Vulnerable Situations 10
3.2 Multi Agency Risk Assessment Conference 10
3.3 Sex Workers 11
3.4 Lesbian, Gay & Bisexual Victims 11
3.5 Victims from the Transgender Community 12
4 Roles and Responsibilities
4.1 Assistant Chief Constable 13
4.2 Serious Crime Division 13
4.3 Divisional Commander 13
4.4 Silver Command 14
4.5 Divisional DCI 14
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5 Call Taker / Enquiry Counter Officer
5.1 Call Taker: Considerations 15
5.2 Call Taker: Questions to Ask 15
5.3 Call Taker: Most Appropriate Response 16
5.4 Call Taker: Advice on Victim Safety 16
5.5 Call Taker: Advice on Preservation of Forensic Evidence 17
5.6 Enquiry Counter Officer 17
6 Communications
6.1 Radio Operator 19
6.2 OCR Supervisor 19
6.3 Force Duty Officer 20
7 Response
7.1 Response Sergeant 21
7.2 Arresting Officer 21
7.3 Response Inspector 22
8 Specially Trained Officer (STO)
8.1 STO: Considerations 23
8.2 STO: On Arrival 23
8.3 STO: Obtaining a First Account 24
8.4 STO: Next Steps 25
8.5 STO: Early Evidence Kits 26
8.6 STO: Victim Examination 27
8.7 STO: FWIN Update & Crime Recording 28
8.8 STO: Victim Refuses Forensic Examination 29
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9 Initial Investigative Procedures
9.1 Investigating Officer (IO): Actions 31
9.2 IO: Planned Arrest 32
9.3 IO: Expedient Arrest 33
9.4 IO: Custody Plan 34
9.5 Deployed Detective Officer 34
9.6 Senior Investigating Officer (SIO) 35
9.7 IO: Crime Scene Locations / Suspect’s Address 36
9.8 IO: House to House Enquiries 37
9.9 IO: Crime Updating 38
9.10 False Reports 39
10 Investigative Interviewing – Victim
10.1 Victim Interview Considerations 40
10.2 Use of Interpreters for Victims 42
10.3 Victim Interview 42
10.4 Victim Interview Checklist 43
10.5 Addressing Inconsistencies 44
10.6 Previous Sexual History 45
10.7 Victim Personal Statement 45
11 Investigative Interviewing – Suspect
11.1 Pre Interview Briefing 47
11.2 Suspect Interview Checklist 48
11.3 Issue of Consent 48
11.4 Capacity to Consent 49
11.5 Post Interview Considerations 49
11.6 Suspect Release on Bail 50
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12 Investigative Opportunities
12.1 Forensic Submissions Strategy 52
12.2 Media Strategy 53
12.3 Reconstruction, Witness Appeals and Crime AppealProgrammes 54
13 CPS and Case Conclusion
13.1 Case Building and Early Consultation 56
13.2 Charging Decision 56
13.3 Out-of-Court Disposal 58
13.4 Disclosure 59
13.5 Case Review / Case Conference 59
13.6 Victim and Witness Care 60
13.7 Case Filing 61
14 Possible Line of Enquiries – Checklists
14.1 Known Suspect 63
14.2 Unidentified or Unknown Suspect 64
14.3 Acquaintance Rape 64
14.4 Drug-Assisted Rape 65
14.5 Domestic or Relationship Rape 66
14.6 Stranger Rape 66
14.7 Multiple Offender Rape 67
Appendices
Appendix A St Mary’s Centre 69
Appendix B Storage and Packaging of Exhibits 73
Appendix C Support Agency Contact Numbers 76
Appendix D Abreviations and Acronyms 80
Appendix E References & Acknowledgements 82
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1 Introduction
This policy reflects the 2009 ‘Guidance on Investigating and Prosecuting Rape’ produced on
behalf of ACPO and CPS by the National Policing Improvement Agency (NPIA). All staff
involved in the investigation of rape and serious sexual assault should refer to this guidance.
It is available as a direct link from police pnn computer systems only:
http://www.genesis.pnn.police.uk/genesis/Doc/0/RQLA8NVVAHDKJ0181C5BRCJGD1/I
PR_interGen%232_23%2003%2009.pdf
The Talon policy replaces GMP’s ‘Project Nightingale – The Standard for the Investigation of
Rape and Serious Sexual Assault’. It has been produced to reinforce GMP’s commitment to
providing victims of rape and serious sexual assault a level of service that gives them the
confidence to report these crimes. It provides a pathway to achieving consistently high levels
of investigation across the force by advocating a ‘supervised investigative team approach’ and
seeking early consultation with CPS in every case. Furthermore, the Talon policy dictates a
requirement to monitor case files to ensure the policy is adhered to and the standard of
investigation is consistently achieved.
The Talon policy defines the roles and responsibilities of all parties involved in the conduct and
management of rape and serious sexual assault investigations, from first contact with an
employee of GMP, to the investigating officers and their supervisors, through to post trial
evaluation.
GMP understands victims of rape or serious sexual assault may be male or female of any age.
Throughout the investigation the individual needs of the each victim should be addressed with
particular sensitivity to their age, gender, sexual orientation, disability, race, religion, ethnicity
or cultural background.
The policy should be read in conjunction with existing guidance in respect of child abuse
investigation, domestic abuse and safeguarding vulnerable adults.
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2 Offences
Talon policy focuses on the offence of rape (section 1 Sexual Offences Act 2003) and assault
by penetration (section 2 Sexual Offences Act 2003), including attempts to commit these
offences. However, it may be adopted for the effective investigation of other sexual offences
with aggravating features where the Investigating Officer deems it appropriate.
2.1 RAPE: SECTION 1 SEXUAL OFFENCES ACT 2003
A person commits rape if he intentionally penetrates the vagina, anus or mouth of another
person with his penis, without their consent.
2.2 ASSAULT BY PENETRATION: SECTION 2 SEXUAL OFFENCES ACT 2003
Assault by penetration – a person commits assault by penetration if they intentionally
penetrate the vagina or anus of another person with a part of the body or anything else,
without their consent.
For offences committed prior to 1 May 2004, the previous legislation (principally the Sexual
Offences Act 1956) still applies.
2.3 CATEGORIES OF RAPE
Talon Policy has been developed to provide officers with a framework for the investigation of
rape and serious sexual assault.
As detailed in the 2009 NPIA publication ‘Guidance on Investigating and Prosecuting Rape’
the Talon Policy acknowledges ‘terms of offending’ which assists officers to identify
vulnerabilities relating to the circumstances of the victim or risks relating to the behaviour or
the circumstances of the suspect. For example, it highlights a requirement to conduct a risk
assessment when dealing with a suspect of domestic or relationship rape or serious sexual
assault. Similarly, it should prompt the IO to ensure all reasonable steps are taken to
safeguard victims of domestic or relationship rape or serious sexual assault before they leave
police care.
Additionally, by identifying the ‘terms of offending’ the guidance offers specific investigative
opportunities for each type of offence. These opportunities or ‘possible lines of enquiry’ are
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detailed in section 14 of this policy document.
The different types of offending are explained as follows:
2.4 ACQUAINTANCE RAPE
In these cases the victim is able to identify the suspect as somebody who is known to them.
This could be somebody with whom they are friends, a neighbour, co-worker or someone they
know through other social circles. It may also include cases where a victim has recently
‘dated’ an offender where no previous sexual relationship existed.
(See Section 14.3 Possible Lines of Enquiry for Investigating Acquaintance Rape or Serious
Sexual Assault)
2.5 DRUG-ASSISTED RAPE
This is where alcohol or drugs are intentionally administered to the victim before committing
rape. It includes when a suspect knows or believes that a person has ingested sufficient
quantities of alcohol, or a type of drug, which will impair their ability to consent, and therefore
the suspect does not reasonably believe that the person consented to a sexual act. The most
common form of drug-assisted rape is facilitated through alcohol.
The effects of having being given alcohol or drugs, and the victim’s recollection of what has
happened to them, will vary from victim to victim dependent on the type of drug administered,
the time elapsed since administering the drug and the dosage.
(See Section 14.4 Possible Lines of Enquiry for Investigating Drug-Assisted Rape and Serious
Sexual Assault, and Section 8.5 Use of Early Evidence Kit).
2.6 DOMESTIC OR RELATIONSHIP RAPE
This is an offence that is committed by people who are, or have been, intimate partners or
family members of the victim. This will include parents, siblings and grandparents, whether
directly related or related through marriage or non-marriage partnerships. These offences are
more prevalent than acquaintance or stranger rapes. Officers should be mindful that
escalation of the levels of abuse can increase rapidly and, given the fact that the offender is
known, a very real risk is posed to the victim.
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(See Section 3.2 MARAC; and 14.5 Possible Lines of Enquiry for Investigating Domestic or
Relationship Rape or Serious Sexual Assault)
2.7 STRANGER RAPE
Rape by a stranger is relatively rare. This is where the victim has no previous knowledge of
the perpetrator and has not knowingly met them before the offence. It includes cases in which
there may have been a brief encounter with the victim but they would not describe them as an
acquaintance.
(See Section 14.6 Possible Lines of Enquiry for Investigating Stranger Rape or Serious Sexual
Assault)
2.8 MULTIPLE OFFENDER RAPE
This includes any offence of rape or serious sexual assault committed against a victim by two
or more offenders, or where it is suspected that more than one offender is involved.
(See Section 14.7 Possible line of Enquiry for Investigation Stranger Rape or Serious Sexual
Assault)
Some offences may fall into more than one category, for example where the victim and
suspect have been dating for a short period of time and the offence occurred while the victim
was intoxicated. An investigator will need to consider the offence as both a domestic and
drug-assisted rape.
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3 Victim Care and Considerations
3.1 VULNERABLE VICTIMS AND VICTIMS IN VULNERABLE SITUATIONS
Those who are particularly vulnerable may be victimised a number of times on separate
occasions and possibly by different offenders. Officers should not doubt such reports on the
basis that the victim has made previous reports as there is evidence that sexual offenders
target certain types of victims whom they regard as vulnerable.
Vulnerability is not reserved for those who are generally described as being in a ‘vulnerable
group’, for example a child. The circumstances surrounding a person may place them in the
category of ‘vulnerable’ at that particular time, for example following the consumption of
alcohol.
The NPIA Guidance on Investigating and Prosecuting Rape (pages 21 – 26) identify specific
risk factors concerned with suspects and victims and assist the investigator to understand why
repeat offending often occurs. A link to this document can be found in Section 1 Introduction
of this policy.
3.2 MULTI AGENCY RISK ASSESSMENT CONFERENCE (MARAC)
MARAC focuses on domestic abuse. The objective of MARAC is to identify high risk victims,
and in some cases their family members, in order to implement a multi agency risk
management plan to safeguard them. MARAC are held at least once a month. The police are
often represented by the Detective Inspector from the Public Protection and Investigation Unit
and the Detective Sergeant from the Domestic Abuse Team. MARAC are attended by partner
agencies from Probation, Heath, Housing, Children’s Services, Vulnerable Adult Departments
and the Independent Domestic Abuse Advisor (IDDA) (formally known as Independent
Domestic Violence Advisor).
Each case is discussed, information is shared and a robust action plan is formulated to protect
the victim and their family. This could include target hardening and / or protective measures
including a move of premises in extreme circumstances, support from the IDAA Service,
urgent response markers placed on their address and passing attention by local patrols.
Curfew checks on perpetrators are often imposed together with close monitoring to ensure bail
conditions are adhered to.
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Each division may have it’s own protocol for referring cases to MARAC but there will usually
be a simple one page document to complete including a risk assessment. Officers dealing
with cases or domestic or relationship rape should contact their location domestic abuse units
for advice.
3.3 SEX WORKERS
By nature of their work, their locations and the possible involvement of alcohol or drugs, sex
workers are at particular risk of rape and serious sexual assault. Sex workers have previously
failed to report such crimes possibly because they had little confidence in the level of support
they might receive from the police.
Local outreach teams collate information when sex workers report suspicious behaviour and
could provide valuable information to aid the investigation into these crimes. Within the GMP
area, there are two action groups supporting sex workers:
• Manchester Action for Street Health (MASH) encourage sex workers to report rape and
provide a valuable link between the victim and the police. The MASH team has premises
in the city centre and a mobile facility, which they use to provide access for sex workers at
all hours. They are trained to use early evidence kits EEKs and will provide advice and
support to the victim and facilitate a police investigation. Use the MASH link for more
information and contact details: http://www.mash.org.uk/
• The ‘Reachout’ project supports sex workers in the Bolton area. They have premises
situated in the working area therefore sex workers can engage with staff 24 hours a day.
They encourage sex workers to report rape and actively assist the police, providing
communication links with the victims of crime. See Appendix C for contact details of
Bolton’s Reachout project.
3.4 LESBIAN, GAY & BISEXUAL VICTIMS
Additional care and caution needs to be given when dealing with victims from this section of
the community. The service requires additional sensitivity where victims, who are not
heterosexual, haven’t revealed this to friends or members of their family. The decision
whether to ‘come out’ or not can be an every day reality of being gay. This dilemma is
intensified when a victim is raped and faced with the potential need to inform medical staff and
the police, thereby creating a fear that it might become public should a case go to court.
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However, section 46 of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 provides for
applications to be made to a court to protect witnesses who may be in fear of or distressed at
giving evidence in Court. Therefore it may be that some of these fears could be allayed which
would provide them with reassurance that the police will positively investigate their case, and
assist them to provide their evidence without fear of personal trauma. For more information
see link to PNLD:
http://pnld.westyorkshire.pnn.police.uk/docmanager/content/D7865.htm
3.5 VICTIMS FROM THE TRANSGENDER COMMUNITY
GMP has developed a better understanding of the trauma suffered by victims of rape and the
dilemmas they face regarding the reporting of these crimes to the police or medical services.
These concerns are multiplied for transgender people who often experience misunderstanding
by professionals under general circumstances.
People from transgender communities fear discrimination and inaction by police officers and
are concerned about exposure of their status due to lack of confidentiality. It is therefore
imperative for officers to respond professionally and provide appropriate reassurance to gain
their confidence. Again, as in Section 3.4 above, explain the provisions available, which can
be applied for, to allay fears and protect witnesses who provide evidence in Court.
For a greater understanding of transgender see link:
http://66.102.9.132/search?q=cache:3yKCAdUsztUJ:www.oboler.com/diverse/articles/transg
ender%2520the%2520issues.doc+transgender+rape+manchester&cd=17&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl
=uk
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4 Roles and Responsibilities
4.1 ASSISTANT CHIEF CONSTABLE (ACC)
Serious Crime & Intelligence will be the Chief Officer lead for ‘Operation Talon’, Rape and
Serious Sexual Assault. The ACC will provide strategic direction to the Force and Serious
Crime Division in relation to Rape and Serious Sexual Assault.
4.2 SERIOUS CRIME DIVISION
The Detective Superintendent of Operation Talon, Serious Crime Division, will maintain
ownership of this policy and has responsibility for the strategic direction of Rape and Serious
Sexual Assault.
They have the responsibility to:
• Advise Chief Officers
• Provide strategic leadership and direction to the force
• Provide a specialist source of advice and guidance to divisions
• Review force performance
• Share good practice throughout the force
• Continually engage with communities at a strategic level via support groups and
partnerships
• Maintain and review force policy
• Promote the reporting of rape and serious sexual assault
• Develop and promote rape awareness campaigns
• Carry out periodic rape file reviews across the force to ensure a consistently high level of
investigation is achieved
• Work collaboratively with other regional forces to share good practice
4.3 DIVISIONAL COMMANDER
Divisional Commanders have responsibility for ensuring:
• There are sufficient Specially Trained Officers (STOs) throughout their division
• STOs are deployed to address the needs of the victim in every case of rape or serious
sexual assault
• The effective supervision of all cases of rape and serious sexual assault
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• Their staff are familiar with Talon Policy
• Officers and staff have relevant training in dealing with incidents
• Crimes are recognised as ‘critical incidents’ where appropriate
• Division is represented at monthly Tactical Talon Meetings
4.4 SILVER COMMAND
Considerations for Superintendents in respect of investigations of rape has been included in
the ‘Silver Commanders’ Guide’ which is accessible on the intranet:
http://gmpintranet/force/Support4U.nsf/Silver_Commanders_Guide.pdf
4.5 DIVISIONAL DCI
It is the responsibility of the Divisional DCI to:
• Ensure their staff are familiar with Talon Policy
• Ensure Talon Policy is adhered to, to a consistently high standard
• Ensure officers and staff have relevant training in dealing with incidents
• Carry out periodic rape file reviews
• Provide a representative for monthly Tactical Talon Meetings
• Conduct a major crime review of undetected cases after 90 days
• Recognise some crimes may be regarded as ‘critical Incidents’ and ensure an appropriate
response
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5 Call Taker / Enquiry Counter Officer
It is the responsibility of the Call Taker / Enquiry Counter Officer to take steps to ensure the
immediate safety of the victim, provide reassurance, respond to medical needs and protect
evidence pending the police first response.
Where a complaint is received on a division which differs to the location of the offence, the
division the victim is reporting to will respond to the victim’s needs by providing a STO, escort
to St Mary’s Centre and assistance with victim interview, where appropriate. This should all be
done in communication with the Investigating Officer (IO) in the Crime Operations Department
of the division that will preside over the investigation. Contact here is imperative to maintain
appropriate victim care and continuity of the investigative approach.
5.1 CALL TAKER: CONSIDERATIONS
• Ensure that it is safe to speak to the caller
• Clarify information provided by the caller
• Ask non-leading questions where possible so that evidence of early complaint is not
compromised
• Questions should be relevant to assessing the immediate safety of the victim, and to enable
officers deployed to the incident to be briefed
• Record information as accurately as possible. It is one of the few occasions where ‘hearsay
evidence’ may be accepted by a court as evidence of first complaint
• Ensure an accurate description of the suspect is recorded on the FWIN
• Call Takers and Radio Operators should not use language which is open to interpretation
and may provide an inaccurate impression
5.2 CALL TAKER: QUESTIONS TO ASK
Obtain and record the following information:
• Identity the location of the person making the report
• Whether they are the victim, third party or witness
• The exact time and location of the incident
• Nature of the incident
• Whether medical assistance is required and the severity of any injuries
• Location and identity of the victim
• Whether there are any special needs considerations, eg disability, language and whether
an interpreter is required
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• Location and identity of the suspect
• First description of the suspect
• Location of any other parties (witnesses, supporters) and their contact details
• Whether any person appears to be drunk or has taken drugs
• If the suspect is known to the victim, whether there is a history of violence or sexual
offences
• Whether steps have been taken to preserve evidence
• Details of the demeanour of the victim or caller
• A first account of what the caller says has occurred (verbatim or recorded for transcription)
• Preferred contact point if not at the scene
• If the caller wishes to remain anonymous, the reasons for this
• Establish whether the victim would prefer to speak to an officer of a particular gender
When all details from the caller have been obtained endorse the FWIN with the A – J (officer
update guidance).
5.3 CALL TAKER: MOST APPROPRIATE RESPONSE
Early police contact is essential. If urgent medical assistance is required, call an ambulance
and ensure an immediate police response.
A report of rape or serious sexual offence should receive an ‘immediate response’ if the victim
is still at risk, if they are injured, in a vulnerable location or if the suspect is nearby. In these
circumstances an immediate response in addition to a Specially Trained Officer (STO) is
imperative.
When a report is received where the victim is in a safe location allocating an STO in the first
instance would be the ‘most appropriate response’. Advise the caller that a specially trained
officer will attend as soon as possible, and provide a realistic time-frame. Although it is not
served by an immediate response this incident remains a top priority and there should be no
unnecessary delays in attendance.
5.4 CALL TAKER: ADVICE ON VICTIM SAFETY
Suspect still at scene or close by:
• Keep the caller on the line to record any background noise
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Suspect left the scene:
• Advise the caller to lock and secure the premises and return to the telephone. Obtain
description of the suspect, any vehicle used and direction of travel and/or possible
destination
Victim is in a vulnerable outside environment or is unsure of their exact location:
• Keep the caller on the line so their location can be traced and/or their safety monitored. If
the victim is unable to identify their exact location, they should be advised to remain at the
scene, if it is safe to do so.
• If remaining at the scene compromises their safety, the victim should be asked to leave an
object or a non-valuable personal item to mark the exact location of the crime scene.
Provide them, where possible, with directions and suggestions of possible safe premises in
the vicinity.
5.5 CALL TAKER: ADVICE ON PRESERVATION OF FORENSIC EVIDENCE
In GMP, there should be no unnecessary delay for an STO to attend the scene and provide
appropriate advice. However, if at the time of the call, advice is sought and the incident relates
to a rape or serious sexual assault that has occurred within the preceding seven days:
• Advise the victim not to drink, eat anything, discard clothing worn at the time of the incident
or subsequent to it, clean their teeth, use the toilet or discard underwear or sanitary
products, wash or shower, smoke or disturb the scene
• Reiterate that a specially trained officer will be with them as soon as possible and will be
able to assist further
Record any advice given on the FWIN.
For further information and guidance on the initial contact in rape cases, including the
preservation of evidence use the link to the ACPO 2009 Briefing Note - Initial Contact in Rape
Cases. London: NPIA:
http://library.npia.police.uk/docs/npia/Briefing-Note-Initial-Contact-Rape-2009.pdf
5.6 ENQUIRY COUNTER OFFICERS (ECO)
When a victim reports an offence of rape or serious sexual assault at the front enquiry counter
the ECO should restrict their questioning to avoid duplication. Obtain only their personal
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details including their name, date of birth, address and telephone number. Ensure the victim
is safe (ie that the suspect is not in the vicinity) and establish when the crime occurred (as this
will impact on the forensic response).
Show the complainant to a private room and contact uniform supervision immediately. Create
a FWIN ensuring all information obtained is accurately transferred to the log and request a
Specially Trained Officer (STO) as a matter of priority.
If urgent medical treatment is needed, call an ambulance and ensure that the victim is
accompanied to the hospital by a police officer.
Forward any documentation to the Investigating Officer as it will form part of the investigative
plan and be ultimately retained in evidence or unused material (to comply with Criminal
Procedure and Investigations Act 1996).
Do not:
• Provide the victim with food and drink
• Allow the victim to smoke
• Allow the victim to remove or add clothing
Advise the victim why this is the case and reiterate that a specially trained officer will be
attending as soon as possible. For further information and guidance on the initial contact in
rape cases use the link to the ACPO 2009 Briefing Note - Initial Contact in Rape Cases.
London NPIA:
http://library.npia.police.uk/docs/npia/Briefing-Note-Initial-Contact-Rape-2009.pdf
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6 Communications
Early police contact is essential - a report of rape or serious sexual offence should receive an
‘immediate response’ if the victim is still at risk, if they are injured, in a vulnerable location or
if the suspect is nearby. In these circumstances an immediate response in addition to a
Specially Trained Officer (STO) is imperative.
When a report is received where the victim is in a safe location allocating an STO in the first
instance would be the ‘most appropriate response’. Advise the caller that a specially trained
officer will attend as soon as possible, and provide a realistic time-frame. Although it is not
served by an immediate response this incident remains a top priority and there should be no
unnecessary delays in attendance.
6.1 RADIO OPERATOR
• Inform uniformed supervision and dispatch the ‘most appropriate response’, ie STO and
immediate uniformed response officers, where necessary
• Switch the FWIN to the OCR Supervisor and FDO
• Inform CID and endorse the FWIN with the officer’s details
• Ensure that an Investigating Officer (IO) is nominated (Detective Sergeant) and assumes
control. Endorse the FWIN with the IO’s name and contact details
• Make checks of relevant IT systems for previous reported incidents to establish any
previous history or calls to the address / victim, whether domestic abuse is a factor and
whether any other vulnerable adults, named suspects and / or any children are likely to be
present at identified incident address
• Inform the officer(s) attending of all relevant intelligence / information that will assist them
to identify risk factors associated with victims, suspects and risk to themselves
• If the incident address has a significant warning marker regarding any person on a
protection plan then the attending officers must be informed with a direction that physical
checks are to be made to ascertain safety
• Record all scene locations
• Record details of resources allocated to scene location and tasks afforded to them
6.2 OCR SUPERVISOR
• Ensure appropriate response grading is established and sufficient resources are provided
• Ensure Response Supervision, CID and FDO have been informed
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• Monitor initial tasks allocated to officers
• Ensure FWIN is closed with appropriate crime codes
• Tag the FWIN
• Ensure the audio recording of the call from the victim or caller is preserved
6.3 FORCE DUTY OFFICER
• Advise the Specially Trained Officer (STO) to make early contact should the services of St
Mary’s Sexual Assault Referral Centre be required (to ensure St Mary’s Staff are alerted to
the potential of a case)
• Establish details of the incident
• When an appointment at St Mary’s Centre is requested liaise with the STO or IO to ensure
victim is in a position to attend an early appointment, should an early appointment be
available
• Make contact with St Mary’s Centre to obtain appointment
• Provide name and contact details of the IO to St Mary’s Centre to facilitate communication
between the IO and the Forensic Physician
• Ensure divisional supervision or IO is aware of appointment time and they facilitate the
victim’s prompt attendance at St Mary’s with the appropriate escorting officer and the STO’s
log (which must accompany the victim)
• Facilitate the attendance of a CSI should the forensic physician request one. Liaise with
the IO regarding immediate necessity if out of hours
• Endorse FWIN at all stages accordingly
• Include details of rape or serious sexual assault on the Force Daily Summary, which may
be of public interest, or where the identity of the offender is not known to the victim
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7 Response
The effective investigation of rape and other serious sexual assaults relies upon teamwork to
satisfy the needs of the victim and secure best evidence.
7.1 RESPONSE SERGEANT
The response sergeant is responsible for ensuring that the initial uniform response to the
incident is effective.
In most cases of rape or serious sexual assault the victim will be able to name the suspect,
and in these circumstances efforts should be co-ordinated to trace the suspect and make an
early arrest (see arrest strategies 9.2 Planned Arrest; 9.3 Expedient Arrest).
Response supervisor should:-
• Consider whether an immediate response is required
• As a matter of priority deploy a Specially Trained Officer (STO) to the victim through the OCR
• Provide adequate time for the STO to meet the needs of the victim and investigation
• Ensure any scenes relevant to the offence have been properly identified and preserved
• Ensure Major Incident scene logs are utilised
• Liaise with CID supervision regarding scene attendance
• Consider the welfare of officers staffing the scene has been maintained
• Update the FWIN with relevant actions and information
• Ensure the Response Inspector is briefed about the circumstances of the incident and the
actions underway
• Be prepared to retain staff on duty to complete statements, book exhibits into property
system, collate and hand over paperwork and be present for a debrief by IO where
necessary
7.2 ARRESTING OFFICER
It is crucial to accurately record any comments (or indeed silences) made by a suspect
arrested for rape. When documented, this evidence will be used by interviewing officers and
could be a vital part of the prosecution case.
As such it is important that any arrest is made with the knowledge and support of the
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Investigating Officer (see arrest strategies: Section 9.2 Planned Arrest; 9.3 Expedient Arrest)
but as a guide the arresting officer should: -
• Inform the suspect of their arrest as directed by the Investigating Officer (there may be valid
reasons not to expand on details or evidence leading to their arrest)
• Accurately record any words spoken by the suspect and the manner in which they were
said
• Remember this is an ongoing process and anything said by the suspect, in transport or at
the custody office, must be recorded
• Give the suspect the opportunity to sign your notes and record any refusal. Ensure the
custody record is accurately endorsed with any significant statements, or indeed, silences
• Note the description and physical condition of the suspect and their clothing, including any
odours, marks or injuries
• Record their demeanour and apparent lucidity
• Use a digital camera to take a full length photograph of the suspect in the clothing they
were wearing at the time of arrest (if it is relevant to the offence)
7.3 RESPONSE INSPECTOR
The Response Inspector is responsible for the supervision and management of the initial
response to a report of rape or serious sexual assault.
The Response Inspector should:
• Ensure as a matter of priority a Specially Trained Officer (STO) is deployed to support the
victim and investigation
• Ensure any scenes relevant to the offence, including the victim, suspect, crime scene and
any known disposal sites, have been properly identified and preserved
• Ensure cross contamination is avoided
• Liaise with CID supervision to facilitate the development of an investigative strategy
• Review deployment regularly and allocate additional resources where necessary
• Update the FWIN of all deployment decisions
• Ensure the STO is provided with enough time and resources to meet the needs of the
investigation and support the victim
• Be prepared to retain staff on duty to complete statements, book exhibits into property
system, collate and hand over paperwork and be present for a debrief by IO where
necessary
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8 Specially Trained Officer
(Formerly Nightingale Officer)
The term Specially Trained Officer (STO) is widely recognised and well documented in policies
across the country. This is also reflected in the ‘NPIA Guidance on Investigating and
Prosecuting Rape, 2009’ which makes continued reference to attending officers as Specially
Trained Officers. GMP has therefore adopted this title accordingly.
The role of the STO cannot be overstated. To be met by body language or a tone denoting
scepticism will destroy any confidence the victim searched for to report the incident in the first
place. The communication skills and empathy the STO displays will have a lasting impact on
the victim; it will affect their personal confidence and their decision making with regards to
supporting a prosecution.
GMP’s Talon policy promotes a professional response and advocates the specially trained
approach as provided on the ‘Initial Action Rape Course’. Only officers who have completed
this course should attend to the needs of a victim of rape or serious sexual assault.
8.1 STO: CONSIDERATIONS
As a specially trained first response officer your role is central to making the victim feel safe
and starting the investigative process. In responding to a report of rape or serious sexual
assault you should:
• Obtain the initial disclosure from the FWIN
• Liaise with the IO who will provide guidance and supervision
• Take an Early Evidence Kit (EEK) with you
8.2 STO: ON ARRIVAL
Consider victim and officer safety, are there any immediate risks? Who is present?
Report back to OCR for re-assessment of resources.
Each case will present different priorities. You will need to make an early assessment of the
case to determine the action to take:
• Ensure the victim’s medical needs are met
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• Consider the victim’s welfare needs (age, health, cultural, language, special needs,
childcare, mental or physical disabilities)
• Identify whether the victim is at risk of further attack by the suspect or associates and be
prepared to relay this information to OCR
• If the victim is alone and requests the support of a family member or friend, you may have
to facilitate this, but establish the person they are requesting is not involved in the offence;
they are not a witness or witness of first complaint; that the victim will be comfortable to tell
you every aspect of the offence without fear of embarrassment or self blame
As soon as it is established that an appointment at St Mary’s Sexual Assault Referral Centre
is likely to be required report this for the attention of the FDO. Initial contact is necessary to
ensure St. Mary’s Centre Staff are alerted to the potential of a case.
8.3 STO: OBTAINING A FIRST ACCOUNT
Including:
• Nature of the attack
• Who was present
• If ejaculation has occurred / or condom used (where appropriate)
• Times and location(s) of the offence
• Where the victim has been kissed, licked, bitten or grabbed
• Route taken by the victim to and from the scene
• Identity of the suspect; or
• Description of the suspect (consider identification in accordance with PACE Code D)
• Suspect’s route to scene, details of vehicle used, direction of travel afterwards, destination
if known
• Location of any removed clothing, articles or weapons used
• Identity of any witnesses
• Details of the first person to be informed of the incident by the victim
All information obtained should be accurately recorded in the STO’s log. RECORD THE
ACTUAL WORDS SPOKEN BY THE VICTIM as opposed to police terminology or police
interpretation of what the victim is trying to say. Make a detailed note of the demeanour and
physical condition of the victim.
The STO’s log remains with each victim or case, not with the recording officer. The log will
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form part of the investigative plan and ultimately retained in evidence or unused material (to
comply with Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996).
8.4 STO: NEXT STEPS
• Relay the details of the account to the IO for early crime scene consideration
• Explain to the victim police procedures for dealing with reports of rape and serious sexual
assault
• Explain the procedures regarding St Mary’s Centre including the support services available,
the examination by a Forensic Physician and the length of time it is likely to take. (The
Forensic Physician will inform their patient regarding the details of the pending
examination, officers should confine their advice to a ‘top to toe’ examination for evidential
purposes)
• Ensure the victim is able to make a true decision about a forensic examination, ie not too
drunk, or unable to fully understand the objective of the examination. Where there is any
doubt about a victim’s capacity speak to the IO and St Mary’s Centre for advice. The doctor
on call should always be involved in the discussion - an appointment may be in the victim’s
best interest and a decision not to attend should not be taken lightly
• Explain there are (currently) only female Forensic Physicians available at St Mary’s Centre,
where appropriate
• If an appointment at St Mary’s Centre is required contact the FDO via the OCR as soon as
possible (liaise with IO to factor in any requirement for scene identification by the victim or
any child care issues they may have to ensure appointment time can be met)
• The FDO will need to know if the victim is pre-pubertal for an appropriate appointment to
be made. St Mary’s Centre has Forensic Physicians who are qualified to examine children
• If the victim is identified with mental health problems or learning difficulties engage
specialist services. This might include the use of intermediaries or other groups that can
represent / support the victim
• Inform the victim of the shower facilities available at St Mary’s Centre post examination and
ensure they take clean clothing
• Where appropriate, explain to the victim that the police will seek to retain their original
clothing for possible forensic examination
• When a forensic examination is not required at St Mary’s Centre the victim should still be
encouraged to utilise the additional services available there and advised how to make an
appointment. GMP has a responsibility to inform all victims of the need to seek medical
attention, which may potentially prevent the contract of life threatening infections. (See
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Appendix A for the services provided at St Mary’s Centre and how to make contact)
8.5 STO: EARLY EVIDENCE KITS
The STO should use the Early Evidence Kit (EEK) regardless of any pending appointments at
St Mary’s Centre and they should explain to the victim the reasons for using the kit.
EEKs routinely consist of two modules: a mouth rinse and a urine sample. They are intended
to ensure the effective recovery of non-intimate samples.
Mouth rinse
Semen can remain in the mouth for up to 2 days after an assault. The purpose of the mouth
rinse is to try and capture semen before it is removed by the body’s natural functions. Victims
should be advised not to smoke, eat or drink until the EEK mouth rinse has been taken.
Alcohol should be discouraged under any circumstances. If the victim has smoked cigarettes
since the offence, any stubs are worthy of retention, liaise with the IO in respect of this.
Urine Sample
GMP advocates the use of a urine sample when incidents of rape or serious sexual assault
are reported, therefore, they are not reserved for use in cases of suspected drug-assisted
incidents. Alcohol is a factor in two thirds of all reported cases therefore the amount of alcohol
in the body may be a contributory factor to the victim’s capacity to consent. Similarly, a lack
of alcohol could be a factor depending upon a suspect’s account; this is likely to be a version
of events not yet obtained and should not be assumed.
If the EEK urine sample is to be used or the victim wishes to use the lavatory establish if the
victim is menstruating and ask what sanitary wear is being used. Advise the victim as follows:
• If a tampon is already in place it should not normally be removed
• If the removal is necessary then provide a small paper bag or similar and outer plastic bag
for it’s retention (freezer), along with any toilet paper used by the victim
• If a tampon is not already in use advise them not to use one but use a sanitary towel if
necessary and advise them to keep it in situ to retain seepage
Where anal rape has taken place and the victim requires the lavatory faeces can be provided
in a bag and placed in additional packaging prior to freezing (See Appendix B Storage and
Packaging of Exhibits)
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Other early evidence
Consider using a CSI to capture additional forensic evidence if the victim has been kissed,
licked or bitten and there is any delay in accessing St Mary’s Centre. Similarly, any vomit from
the victim provides an opportunity to determine the presence of drugs in the system, consider
CSI for its recovery and liaise with the IO in respect of this.
8.6 STO: VICTIM EXAMINATION
• The victim should be escorted to St Mary’s Centre by an STO, ideally one already involved
with the victim’s support
• The STO must have sufficient knowledge of the case to be able to brief the Forensic
Physician upon arrival at St Mary’s Centre and to provide appropriate support to the victim
• Where possible, an unmarked police vehicle should be used to transport the victim.
Endorse the FWIN with the registration number of this vehicle
• Continue to record any statements the victim makes about the incident. It is not always
obvious how significant small details may be and the victim might not repeat this
information again
• On arrival at the centre a Crisis Worker will be in attendance to support the victim. At this
time the Forensic Physician will take a third hand report from the STO
• The Forensic Physician will then speak with the victim to gain an understanding of the
nature of the assault to establish an examination procedure and to secure the victim’s
agreement to it
• Contact the FDO via OCR should the Forensic Physician require a CSI to photograph
marks or injuries. Update the IO in respect of this as it may impact on the crime scene
examination
• Post examination, the Forensic Physician will update the STO, reading through their report.
A copy of the report and any exhibits obtained by the Forensic Physician will be handed
over to the STO with instructions for their retention (fridge/freezer etc)
• It is most appropriate for the STO to escort the victim home and ensure they have details
of any appointments pending, for example a video interview. They must be made aware of
who the IO is and how and when they can expect next contact to be made
• Book all exhibits into the KIM property system. Liaise directly with the IO and brief them
about the events, handing over all documentation and exhibits, where appropriate
Prepare your witness statement. Describe the condition of the scene. Make reference to the
STO’s log, details of the EEK used and property you seized including the KIM reference
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number. Include any visual injuries to the victim or discomfort complained of. Take particular
care describing the condition and demeanour of the victim. Be as objective as possible here,
take care not to interpret a persons actions, for example, if somebody is shaking you shouldn’t
say why they were shaking, but if the victim says something in relation to the shaking, it would
be fair for you to record what was said. An STO should make themselves familiar with the
effects of Rape Related – Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (RR-PTSD):
http://www.ncvc.org/ncvc/main.aspx?dbName=DocumentViewer&DocumentID=32366
It is the role of the Independent Sexual Violence Advisor (ISVA) attached to St Mary’s Centre
to access the most appropriate healthcare and counselling service for the victim’s needs. The
ISVA’s role extends to supporting the victim through the criminal justice system and can assist
Investigating Officers by facilitating victim attendance for interviews and provide support
where necessary. For full details of St Mary’s Centre, Greater Manchester’s Sexual Assault
Referral Centre (SARC) and the roles within see Appendix A.
It is GMP’s responsibility, as far as possible, to ensure the victim is safeguarded from further
violence either at the hands of the suspect or a third party. The STO should provide the victim
with crime prevention advice and ensure they have access to a telephone so they can request
assistance in an emergency or consider a home link alarm, as temporary measure. Inform the
IO with any concerns arising. In certain circumstances it may be appropriate to directly refer
the victim to other support agencies (see Appendix C for available support).
8.7 STO: FWIN UPDATE & CRIME RECORDING
• Liaise with the IO with regards to the update of the FWIN following the A – J format. The
IO will decide who is in the most appropriate position to update this log given the
circumstances of each case.
• SUBMIT A CRIME REPORT. When the details of a crime of rape or serious sexual assault
are reported to the police the crime must be recorded as early as possible. This is not just
to comply with NCRS, but to reinforce GMP’s commitment to the victims of these serious
crimes and to encourage fair and rigorous investigations. The crime should be submitted
by the STO taking the initial details, but it is advised they consult with the IO in respect of
crime recording to ensure accuracy. If the victim is to attend St Mary’s Centre there is
provision for the STO to telephone the crime through to CIU from the centre.
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A delay is permissible when the location of the crime is unknown and in the near future the
actual location can be established (ie: by the victim pointing out an address).
Where the location cannot be ascertained and it is not likely to be identified in the near future
a crime report must be submitted. The location will default to a street name or an area but
contact CIU for advice.
A delay in crime recording, without proper justification, is not acceptable and may question the
integrity of the investigation. Officers should, therefore, be extremely cautious in delaying the
submission of a crime.
See link to GMP's Standard Operating Procedures in respect of crime recording for Rape and
Serious Sexual Assault, Chief Constable's Order 2010/14:
http://gmpintranet/force/chiefsorders.nsf/8842b559077a2e1e802576da00540a01/8fb6267433
9b9336802576f8004eac9b?OpenDocument
8.8 STO: VICTIM REFUSES FORENSIC EXAMINATION
If the victim refuses a forensic medical examination, you should provide them with referral
information and advise them to seek medical care as soon as possible to reduce the risks of
contracting sexually transmitted infections. Referral information should include:
• Location and availability of St Mary’s Sexual Assault Referral Centre, which provides
forensic medial examinations, contraceptive treatment and medical advice in respect of
sexually transmitted infections. There is access to Independent Sexual Violence Advisors
(ISVAs) who can provide ongoing support to victims and access to counselling services
(see Appendix A for additional details of St Mary’s Centre)
• Alternative ways to seek medical advice and attention in respect of sexually transmitted
infections and contraceptive treatment, for example via their GP
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In these cases it is important for STOs to ensure victims receive this advice. It is GMP’s
responsibility to provide information to safeguard victims of crime. Complete the necessary
GMP form in respect of the advice given and ask the victim to sign the form. Liaise with the
IO regarding progress of the investigation.
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9 Initial Investigative Procedures
When a rape or serious sexual assault is reported to Greater Manchester Police it is the
responsibility of the Crime Operations Department to investigate. The investigators may form
part of the CID or Sexual Offences Unit and, in cases of familial abuse, the PPIU.
The actions taken by the Investigating Officer in the first 48 hours of the investigation are
crucial. The initial Investigative Officer allocated responsibility for recently reported incidents
will hold the rank of Detective Sergeant and be PIP level 2 trained.
This officer is expected to assume proactive control of the whole investigation. They are
responsible for the actions of the Specially Trained Officer (STO) and Detective Officers and
must manage the staff and oversee their actions to ensure high standards of investigation are
achieved. Similarly, close liaison with Response and CSI supervision should facilitate the
‘supervised investigative team approach’ advocated. Section 9.9 details the necessity for the
IO to update the crime report with the actions to date and formulate an investigative plan. This
may pave the way for the IO to allocate the case to a member of their team to continue with
enquiries and file-build thereafter.
9.1 INVESTIGATING OFFICER (IO): ACTIONS
The IO is absolutely key and will manage and take responsibility for a thorough and
coordinated investigative approach to the incident.
The IO should:
• Ensure the FWIN is updated with their details and contact number
• Make immediate contact with the allocated STO, brief them setting clear objectives and
encourage frequent updates. Ensure they have a STO’s log and EEK
• Deploy a Detective Officer to support the STO and establish immediate investigative
opportunities: (see Deployed Detective Officer section 9.5) identifying and protecting
scenes, routes taken, securing CCTV, identifying possible witnesses and other forensic
opportunities. This officer should pre-empt possibilities of cross contamination and take
steps to avoid this occurring. Instruct the officer to maintain communication
• Liaise with response supervision to provide sufficient resources to preserve identified
scenes and / or assist with the location and expedient arrest of a suspect, where
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appropriate (see arrest strategies Section 9.2 Planned Arrest; Section 9.3 Expedient Arrest)
• Use an Investigating Officers Case Book to record: details of the case; officers assigned to
it along with their role and tasks; any responses and updates from those officers; wants
analysis; and any decisions made and the reasons why
• Continue to consider further evidential opportunities as more information comes to light.
For example, injuries found on the victim may correspond to a weapon or item of furniture
at a scene - be prepared to relay this information to an attending CSI – and facilitate
communication between the CSI and Forensic Physician, where appropriate
The IO should look to collate vital information including:
• A copy of the FWIN containing the initial call (and recordings and transcripts where
possible)
• The victim’s first account of the incident as recorded by the STO
• Lists of exhibits including clothing and swabs taken from the victim and Forensic
Physician’s initial report
• Names and addresses of any witnesses, include those who might be able to provide
evidence of early complaint
• Details of possible CCTV coverage including public sector, private houses, buses, public
houses, shops and businesses
• Notes from any officers attending the incident. Retain staff on duty to achieve this during
a full debrief, if appropriate.
• Details of surrounding premises to facilitate a house to house strategy
In most cases of rape or serious sexual assault the victim knows the person who committed
the offence. When the suspect is identified and an arrest is not made the reasons for this
should be outlined and ratified with the SIO. Most cases will lead to an arrest and a strategy
for this should follow:-
9.2 IO: PLANNED ARREST
Where possible, the arrest of a suspect should be a planned event. The IO should:
• Research any suspects and conduct a effective risk assessment for the arrest strategy
• Appoint an arresting officer and appraise them accordingly (see section 9.3 Expedient
Arrest). Use different arrest teams for more than one suspect
• Determine transport arrangements for the suspect considering cross-contamination issues
• Identify which police station the suspect should be taken to. Consider suspect
management; whether there are vacant dry cells; cross-contamination issues; and what
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interview facilities are available. Devise an additional ‘custody plan’ for post arrest
• Produce a search plan for the suspect’s premises and / or vehicles. Identify articles /
clothing / weapons to be seized relevant to the investigation
• Appoint an exhibits officer and CSI for each scene location
• Consider the use of a Tier 5 advisor and appoint an interview team
Briefing of the arrest / search team should include:
• A summary of the crime under investigation
• Arrest strategy and reason for arrest
• Full details of suspect(s), including PNC warning signs and known history
• Detailed description and photograph of the suspect
• Details of authorities obtained for entry and search of premises
• Details of any items relevant to the investigation to be located and seized
• Details of each officer’s roles
• The police station to which the suspect will be taken and the strategy at that location
9.3 IO: EXPEDIENT ARREST
There are occasions where events take over and the apprehension of a suspect may occur
prior to possible planned arrest and risk assessment.
The IO should:
• Maintain control over the arrest of the suspect
• Advise the arresting officer to note the description and physical condition of the suspect
including any injuries or marks, their demeanour and lucidity
• Accurately record their spoken words after arrest and the manner in which they were said
• Remind the officer that this is a continuous process and any comments made on route to
a police station, for example, should be accurately recorded and instruct the officer to give
the suspect the opportunity to sign the officer’s notes
• Oversee early suspect management. Obtain a full-length photograph of the suspect
wearing the clothing at the time of arrest. Delay the taking of fingerprints where a suspect’s
hands may be swabbed. Ensure a suspect is placed in a ‘dry’ cell to prevent washing in
sinks or toilets
• Inform the duty custody officer of the pending arrest and reiterate any instructions for early
suspect management
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9.4 IO: CUSTODY PLAN
• At the earliest stage consider the need for an interpreter / appropriate adult to avoid any
custody procedure delays
• Consider whether to delay having somebody told of the suspect’s arrest to avoid any
possible witness or victim intimidation, or destruction of evidence
• Where necessary arrange to have any phone call supervised
• Ensure a record is made of the suspect’s physical condition when they present at the
custody office
• Obtain a list of the suspect’s property and seize any items where appropriate
• Delay the taking of fingerprints and utilise a dry cell preferably under supervision, pending
forensic examination of the suspect
• Obtain appropriate authority for the Forensic Physician to take intimate samples
• Arrange for the Forensic Physician to examine the suspect as soon as practicable. Brief
the Forensic Physician and ensure an officer involved in the case is present, taking notes
during the examination
• Ensure any marks or injuries are recorded on the custody record and obtain a copy of the
Forensic Physician’s report
• Ensure any exhibits / evidence seized are recorded on the custody record, booked into the
property system and appropriately stored (avoiding cross-contamination). See Appendix B
regarding the correct storage and packaging of exhibits
• Seize the suspect’s clothing and footwear, consider any items (such as belt buckles) which
may have caused injury to the victim, engage CSI to photograph any such items and refer
to the Forensic Physician examining the victim for their opinion
• Document on the custody record any intimidating, aggressive or threatening behaviour
exhibited by the suspect and any significant statements made regarding the offence
• Where appropriate, use CCTV from the custody office as evidence
• Liaise with suspect interviewing officers to ensure they are updated regarding all sources
of evidence including: significant statements, examination reports, exhibits, witness
statements, scenes etc so they can effectively devise interview plans
• Be mindful of custody detention times and anticipate the need to update senior officers
regarding custody review procedures
9.5 DEPLOYED DETECTIVE OFFICER
• Recognise the victim as a primary scene and offer advice to the STO engaging with them
• Consider the suspect as a scene and try to establish their whereabouts
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• Update the IO for them to consider a planned arrest strategy
• Identify and secure geographical scenes, limit access removing people and animals.
Establish secondary parameters (ie the whole house)
• Where applicable, establish cordons and control scene entry and exit with a major incident
log and request sufficient officers to achieve this
• Consider possibilities of cross-contamination and take steps to avoid this
• Note the suspect’s actions following the incident may create further sites of forensic interest
(eg vehicles)
• Take steps to preserve any additional scenes as above, consider any routes taken by victim
and suspect or both
• Consider CCTV: local council street cameras, public houses, buses, shops, business
premises and private dwellings
• Consider the possibility of ANPR
• Record details of premises surrounding crime scenes or possible routes taken by the victim
and / or suspect for purposes of a house to house strategy
• Update the IO with your actions
9.6 SENIOR INVESTIGATING OFFICER (SIO)
A Detective Inspector (DI) will closely supervise every report of rape or serious sexual assault
and will assume the role of the SIO, with a Detective Sergeant as a named Investigative
Officer (IO).
The SIO should:
• Liaise with the IO and review the investigation at an early stage.
• Where appropriate utilise a Crime Scene Manager and develop forensic strategies for the
examination of crime scenes
• Provide advice regarding further lines of enquiry, evidence preservation and recovery
• Ensure all material gathered is subject to rules of disclosure under the Criminal Procedure
and Investigations Act 1996
• Consider a media strategy with regards to a witness appeal to aid the investigation and/or
providing public safety information and reassurance to the community (see Section 12.2
Media Strategy)
• Where applicable, ensure a Community Impact Assessment is made within 24 hours from
the time the incident has been reported
• Consider all resource implications needed to support an effective investigation. Inform duty
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MIT Detective Superintendent should the severity or the complexity of a case dictate
• Consider submission of a Divisional Investigative Assessment (DIA), form 334T, to the FIB
(email: FIB/Bradford/GMP) where additional force resources are required; such as critical
incidents, stranger rapes or potential linked series
• If the case remains unsolved carry out a case review within seven days
• Repeat this procedure every 28 days thereafter
9.7 IO: CRIME SCENE LOCATIONS / SUSPECT’S ADDRESS
The Detective Constable initially deployed to the scene should have preserved any crime
scene locations, including vehicles. As more information about the incident is gathered
consideration for scene examination can be given. For multiple crime scenes and / or outdoor
crime scenes consult a Crime Scene Manager who will establish a sound forensic strategy in
conjunction with the IO and SIO.
Occasionally the need for a Forensic Scientist to attend the scene may apply.
Particularly large or difficult scenes (refuse tip) may require the advice of a Police Search
Adviser and specially trained search teams may be utilised.
Boundaries will have to be considered if the scenes are outdoors. Each decision made
regarding the scope of a search and its objectives should be recorded along with the rationale
behind it.
Depending on whether the search is at the suspect’s address or at a crime scene location
officers planning a search should consider the following items or possibilities:
• Biological evidence such as blood, semen, saliva, hair, fingerprints
• Weapons or articles used
• Stolen property or missing articles from the victim
• Computer evidence, for example social networking sites
• Telephone records and financial information
• Diaries, calendars and address books
• Trophy items
• Press cuttings about the current incident or other offences
• Prescription or illegal drug which might have been used in drug-assisted offences
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• Used drinking vessels
• Drugs paraphernalia
• Bedding and discarded clothing
• Camera, internet recording devices or any equipment capable of storing images, eg mobile
phones, ipods
• Abandoned or discarded property from the suspect or victim
• Evidence to establish approach and escape routes such as foot-marks and tyre-marks
• Evidence of possible witnesses
• Information identifying other scenes
• Any other item which may link to the offence, eg condoms, map, items to aid incapacitation
Appendix B provides advice regarding the correct packaging and storage of exhibits.
Vehicles as scenes should, where appropriate, remain in situ and be cordoned off accordingly
to give consideration to the area surrounding the vehicle. When an external procedure is
complete, the vehicle can be removed (with forensic considerations) for an examination to
take place undercover.
9.8 IO: HOUSE TO HOUSE ENQUIRIES
Witnesses do not always come forward. Some simply don’t appreciate what they have seen
may be of assistance to an investigation. To this end house to house enquiries should always
be undertaken where there is a possibility a member of the community may have seen or
heard something of value. As it is not always possible to use trained detective officers to
undertake this role it is worth directing the task by creating a questionnaire tailored to the
investigation.
As previously touched upon, defining boundaries will have to be recorded along with any
constraints impacting upon this.
Liaise with the Supervision of the officers carrying out the house to house enquiries. Establish
the number of staff and discuss the best approach. When briefing these officers provide maps
and give clear instructions with regards to their approach and what is expected of them in
cases of a ‘no answer’. Arrange to debrief the house to house team before end of duty and
ensure the officers know when and where to meet.
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9.9 IO: CRIME UPDATING
Unless there is valid reason to the contrary, the STO should submit a crime report for rape or
serious sexual assault as soon as practicable in order to satisfy National Crime Recording
Standards (NCRS). This provides the IO with an electronic database on which to record
actions taken and outline further investigative opportunities.
It provides access for other divisional departments, for example the PPIU who may require the
information to update their databases. It is also a vital link with the Force Intelligence Branch
(FIB) for crimes which meet the Serious Crime Analysis Section (SCAS) criteria. SCAS rely
on the accurate recording of the modus operandi in order to identify any similarities between
offences and offenders. This includes any words spoken by the offender and the IO should
consider any case being potentially series linked.
When a case satisfies the SCAS criteria the FIB will:
• Assist the investigating officer to identify and prosecute an offender
• Identify the potential presence of a serial offender within the force area
• Identify the potential presence of a serial offender nationally
In order to facilitate this the IO must provide an early response to FIB requests for relevant
case file material. For cases which meet the SCAS criteria the FIB should be informed when:
• DNA or other evidence confirms the identity of an outstanding offender
• A suspect is arrested, charged or eliminated
• The crime category changes, ie a false report
The ‘Address’ tab requires data regarding the ‘meeting place’. This is where victims met their
offenders that day prior to any offence occurring. The FIB collate this intelligence to identify
locations where more than one victim met their attacker. This intelligence may then be subject
of further investigation or crime prevention.
Similarly, the ‘Advance Profile’ tab on the crime report must be completed. This asks whether
early consultation with CPS took place. It may not be appropriate to complete this immediately
as early consultation may not take place for up to two weeks, in which case the IO will have
to revisit this field.
In order to demonstrate professionalism and continuity throughout GMP the IO should update
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the crime report within 48 hours of the case coming to police notice. The IO should fully record
all actions taken and detail further investigative opportunities for detective officers to carry out
and for SIOs to monitor. When this is complete the IO may allocate the case to a member of
their team for continued investigation and file-build.
The SIO will conduct a review of an undetected crime after 7 days and 28 days, repeating this
4 weekly review, where necessary. After 90 days the DCI should review any undetected
crimes and in any case prior to the matter being filed.
9.10 FALSE REPORTS
All staff dealing with reports of rape or serious sexual assault must be extremely cautious
about making an early assessment of the credibility of the victim. There are a number of
factors that may influences a victim’s judgement or state of mind: RR-PTSD, alcohol / drugs,
cultural background and so forth. Furthermore, it is known that some victims may withhold the
whole circumstances if they think that they are less likely to be believed.
All reports will, in the first instance be treated as truthful. The skills of the STO, IO and
interview team may encourage or facilitate a victim to disclose all facts when making
disclosures to the police, regardless of their impact on the case.
A report of rape or serious sexual assault will only be regarded as falling short after a full and
thorough investigation. The divisional DCI will then review the case and consider whether a
‘no crime’ status should apply. The case will then be reviewed by another DCI from another
division for ratification.
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10 Investigative Interviewing - Victim
The IO should, where appropriate, consider the benefits of consulting a Specialist Interview
Advisor (SIA) at the outset of an investigation. The SIA will provide support and advice on the
capture of victim and witness testimony in addition to managing the suspect interview phase.
The IO is responsible for developing a strategy for interviewing victims and witnesses. They
must consider the needs and entitlement of each witness (in respect of Section 16 and 17 of
the Youth and Criminal Evidence Act 1999) and record any decisions made together with
supporting rationale. See link below for Achieving Best Evidence in Criminal Proceedings:
http://www.cps.gov.uk/Publications/docs/Achieving_Best_Evidence_FINAL.pdf
When considering the interview section of the Talon Policy, the advice of a Specialist Interview
Advisor was sought. This immediately highlighted the need to redress the difficulties the
prosecution face at court in respect of victim interviews and the potential for their numerous
accounts. Pilot schemes specifically aimed at achieving this are currently ongoing in some
parts of GMP and if successful will be extended across the Force. In the meantime, the IO is
required to provide specific instructions to specialist Tier 3 witness interviewers, especially
those who are not part of the investigative team. These instructions are addressed at Section
10.3.
Also identified was the need to provide sufficiently trained officers to conduct professional and
thorough interviews, and to provide continuity of interviewer or co-interviewer at all stages, as
there would be a loss of information if victim and suspect interviews were conducted totally
independent of each other.
10.1 VICTIM INTERVIEW CONSIDERATIONS
When planning to conduct a victim interview the IO should consider the possibility of the victim
experiencing symptoms, which may affect recall. Some victims may suffer Post–Traumatic
Stress Disorder (PTSD), which is often referred to as Rape Trauma Syndrome. See link
below for more information on Rape Related PTSD:
http://www.ncvc.org/ncvc/main.aspx?dbName=DocumentViewer&DocumentID=32366
PTSD can affect the victim’s memory of events, which may provide an explanation for varying
accounts. The IO should be prepared to conduct further interviews and must provide a victim
the opportunity to address any anomalies before a case comes to trial.
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The IO should discuss with the victim the appropriate time for the interview and balance their
wishes with the needs of the ongoing investigation and responsibilities under PACE. In most
cases it is not suitable to undertake the victim interview immediately following attendance at
St Mary’s given the time this process takes and the trauma experienced prior to that. The
victim should be afforded the opportunity to get some rest and refreshments.
Section 17(4) of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 provides that a victim of
sexual offence will be deemed as an intimidated witness and will therefore be eligible to
special measures at court, if they chose to use them. Where the investigation commenced on
or after 1st September 2007 there is a presumption that victims of sexual offences are
automatically eligible for the special measure of evidence-in-chief in crown court cases,
however an application to the court still has to be made.
It should be explained to the victim that an application for special measures can be made to
a court but they should not be guaranteed. It is important the IO ensures the victim is provided
with choices in relation to special measures and the advantages and disadvantages of which
are fully explained. For the purposes of accuracy and transparency, it is advisable to record
a victim interview where a victim chooses to supply a written statement of evidence.
Special measures, which may be applied for include:
• Screens from which the victim can be shielded from the defendant
• A live link
• Evidence given in private
• Removal of wigs and gowns
• Video recorded evidence-in-chief
• Video recorded cross examination
• Examination of a witness through an intermediary (available to vulnerable witnesses)
• Aids to communication (available to vulnerable witnesses)
For more detailed information regarding special measures available to victims and witnesses
use the link to Achieving Best Evidence in Criminal Proceedings:
http://www.cps.gov.uk/Publications/docs/Achieving_Best_Evidence_FINAL.pdf
The use of intermediaries is uncommon though some vulnerable witnesses may require the
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use of an intermediary to provide their evidence in court. More procedural guidance in respect
of the use of intermediaries can be viewed via this link:
http://lcjb.cjsonline.gov.uk/area15/library/Intermediaries/Intermediary_Procedural_Guidance_
Manual.pdf
10.2 USE OF INTERPRETERS FOR VICTIMS
When dealing with victims of rape and serious sexual assault the use of ‘Language Line’
should be restricted to:
• Establish the exact language and dialect for purposes of obtaining an interpreter *
• Explaining an interpreter will be provided to assist the victim
• Ensure there are no immediate medical or risk concerns
• Provide reassurance, tell them you are a special trained officer and you are there to help
(STO)
A victim should not be asked to detail events of sexual assault via Language Line.
* Officers should take into consideration the vulnerability of the victim when identifying a
suitable interpreter. Using an interpreter from the same local community may impact on the
victim’s ability to provide intimate details of events. Similarly using interpreters of a different
generation, cultural heritage, religion, gender and social standing as the victim may cause the
victim to give a poor account of their experience.
In exceptional circumstances family members can be used to act as an interpreter at the
scene: this should be for the purpose of securing the immediate safety of the victim (and
others). The details of the person used to act as an interpreter must be recorded for
disclosure.
10.3 VICTIM INTERVIEW
Where video evidence-in-chief is preferred the interviewing officer should be a specialist Tier
3 witness interviewer. This officer should preferably be part of the investigative team with
knowledge of the incident from the outset. If this is not possible, a member of the investigative
team must co-interview here and be deployed to the suspect interview team to provide
continuity.
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The interviewing officers must be fully briefed by the IO. As part of the planning and
preparation the interviewing officer must be in possession of, and take full account of, any prior
interview notes (STO’s log etc) and deal with them during the evidential interview.
Under no circumstances should adult victims be asked questions to determine whether they
understand the difference between ‘truth and lies’. The interview must remain professional
and appropriate to the age, level and understanding of the interviewee. Interviewers should
encourage victims to reveal all aspects of the offence and the circumstances surrounding it,
including any issues that they feel may reflect negatively upon them. The victim should be
informed that a strong prosecution case can only be established if the police are in possession
of all the facts.
Where a case may rest on the question of ‘consent’ and / or the victim’s ‘capacity to consent’
these topics will require enhanced emphasis and probing. Detailed information established
here may facilitate the IO to identify corroborative evidence, for example CCTV, witness
statements, toxicology testing of urine from EEK.
10.4 VICTIM INTERVIEW CHECKLIST
• Full details of the current incident, including evidence to support the offence
• Details of witnesses present during the incident or immediately before or after the incident
• Sequence and timing of events
• Details of any speech or threats made by the suspect
• Details of conversation between the victim and the suspect
• Details of the victim’s response during the offence and an explanation of why they reacted
in this way – this might include ‘freezing’ or being unable to respond through fear,
complying, any attempts to escape, resist or make it clear that sexual acts were not
consensual
• Any identifying features of the suspect; where the offender is not known to the victim this
should include questions relating to all senses, e.g. smell, sight, taste, touch and hearing
• Nature and seriousness of any of the victim’s injuries (physical and emotional)
• History of the relationship and any previous incidents, if the suspect is known
• Details that relate to any previous consensual sexual activity within the last seven days (for
forensic purposes), including any with the suspect
• Whether a weapon was used (how and what type)
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• Details about the first or early complaint
• Any history of unusual events that may be linked to the offence e.g. underwear going
missing from the line
• Ensure points to prove are addressed
In cases where the victim or IO suspect that the offence was drug assisted, the interviewer
should attempt to establish the following information:
• Any drugs prescribed and taken by the victim
• Signs and symptoms shown by the victim
• Drugs taken knowingly by the victim within the last seven days (officers to be more specific
with victim and establish when, where and circumstances)
• Drinking pattern before, during and post the incident
• Last urination and the number of times they have been to the toilet since
• Victim’s height, weight and known tolerance to drink and / or drugs
• Last time the victim had any food or drink
10.5 ADDRESSING INCONSISTENCIES
There are occasions when inconsistencies become apparent between what the victim has
said during their evidential interview and the other material gathered as part of the
investigation. Sometimes the content of their account is not recorded accurately and the
possibility of this should be explored in the first instance.
Investigations of rape and serious sexual assault can produce a number of victim interviews
conducted by different interviewers. If this is considered along with the possibility of the victim
suffering from PTSD, the affects of alcohol or drug intake and the confusion and intrusion of
the investigative process it’s little wonder that different accounts may contain varying
information.
Explanations should only be sought when it is important to the investigation, for instance
where inconsistencies may impact on the prosecution case.
Interviewers should be aware that the aim is not to put pressure on the interviewee to alter
their account but to aid the investigation by pursuing the truth. The interviewer should take
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account of the extent to which the victim may be vulnerable to suggestion and their approach
should be carefully planned, tactfully phrased and presented in a non-confrontational manner.
10.6 PREVIOUS SEXUAL HISTORY
Section 41 of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 now places limitations on
examining the previous sexual history of victims at trial. It is important to stress that the victim
should only be asked questions relating to their previous sexual history where it is directly
relevant to the specific allegation in question and likely to be addressed at the trial. This
should not preclude the investigative interviewer from speaking with the witness about
previous sexual history in the investigative interview, where it is likely to be an issue at trial
and justifiable. This in some cases may be a necessary line of enquiry and directly impacts
on the evidence of the case. Each case requires judging on its own merits.
10.7 VICTIM PERSONAL STATEMENT
The Victim Personal Statement (VPS) provides victims with the opportunity to express their
legitimate interests and convey how a crime has affected them physically, emotionally,
psychologically, financially or in other ways that may affect their quality of life.
The IO will ensure that the victim in every case has the opportunity to provide a VPS, the
purpose of which is to assist the court by enabling the victim to describe the effect the offence
has had and to express an opinion on bail and other issues.
The content of the victim statement must be left to the victim. The statement should be linked
to the case papers. The IO should ensure that any appropriate follow-up action is carried out.
VPS should be recorded in the same format as the investigative interview. Where the witness
will present their evidence verbally to the court as evidence-in-chief the VPS should then be
video recorded, the court will consider affording special measures as appropriate to the VPS.
The statement should take the form of an additional section at the end of the standard
statement form or at the end of the video taped or audio taped interview. A caption should be
inserted so that this additional statement can be clearly identified as the victim personal
statement. In addition to the stage one VPS, which is taken at the conclusion of the victim
interview, a stage two VPS will also be taken either pre-trial or pre-sentencing.
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Stage One Victim Personal Statement
A VPS Statement:
“I have been given the victim personal statement (VPS) leaflet and the VPS scheme has been
explained to me. What follows is what I wish to say in connection with this matter. I
understand that what I say may be used in various ways and that it may be disclosed to the
defence.”
Stage Two Victim Personal Statement
A second VPS should be taken at a later stage, prior to the appearance of a defendant in
court, when the full impact of the incident on the victim’s life and personal circumstances has
been assessed. Corroboration particularly in relation to medical matters may be required.
The following issues should be covered within the stage 2 VPS:
• Any medical treatment being undertaken or anticipated or has been taken with regards to
the incident
• Any psychiatric and / or emotional disturbance
• Effects on the victim’s life
• Effects on the victim’s family
• Any other factors as a result of the incident
• How the victim feels in relation to the defendant being granted bail
The victim should be given a copy of the VPS leaflet. These are available from the following
link, including versions in different languages:
http://www.cjsonline.gov.uk/victim/coming_forward/victim_personal_statement/
The victim must be informed that the VPS is disclosable to the defence if the suspect is
charged.
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11 Investigative Interviewing - Suspect
It is the responsibility of the IO to ensure that the lead suspect interviewer is competent and
trained to at least ‘serious and complex crime’ (Tier 2) standard. Should the IO determine that
the case warrants the advice of a SIA, this advice should be sought from the outset of the
investigation (to formulate a strategy for the victim and witness interviews) and not solely for
the suspect investigative interview. It is strongly advocated that at least one of the suspect
interview team has co-interviewed or monitored the victim interview to provide investigative
continuity.
Investigators interviewing suspects for rape or serious sexual assault will be trained in
‘PEACE’ investigative interviewing techniques and fully comply with the requirements of the
Codes of Practice, PACE 1984. In planning and preparing interviews the interviewing officers
will comprehensively research and understand the legal requirements, points to prove, and
potential defences for the particular offence(s) they are investigating. The role of investigative
interviewing is to obtain an accurate and reliable account to discover the truth about matters
under police investigation.
Interviewing officers will need access to all material associated with the case to enable them
to compile an effective interview plan. Section 11.2 ‘Suspect Interview Checklist’ which may
be used as a non-exhaustive checklist to assist the IO and interviewing officers.
11.1 PRE INTERVIEW BRIEFING
When planning pre-interview briefing to legal representatives, interviewing officers should:
• Make decisions as to what information should be supplied to the legal representative
• Ensure the supplying of information does not compromise the safety of the victim and
witnesses which could put them at further risk
• Consider a phased disclosure strategy over a number of interviews to test the suspect’s
account as further information becomes available
• Provide legal representatives with a summary of the relevant aspects of a victim or witness
interview, rather than a transcript or statement
• Decide on the objectives for the interview and remain focused on trying to achieve them
• Protect covert or sensitive techniques that are not critical to securing conviction
• Provide a written pre-interview briefing document to legal representatives and read it to
them on audio tape to avoid any challenges regarding the detail of the briefing
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Consider the question of exhibiting the pre-interview briefing and introducing it as part of the
prosecution case. Where this is not appropriate pre-interview briefings should be included in
the unused material schedule.
11.2 SUSPECT INTERVIEW CHECKLIST
Practical considerations:
• Custody record and be aware of time-scales and PACE requirements
• Medical or psychological issues
• Requirement for interpreter or appropriate adult
• Specific resources required for interview room, audio/video recording, downstream monitoring
• Suspect clothing for interview
• Previous involvement with the police, consider bad character
• Suspect’s domestic arrangements
• Prioritise interviews for multiple suspects
Evidence to gather and consider:
• Significant statements and silences
• Statements of officers from the scene
• Statements of key witnesses
• Victim interview notes and STO’s log
• Forensic reports for victim and suspect
• Photographs, maps, CCTV
Prepare:
• PACE / advanced interview plan
• Note taking document
• ‘No comment’ strategy
• ‘Prepared statement’ strategy
• Specific and realistic objectives
11.3 ISSUE OF CONSENT
Where the suspect relies upon consent as a defence the interviewer should explore this issue
in more detail. This will require interviewing officers being fully conversant with the Sexual
Offences Act 2003. This should include:
• The suspect’s knowledge of the age and capacity of the victim
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• Whether the suspect held a ‘reasonable belief’ that the victim consented
• The suspect’s understanding of consent
• What action they took to ensure the victim consented
• How they believed the victim consented
• Where a suspect is under 18 years of age or has identified learning difficulties, interviewing
officers should also explore the suspect’s ability to understand whether or not the victim
was consenting
If the suspect gives an account in which they state the victim consented then a further
interview of the victim may be required to clarify the suspect’s account.
11.4 CAPACITY TO CONSENT
This section has been included as two thirds of all cases of rape and serious sexual assault
involve alcohol. Investigators have found issues of consent often lie with the question of the
victim’s ‘capacity to consent’ versus the ‘suspect’s knowledge and understanding of this’.
Where the question surrounds the victim’s capacity to consent through intoxication, enhanced
emphasis on probing the actions of the victim and the suspect is essential. For example, if
the suspect claims to have removed the victim’s clothing it must be established what, where,
when, how and why the suspect did this. Similarly, it would be necessary to probe the
suspect’s account when it is acknowledged the victim had been drinking but insists they were
capable of making decisions with regards to engaging in sexual acts. Obtaining detailed
information from the suspect with regards to what exactly the victim was capable of may
provide the IO with the opportunity to identify corroborative evidence, for example CCTV at
taxi ranks; witness statements; and toxicology testing of urine from an EEK.
11.5 POST INTERVIEW CONSIDERATIONS
Post-interview the IO should:
• Conduct a team debrief to identify opportunities to impartially explore the suspect and
victim accounts, for example through witnesses or CCTV
• Consider the need for identification procedures
• Formulate ‘fast track’ actions
• Consider further interviews
• Consider consultation with a CPS rape specialist
• Establish a forensic submissions strategy (see section 10.14)
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The IO should have a comprehensive overview of the investigation prior to making an
informed initial assessment of the case. Where it is proposed that a suspect will be charged
and remanded in custody the IO should seek charging advice from a CPS rape specialist as
soon as practicable.
Where the threshold test is passed, but the detained person is considered suitable for bail the
IO will arrange an early consultation with a CPS rape specialist within two weeks of the release
on bail.
Where a case does not meet the threshold test the IO will arrange an early consultation with
a CPS rape specialist if early involvement of a prosecutor would assist in gathering of relevant
evidence, the questions to be asked of suspects, any pre-charge court procedures or any
strategy for a likely prosecution.
Where the CPS rape specialist considers there is not enough information to proceed to charge
but further evidence could be obtained, they will provide the IO with recommended
investigative steps and evidence that may be undertaken to provide a realistic prospect of
conviction. This will include the completion of a detailed action plan with agreed action dates
on form MG3.
The police will complete the agreed actions and an appropriate date for further consultation
will be booked. The CPS will provide an MG3A with a charging decision or further action plan,
where necessary.
11.6 SUSPECT RELEASE ON POLICE BAIL
When there is insufficient evidence to charge a suspect consideration should be given to
releasing them under section 47/3 of PACE to enable further enquiries to be completed.
The IO should review the domestic circumstances of the suspect and consider whether any
third parties (ie members of their own family) might be at risk from the suspect. Liaison with
officers from PPIU, who have access to shared information from other agencies, will assist the
IO to conduct a risk assessment and make an informed decision about their release.
The Criminal Justice Act 2003 allows for bail conditions to be imposed where a suspect is
bailed to return to a police station while pre-charge advice is sought. In cases of rape, and
in particular when the suspect knows the victim or can gain access to them, the following bail
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conditions should be considered to afford maximum protection to the victim:
• Not to contact the victim either directly or indirectly
• Reside at a named address
• Report to a specific police station at specified times
• Obey any curfews
When considering bail for domestic abuse cases, see:
http://www.talk2someone.org.uk/professional/documents-and-strategies/national-documents-
strategies/acpo-guidance-on-investigating-domestic-violence
Prior to releasing the suspect from the police station, the IO should ensure:
• The victim is informed of the suspect’s impending release on bail and record this
information. Where possible use the STO in the case to convey this message and ensure
the victim has a crime ref number and contact details of the IO should they need further
police assistance
• Ensure all intelligence systems are updated in relation to the suspect and include details of
any bail conditions
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12 Investigative Opportunities
This section provides advice on forensic submissions, the use of the media to assist with an
investigation and considers the benefits of reconstructions and witness appeals.
12.1 FORENSIC SUBMISSIONS STRATEGY
The IO should gather all information, which may impact on a forensic submissions strategy.
This may include:
• Victim’s account
• Forensic Physicians’ reports in respect of victim and suspect
• Crime Scene Investigators’ reports
• Relevant witness evidence
• Any other documentation relating to items seized as part of the investigation
Where a suspect is unknown an ‘urgent’ application for forensic submissions (MG 21) should
be submitted as soon as relevant exhibits have been obtained. Subsequent applications for
further work can be submitted as additional evidence becomes available.
When a suspect is released on bail pending forensic examination work it is the duty of the IO
to prepare a ‘critical’ forensic submissions application as soon as practicable and in any case
within 3 days. A delay here detracts from the importance of the investigation and it may
impact upon agreed times for completion of forensic work.
The potential complexity of forensic issues may require a formal forensic strategy meeting.
The IO should consider seeking advice from the SIO, CPS, CSI and / or Forensic Submissions
Unit (FSU). The purpose of a forensic strategy might be to:
• Establish the objectives of a forensic submission, ie to identify an offender, implicate or
eliminate potential suspects, explore the victim’s account
• Identify relevant forensic samples and exhibits for inclusion on an MG 21
• Consider the possibility of further exhibits being obtained (ie from suspect pending arrest)
The IO, in conjunction with SIO, should review forensic results and consider the potential for
realistic outstanding opportunities.
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12.2 MEDIA STRATEGY
Investigations into rape and serious sexual assault often attract media attention within the first
24 hours. There should be liaison between the IO, SIO and Press Office regarding a media
strategy, as this can provide potential investigative opportunities. The on-call press officer can
be contacted 24/7 via the Duty Inspector or on ext 62230.
The IO should consider from the outset whether the use of the media is appropriate in
achieving one or both of the following objectives:
• To assist the investigation e.g. locating witnesses
• To provide public safety information and reassurance to the community
All decisions by the SIO must be recorded together with the rationale within the SIO’s policy
book.
Before media coverage is sought the IO must seek the informed consent of the victim to the
proposed media coverage (Consent may not be required where publicity is in the public’s
interest. However, the victim must be informed, in advance where possible, where media
coverage is sought against their wishes).
GMP’s Press Office should be informed if a press release is required. Following consultation
with the IO the Press Office will put together a press release and issue to the media once the
IO has approved.
A CPS rape specialist prosecutor allocated to the case should be consulted to agree details
of the case that can be revealed. This is to protect sensitive information, which might later be
used as part of the investigation or prosecution.
Following guidance from the IO and SIO the Press Office will formulate a media strategy. The
IO should then document the following;
• The objectives of the media release
• Methods of achieving them
• Victim welfare considerations
• Withheld information
• Suspect description (the IO will need to be mindful that the description may not be an
accurate visual description)
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• Any crime prevention advice should avoid messages that might increase levels of fear, or
unwittingly cause alarm to the public during the investigation
• Throughout the investigation the IO must inform the Press Office of any developments in
the case, particularly when a suspect has been arrested and / or charged and prior to the
start or conclusion of a trial
• Retain all original press releases and copies of media-generated material for disclosure in
any subsequent identification procedures and to comply with rules of disclosure under the
Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996
• Continued victim welfare, including the use of an ISVA who can provide appropriate support
in the days following media screening and / or publication
Where the victim identifies the suspect as being part of a distinctive group, association or
minority group, the IO should consider using specialist or minority group media as well as
mainstream media in order to maximise the potential for witnesses to come forward.
Information that threatens the anonymity of the victim or which is sensitive to them should be
withheld from the media unless the victim has given permission for its disclosure, or this
disclosure is necessary for the case.
Officers are reminded that the Sexual Offences (Amendments) Act 1976 and 1992, as
amended by Schedule 6 Sexual Offences Act 2003, introduced two levels of anonymity:
• From the outset of the report, the publication or broadcast of the victim’s name, address or
likeness is prohibited in England and Wales during that person’s lifetime
• From the time a person is charged with the offence, the publication or broadcast of any
material likely to identify the victim is prohibited. This protection lasts for the lifetime of the
victim even if the proceedings are abandoned. A court can remove the protections
Victims, if they choose, can waive their right to anonymity. This should be recorded in a written
statement and advice taken from the Press Office and Legal Services.
12.3 RECONSTRUCTIONS, WITNESS APPEALS & CRIME APPEAL
PROGRAMMES
Reconstructions are used to develop or renew public interest - the Press Office should be
consulted prior to any reconstruction and this should form part of the wider media strategy.
They can be used to test whether witness accounts are consistent and / or identify the
existence of other witnesses who have not yet been traced.
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Witness appeals can also be productive in stimulating interest and / or locating witnesses.
They rely on people being in the same place at approximately the same time of the week, for
example, traveling to work, going to a place of worship or walking the dog. Witness appeals
take place at the location of the incident or other relevant locations on the anniversary of the
incident (a week, month, year later). Witness appeals can be through a number of media
channels, such as road signs or posters.
Rape and serious sexual assaults are perceived as interesting subject matter for engaging the
public in crime appeal programmes. Any request by a programme maker should go via the
Press Office who will liaise with the IO and SIO. Before agreeing to any request made by
programme makers, the IO must ensure that there are clear objectives for the inclusion of any
material and that the GMP have available resources to manage public response.
In all cases the victim should be consulted. Where they object, the IO must take this into
account before making a final decision. The IO must record their decision together with the
rationale within their investigative case book.
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13 CPS and Case Conclusion
13.1 CASE BUILDING AND EARLY CONSULTATION
GMP and Greater Manchester CPS should work together during the investigative stage to
build cases and develop a proactive approach to investigating and prosecuting offences.
Statutory charging has permitted prosecutors to become involved in cases at a pre-charge
stage to work with investigators to build evidentially strong cases.
Specialist rape prosecutors may:
• Provide provisional assessment of the case
• Provide advice on forensic submissions strategy
• Identify key evidential issues which can be dealt with prior to arresting or charging a
suspect
• Suggest lines of enquiry
• Identify specific offences
• Suggest ways to rectify evidential deficiencies
• Suggest questions to be put to a suspect
• Specify evidence required to support any charges
• Bring an early conclusion to those cases that cannot be strengthened by further evidence
By following CPS advice at an early stage in the investigation it may minimise the need for an
arrested suspect to be released on bail while investigators gather further evidence.
In all cases where a suspect has been identified, the case will be logged on CMS and an MG3
/ MG3A prepared by the police and the prosecutor, respectively. If there is no identified
suspect, a written note of the early consultation will be retained by the officer and the
prosecutor and saved under the name of the victim. The prosecutor will save this on the
Public Drive in a file named ‘Rape Early Consultations No Named Suspect’.
As GMP promotes a professional team approach to the prosecution of rape and serious sexual
assault, where early consultation with CPS does not take place the SIO will be required to
record the decision taken along with the rationale behind that decision.
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13.2 CHARGING DECISION
Rape specialists and IOs will work closely together to build cases, ensuring that all possible
avenues of evidence are explored and that the correct charge is identified.
Where possible, local rape specialists will view evidential videos and record their opinions on
an MG3 at an early stage, for CPS Direct to access for the purpose of charging. Where a
charging decision is made by CPS Direct, Greater Manchester CPS will ensure the immediate
referral of the file to a rape specialist following charge. Alternatively, if CPS Direct advise the
Police to submit a file for further advice, Greater Manchester CPS will ensure that such a file
is referred to a rape specialist.
In the event of a duty prosecutor who is not a rape specialist having to make a threshold test
charging decision the duty prosecutor will consult with a rape specialist prior to that decision
being made.
In all cases where there is a decision to take no further action (or to reduce a previously
charged rape to a lesser offence), the Area Rape Co-ordinator or the RAFA Team Leader must
provide a second opinion. They will assess what material they need to see. Their second
opinion will be recorded in writing on CMS and will be provided within 2 weeks. If neither is
available, the divisional level D may authorise a rape specialist C2 lawyer to provide a second
opinion, and will record the reasons for this on CMS. All such cases must be referred to the
Area Rape Co-ordinator at the earliest opportunity.
The police will ensure that any statements supplied to the prosecutor at the pre-charge stage
contain the witness’s details on the reverse of MG11 and, where required, will be accompanied
by a completed MG2 to ensure that any requirement for special measures receives early and
informed consideration. Where a witness has provided a visually recorded interview an MG2
will be completed and supplied to the prosecutor as a matter of course.
The IO will always make the visually recorded interview and any written record available to the
prosecutor for the purposes of the charging decision. The prosecutor will watch the visually
recorded interview prior to applying the full code test to charge.
Unless the circumstances require the application of the threshold test, the police will provide
the rape specialist responsible for making the charging decision with a full evidential file
57

containing the following:
• All key witness statements including medical and forensic
• Visually recorded witness interviews and accompanying written record
• All key documentary exhibits
• Precis of suspect’s interview
• Any unused material which undermines the prosecution case or may assist the case for the
accused including items relating to the complainant’s credibility
• Any third party material that is available including social services’ records
• Previous convictions of any suspect, complainant and witnesses
Where the Police seek a charging decision based on application of the threshold test they will
provide detailed and comprehensive information on form MG7 to enable the prosecutor to
determine whether the application of the threshold test is appropriate and to fully consider
issues surrounding opposition to bail. They will also provide details of the further evidence
likely to be obtained which will have a significant impact on the case.
If the police disagree with the decision of the prosecutor, they will follow the formal appeal
procedure:
• The Divisional Commander or Superintendent will appeal in writing by email to the Branch
Crown Prosecutor, having first alerted them to the appeal by telephone
• Escalation beyond that point must be by the Assistant Chief Constable to the Chief Crown
Prosecutor
In custody cases, appeals should be referred as soon as possible, with details of when the
custody clock expires. Appeal decisions should then be made within that time scale if
possible. In all cases, appeals should be referred within 1 week of a decision being made.
Appeals should then be decided within 2 weeks of the appeal being referred.
If an appeal is pending and cannot be completed before a suspect is released, the suspect
should be informed that a decision as to charge is being made and the police will contact the
suspect within 4 weeks to supply the final decision made.
13.3 OUT-OF-COURT DISPOSAL
Where a suspect has been arrested for rape and the custody officer decides that the threshold
test is passed but determines that no further action is to be taken or a simple caution appears
58

appropriate, the case must be referred to a rape specialist to confirm whether or not the case
is to proceed. Exceptionally, where it is determined that a simple caution is appropriate in the
case, the rape specialist will specify, on the MG3, the offence for which the caution is to be
administered. If the prosecutor’s decision is not to proceed or to caution, a second opinion
must be obtained, as previous.
13.4 DISCLOSURE
The IO or disclosure officer and rape specialist will handle unused material in accordance with
the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 as amended, the relevant Code of
Practice, the Attorney General’s guidelines on disclosure and the Disclosure Manual.
The police will ensure that the IO or disclosure officer is adequately trained on CPIA
procedure.
The IO or disclosure officer and rape specialist will be proactive in identifying relevant third
party material at the pre-charge stage. Access to third party material will be sought prior to
the decision to charge wherever possible. The rape specialist will make application to the
Court for a witness summons in respect of third party material where appropriate.
13.5 CASE REVIEW / CASE CONFERENCE
A conference with the trial advocate, the rape specialist, the IO, CPS caseworker and the FP
(where appropriate) should be held in every rape case as soon as practicable after the
advocate has received instructions. Prior to the conference the IO will contact any specialist
support agency or Independent Sexual Violence Advisor (ISVA) for an update on the victim’s
situation and any recent developments. Any variation in the preference for special measures
may be raised at this time and if necessary a renewed application will have to be made.
It may be the case that a pre-trial witness interview is requested by the prosecuting barrister.
These are conducted by a crown prosecutor, designated by the Chief Crown Prosecutor for
their area. The purpose of the interview is to:
• Assess the reliability of the witness’s evidence
• Assist the prosecutor in understanding complex evidence
• Answer questions on court procedures
Further information on pre-trial witness interviews is available:
59

http://www.cps.gov.uk/victims_witnesses/resources/interviews.html
When a victim asks the Police not to proceed or withdraws the complaint the Police will take
a written statement that will:
• Explain the reasons for withdrawing support
• Say whether the original complaint was true
• Say whether the complainant has been pressurised to withdraw by any person
In addition the Police will provide a report that will:
• Say what they think about the case, in particular the reasons for the withdrawal and its
impact on the case
• Say if the victim is supported by any specialist support service or an ISVA
• Assess the risks to the victim and any other person’s safety
• Assess how the victim might react if required to attend court
If it is suspected that the victim has been pressurised or is frightened the Police will investigate
further and assess any support that has been offered and whether the intervention of a local
specialist support service or an ISVA could make a difference. The CPS will, if appropriate,
ask the court to delay any hearing to enable this to be done.
If the victim confirms that the complaint is true but still wants to withdraw the Police and CPS
will consider the feasibility of continuing without the victim’s evidence and whether to do so
against the wishes of the victim.
A decision to proceed and call the victim to give evidence against his or her wishes will only
be taken by a rape specialist after consultation with the Police.
Where the rape specialist proposes to discontinue the case or substantially reduce the charge
the rape specialist will consult with the Police to ensure that there is no further action that can
be taken. The decision must be confirmed by a second opinion, as previous.
13.6 VICTIM AND WITNESS CARE
The IO is responsible for providing victim care by updating them of the progress of the case
at regular intervals. The victim must be informed of any arrests, charging or bail decisions.
It is advised that good communication links are maintained with St Mary’s Centre in respect of
60

victim care. Some victim’s of rape and serious sexual assault receive ongoing care via the
centre and it may be more appropriate to involve their specialist help when delivering news.
The victim should be given a choice to have updates of their case communicated by the IO or
via the ISVA, or perhaps a combination of both. There is a need, therefore, for the IO to
discuss this level of care with St Mary’s Centre to ensure that the victim receives appropriate
updates. These links will also ensure that there is no unnecessary duplication, as this may
imply a lack of communication between the services being provided (see appendix A to fully
understand the role of the ISVA and the service they provide).
The police will comply with their responsibilities as outline in the victim’s code of practice. This
code highlights a need for vulnerable and intimidated victims to receive an enhanced service.
For further information regarding the code of practice for victims see:
http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/documents/victims-code-of-practice.html
13.7 CRIME FILING
To comply with force policy and national guidance for the effective investigation of rape, GMP’s
Operation Talon will conduct rape file reviews across the force. Where a crime of rape or
serious sexual assault is filed without detection it is the responsibility of the IO to ensure all
case material is filed. This must include any documentation considered by officers or CPS
making a decision not to pursue the case further. This includes:
• All witness statements
• STO’s log
• Witness interview logs and ROVIs
• Application for forensic submissions
• Reports from forensic service providers
• Forensic Physician’s reports (in respect of both victim and suspect examinations)
• Any other medical evidence regarding the victim or suspect
• MG 15, suspect interview planning documents and interview notes
• Property list detailing exhibits seized
• Photographs
• Crime scene examination logs
• Investigating Officer’s case book
• SIO’s policy book
• Custody record
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• Any other MG documents including MG 3/A
• Any evidence of bad character relied on
• Any other evidence or relevant unused material
As previous, this is important for rape file reviews but any file may become subject of a live
investigation at a later time, for example where a suspect is arrested for a similar crime. It
therefore follows that all documents associated with this crime are filed within. Undetected
crime files should be retained on division to comply with current retention policies.
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14 Possible Lines of Investigation
This section provides possible lines of enquiries when the suspect is known, or when the
suspect is unknown or unidentified. Similarly, it includes lines of enquiry for rapes or serious
sexual assault, which may fall into recognised categories. These lists are provided as a
checklist for investigators but they are not exhaustive.
14.1 KNOWN OFFENDER
• Damage to victim’s clothing (worn during the offence) including stretched elastic on
underwear, rips, missing buttons, broken zips, blood or dirt stains, false nails or eyelashes
• External injuries on the victim including minor abrasions, restraint bruises or minor
scratches (visible injuries should be photographed with the victim’s consent). Note that in
many cases of rape there is no evidence of injuries
• Evidence of disturbance at the scene
• Obtaining and attempting to cross-match DNA samples obtained from the scene, victim and
suspect on the National DNA Database / evidential process
• Examining significant statements made by the suspect
• Injuries to the suspect
• Damage to the suspect’s clothing (worn during the offence) which suggest the use of force
or resistance by the victim, e.g. rips, missing buttons, blood or dirt stains
• Evidential examination of suspect’s clothing (e.g. victim’s DNA, blood and hair)
• Researching all previous convictions even if these are not for sexual offences
• Researching any previous allegations against the suspect which have been withdrawn or
discontinued
• Seeking information from the suspect’s current and previous partners around the time the
incident took place and details of sexual activity including any changes in sexual behaviour
• Producing suspect sequence of events charts (including maps, milestones of events,
offences, behaviour within part, or all, of the offending lifespan of a suspect to be completed
by OPU / force analyst) flight manifests (passport enquiries, travel documents and internet
history)
• Searching for keepsakes or trophies held by the suspect (including evidence of the
offence(s) having been recorded by the suspect, e.g. video recording, internet camera and
mobile phone photographs)
• Fingerprints, finger marks and physical evidence
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• Nail scrapings (if there has been a struggle or digital penetration)
• CCTV to check movements (victim account / suspect alibi)
• Consider ANPR searches
• Consider possible computer evidence, for example social networking sites
14.2 UNIDENTIFIED OR UNKNOWN SUSPECT
• Obtaining and attempting to cross-match DNA samples from the scene and forensic
medical examination on the National DNA Database
• Fingerprints, finger marks and other physical evidence
• Carrying out a Query Using Enhanced Search Techniques (QUEST) postcode search on
the Police National Computer (PNC) for offenders within a given area
• Intelligence-led DNA screening
• Developing a suspect priority matrix
• Searching for objects reported missing by the victim
• Circulating details of any missing items in force bulletins and, in particular, to specialist
burglary investigators
• Assessing the possibility of the suspect relocating and changing employment (due to police
investigation)
• Producing sequence of events charts (including chronology, suspect and victim / witness
sequence of events and parallel or sequential significant events)
• Obtaining prison intelligence
• Consider ANPR searches
14.3 ACQUAINTANCE RAPE
The following lines of enquiry should be considered:
• Circumstances of the victim meeting the suspect;
• Targeting activity by the suspect;
• Forensic opportunities;
• Previous behaviour by the suspect;
• ANPR searches
• Statements of mutual friends: regarding the previous relationship between the victim and
suspect and their behaviour towards each other;
• Mode of contacting the victim, eg through internet dating agencies, singles clubs, evening
classes;
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• Attempts by the suspect to contact the victim after the offence;
• Information from the suspect’s current or previous partners;
• Information about the suspect’s routines (including employment, credit cards, banking,
social security records, telephone or internet use billing
• Consider possible computer evidence, for example social networking sites
14.4 DRUG-ASSISTED RAPE
The following lines should be considered:-
• Look for evidence of the offence(s) having been recorded by the suspect (including video
recording, internet camera, ipod and mobile phone)
• Examine clothes (of the victim and the suspect, if identified) for traces of drugs from spilt
liquid, used for intoxication or from vomit
• Develop sequence of events charts to attempt to fill in lost time (examine mobile phone and
CCTV, note that drugs tend to take 15 to 20 minutes to take effect)
• Canvass witnesses, including consideration of using financial information for example,
people buying drinks at the bar using debit/credit card within a given time-frame to identify
possible witnesses
• Use the EEK kit to secure samples at the earliest opportunity along with a second sample
one hour after the first if there is a delay in the victim having a forensic medical
examination. (In some cases where there has not been an early sample recovered, hair
sampling one month from the date of the offence should be considered)
• Seize any drink, drinking vessel or any other item the victim may have drunk from
• Using a forensic physician to examine symptoms and identify any drug used where
possible
• Identify any associated offences such as abduction or kidnap
• Subject-profiling of persons known to have drug connections
• Checking for previous convictions or intelligence relating to drug offences
• Investigate the possibility of serial offending (for example, check records for any similar
offences or attempts, including no-crimes with common features)
• Possible links to multiple offender cases
• Search intelligence databases
• Examine the possibility of theft from the victim of any non valuable item
• Carry out property disposal checks
• Check for the use of the internet sites supplying drugs and advice about the effectiveness
of drugs
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• Check any prescribed drugs from the suspect’s GP and any walk in medical centres
• Analysis of social networking sites
• Request information from the suspects current or previous partners
• Examine the suspects connections to internet pornography and access to child abuse
images
• Check internet and credit card purchases
• ANPR searches
14.5 DOMESTIC OR RELATIONSHIP RAPE
The following lines of enquiry should be considered:
• Risk management through MARAC
• Linking the history of any reported violence
• Investigating any history of violence not reported to the police but which might be
substantiated records from other agencies, such as medical information held by GPs
• Tracing witnesses to any previous offences
• Identifying other family members (including children) who the suspect has had close access
to, both currently and in the past
• Obtaining information from previous partners about the relationship and specifically sexual
behaviour, including changes in sexual behaviour
• Researching any previous allegations against the suspect which have been withdrawn or
discontinued
• Identifying any witnesses to the serious sexual offence, including child witnesses
• Fingerprints, finger-marks or other forensic evidence which may corroborate the victim’s
account of the offence
• ANPR searches
• Consider possible computer evidence, for example social networking sites
For further information and guidance on investigating domestic abuse cases see ACPO (2008)
Guidance on Investigating Domestic Abuse:
http://www.talk2someone.org.uk/professional/documents-and-strategies/national-documents-
strategies/acpo-guidance-on-investigating-domestic-violence
14.6 STRANGER RAPE
The following lines of enquiry should be considered:
• Fingerprints, finger-marks, foot-marks and other physical evidence;
66

• Monitoring unusual activity in the area such as prowling or distraction offences;
• Assessing any suspect connections to the crime scene/s;
• Linking targeting such as, of victim type, location and time of offence;
• Requesting information about possible suspects from public protection units (paying
particular attention to searching by modus operandi);
• Conducting a cognitive interview with the victim;
• Using photographs of offenders with known similar modus operandi for the victim to identify
with geographic parameters;
• Producing E-fits and circulating them locally and to other forces (victims should be informed
that any E-fit will be widely circulated and this might cause them some further distress);
• Carrying out stop checks or surveillance on certain dates (which relate to the original
offence) to capture witnesses routinely in the location, or as a method of checking for
activity related to future offences or revisits by the suspect;
• Engaging NPIA Crime Operational Support;
• Familial DNA analysis;
• Intelligence-led DNA screening;
• Tracing any reported sexual health problems with sexual health clinics if the suspect has
transferred (or contracted) a sexually transmitted infection to (or from) the victim;
• Searching intelligence databases, see Link – ACPO 2009 National Source of Operational
Support and Intelligence for Rape Investigations
• ANPR searches
14.7 MULTIPLE OFFENDER RAPE
The following lines of enquiry should be considered (using other checklists where relevant):
• Obtaining and attempting to cross-match DNA samples obtained from the scene and
forensic medical examination on the National DNA Database;
• Network analysis of mobile and landline telephones;
• Analysis of social networking sites;
• Fingerprints, finger-marks, foot-marks and other physical evidence;
• Noting that descriptions of suspects wearing similar clothes, or where witnesses have
difficulty distinguishing between suspects, may indicate that the suspects were wearing a
uniform, costume, clothing from a particular social grouping or gang or intended to frustrate
any investigation by deliberately confusing the victim;
• Examining the possibility of drug-assisted sexual offences by requesting samples from the
67

victim at the earliest opportunity;
• Preparing the possibility of several scenes;
• Identifying known gangs or associates
• Examining any possible links between suspects;
• Identifying any similar modus operandi (not necessarily multiple offender based);
• Seeking intelligence about any inter-group conflict which might be linked to sexual
offences;
• Identifying any vehicle/s used to transport the victim;
• Identifying the primary or dominant suspect (usually the first to commit a sexual offence on
the victim);
• Investigating the possibility that the dominant suspect has a previous conviction for a
sexual offence;
• Identifying any suspect who appears to have been coerced into committing the offence and
interviewing them first, where possible.
• ANPR searches
68

Appendix A
St Mary’s Sexual Assault Referral Centre
The St Mary’s Centre was the first Sexual Assault Referral Centre to be established in the UK
and is a unique collaborative venture between Central Manchester and Manchester Children’s
University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Greater Manchester Police and Greater
Manchester Police Authority.
The Centre provides a comprehensive and co-ordinated forensic, counselling and aftercare
service to adults and children living in Greater Manchester who have experienced rape or
sexual assault (whether recently or in the past).
St Mary’s is nationally recognised as a model of good practice in providing immediate, 24 hour,
one-stop services to women, men and child victims of rape and or sexual assault. It currently
provides a service to approximately 1,000 victims a year, 400 of whom are children. Victims
can be referred to St Mary’s Centre by the Police but can also self refer by appointment only
(Tel 0161 276 6515), as St Mary’s are regrettably unable to operate a walk in service.
Forensically acute cases must be booked via the Force Duty Officer.
Whilst primarily the focus may be on collecting evidential material to support the investigation
it should be noted that a referral to St. Mary’s SARC may be required for support or advice.
This can be offered at any stage regardless of if they have attended a forensic medical
examination. The support provided can assist the investigation team in keeping the victim
informed and supported until the case concludes and where required continue post
conclusion.
In ALL cases where an examination is delayed or where the victim does not wish to access
SARC services, the victim must be advised to seek medical advice in relation to sexually
transmitted infections (including medical treatment that may be appropriate in reducing the risk
of HIV and Hepatitis B as a result of the sexual assault) and emergency contraception.
Victims are offered a range of services. These include:
• Immediate crisis support
• Forensic medical examination
69

• Emergency contraception and pregnancy testing
• HIV and Hep B post exposure prophylaxis (PEP)
• Information in relation to sexually transmitted infections
• Support through the criminal justice process
• One-to-one counselling
• 24 telephone advice and information line
The Team
Delivering these services are a dedicated team led by a Centre Manager and Clinical Director
that comprise:
Forensic Physicians
A forensic medical examination is offered to victims reporting a recent sexual assault to
Greater Manchester Police. All doctors are female, professional, experienced and highly
trained. The forensic team are available for advice where it is unclear that a forensic medical
examination would be of value, for example contraception, Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)
and treatment of minor injuries. Other injuries may require assessment in A & E.
The forensic examination is a top-to-toe physical examination that will look for injuries, take
samples that may be used in evidence should there be a subsequent prosecution. It is during
this examination that health needs will be assessed and discussed with the victim.
This service is also offered to those that self-refer and do not wish any police involvement.
Consultant Paediatrician
The St Mary’s Consultant Paediatrician has responsibility for overseeing the child protection
and paediatric services to all children and young people that attend the SARC. She also has
overall responsibility to ensure the SARC links to other Children’s Services within the Trust
and other services within Greater Manchester.
The Consultant Paediatrician and forensic physicians trained to assess children can offer
advice to police and social care when a investigation/social care strategy is being discussed
Crisis support
The Crisis Worker provides emotional support at the point of initial contact with St Mary’s
70

Centre. They will explain the services available and can be reached via the 24 hour telephone
and information line. They will meet the victim at the Centre and liaise with the Doctor and
attending Police officers. The Crisis Worker will outline the procedure whilst the victim is at St
Mary’s, allowing them to make informed choices about what happens next.
Independent Sexual Violence Advisor (ISVA)
All adult victims attending for a forensic medical examination are offered the support of an
Independent Sexual Violence Advisor (ISVA). Clients are asked for relevant contact details
when they attend for a forensic medical examination. All victims are contacted by telephone,
unless stated otherwise, within five working days following initial attendance at the SARC. The
purpose of the call is to undertake a support needs assessment. A support care plan will be
drawn up based on this assessment. This will utilise services within the SARC and where
relevant external agencies / services.
Referrals to the ISVA service can be made directly by other criminal, social care and health
care professionals where the victim has not accessed previous SARC services.
One of St Mary’s ISVAs works specifically with adolescents.
Child Advocate
The Child Advocate works specifically with children and families to ensure they understand the
procedures undertaken at St. Mary’s and have access to relevant services following the
examination.
They will provide telephone support to the child and their families. They work closely with
the hospital Child Protection Team to reduce risk of further harm and ensure any child
protection issues are addressed. They will also support the victim through any criminal or civil
justice proceedings and they will work closely with other agencies to ensure the child’s needs
are recognised and addressed through relevant services.
Counsellors
Counselling can be offered in conjunction with other support services. The terms on which
counselling is provided is discussed at the initial session. The counselling service offers one
to one appointments to victims and is also available to significant others.
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Referrals to the service can be made through other external agencies including GPs,
healthcare professionals and those working in the criminal justice field.
Further Information
St Mary’s centre works together with other agencies including Victim and Witness Support,
Manchester Rape Crisis and Survivors Manchester.
72

Appendix B
Storage and Packaging of Exhibits
(From FSS: The Scenes of Crime Handbook 2008)
Blood
For toxicology,
scrapings or swabs
from scenes
Urine
For toxicology
Dry items
For example,
clothing or bedding
Wet items
For example,
clothing or bedding
Underwear
Plastic container, sample obtained
by Forensic Physician
Plastic container (don’t fill
container or it may break on
freezing)
Suitable sized brown paper exhibit
bag (cut down to size if
necessary). Fold twice at the top
and seal all open edges with
adhesive tape
Allow wet items to dry (drying
room) avoid cross contamination
and consider health and safety.
Place in brown paper exhibit bags
(as above)
Or
If drying is not possible, place in
polythene bag and freeze
immediately or the contents will
go mouldy. (Do not freeze in
brown paper bags contents can
seep and the bag may weaken
and tear)
Suitable sized brown paper exhibit
bag (cut down to size if
necessary). Fold twice at the top
and seal all open edges with
adhesive tape.
Or
73
Refrigerate or
freeze (for longer
term)
Refrigerate or
freeze (for longer
term)
Cool, dry
environment
Cool, dry
environment
(dried items)
Or
Freeze damp
items immediately
(not in brown
paper bags)
Cool, dry place
Or

Swabs
Penile, anal,
vaginal, oral
swabs
Swabs
Buccal
Swabs
None intimate
obtained from skin
Pubic hair
Samples and
combings
Fingernail
clippings
(FSP prefer clippings
to scrapings but if nails
too short for clippings
take scrapings, use tools
provided in kit)
Sanitary wear
Objects used in
sexual assault,
for example, bottleneck,
sex toy
Toilet paper
Faeces (following
anal rape)
Place damp or wet items in sealed
polythene bags and freeze
immediately or the contents will
go mouldy. (Do not freeze in
brown paper bags contents can
seep and the bag may weaken
and tear)
Plastic sleeve, sample obtained
by Forensic Physician
Plastic container as per DNA
sampling kit
Plastic sleeve, sample obtained
by CSI
Polythene container, sample
obtained by Forensic Physician
Sealed polythene bag or sterile
plastic container
Sealed polythene bag
Sealed separate containers
If items collected in polythene
bag, place bag and contents in a
rigid plastic container
74
Freeze damp
items immediately
(not in brown
paper bags)
Freeze as soon as
possible
Freeze as soon as
possible
Freeze as soon as
possible
Freeze
Freeze
Freeze
Cool, dry place
Freeze

Cigarette ends
If dry place in polythene bag,
envelope or paper bag
Or
Wet or recently smoked cigarette
ends should be placed in a sealed
bag and freeze
75
Cool, dry place
Or
Freeze

Appendix C
Support Agency Contact Numbers
Alcoholics Anonymous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0161 236 6569
www.aa-gb.org.uk
Tel: 0845 769 7555
Broken Rainbow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0845 604 460
www.broken-rainbow.org.uk
Tel: 0300 999 5428 [LGBT]
Support for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people experiencing domestic
violence.
Brook Advisory Manchester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0161 237 3001
www.brook.org.uk
C.A.L.M (Campaign Against Living Miserably) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0800 585 858
www.thecalmzone.net
Website and helpline for men suffering from depression or feeling suicidal.
Central Manchester Woman’s Aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0161 273 4366
www.womensaid.org.uk
Outreach: 0161 273 4366
Refuge: 0161 248 8849
Central Youth Stockport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0161 426 9696
www.centralyouth.org.uk
Advice, information, counselling and sexual health services for young people aged 11 to 25.
Central Youth has counsellors, doctors, nurses and youth workers.
Childline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0800 1111
www.childline.org.uk
ChildLine is the free confidential helpline for children and young people in the UK.
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Family Contact Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0161 941 4522
www.fcl.ismysite.co.uk
Counselling Appointments: 0161 941 7754
A confidential counselling service to individuals, amongst other issues they see clients who
have suffered childhood sexual abuse.
Kidscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .020 7730 3300
www.kidscape.org.uk
Helpline: 08451 205 204
Kidscape is committed to keeping children safe from abuse. Advice and helpline for children
and parents
Mind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0161 272 8204
www.mind-in-manchester.org.uk
Tel: Information - 0161 272 8205
Helpline and advice for individuals and carers of people suffering from mental health
problems.
Manchester Domestic Violence Helpline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0161 636 7525
www.wdvh.org.uk
Community Helpline Language Service Languages available: Urdu and Punjabi. Monday &
Tuesday 10am - 1pm, Wednesday 1pm - 4pm
An organisation run by women, for women who are experiencing or have experienced
domestic abuse or whose children are being abused. Offer advice, information, telephone
counselling and support to any woman that is being abused or has been abused by someone
they are having a relationship with, or have formerly had a relationship with. This includes
partners, ex-partners and family members and women in same sex relationship.
MASH – Manchester Action for Street Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0161 202 2022
http://www.mash.org.uk/
MASH is a support group for sex workers in and around the city centre.
NSPCC helpline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0800 808 5000
www.nspcc.org.uk
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NSPCC Manchester Child Protection Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0161 282 3366
http://www.nspcc.org.uk/whatwedo/aboutChildLine/ChildLine%20around%20the%20UK/childl
ine_manchester_wda57167.html
Off The Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0161 355 3553
www.offtherecord.demon.co.uk
Is a free, & confidential counselling service for young people 13-28 living in Tameside,
Glossop, Oldham and surrounding areas.
Rape Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0161 273 4591
www.rapecrisis.org.uk & www.manchesterrapecrisis.co.uk
Helpline: 0161 273 4500
BME Line: 0161 273 4514
Rape Crisis Centres provide a range of specialist services for women and girls that have been
raped or experienced another form of sexual violence - whether as adults or as children.
Reachout Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .01204 385848
Reachout Project supports sex workers who work in the Bolton area. They are part of Bolton’s
Urban Outreach.
Safe In The City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0161 274 0180
www.childrenssociety.org.uk
Work with children and young people who runaway or go missing from their homes in
Manchester and Salford.
Saheli Asian Women’s Aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0161 945 4187
www.womensaid.org.uk
A specialist service for south Asian women and children.
Sojourners House Women’s Aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0161 882 0632
www.womensaid.org.uk
Supports women and children, helping rebuild their lives after Domestic Abuse. Refuge and
outreach support and project work for Afro-Caribbean, women and children and mixed race
women and children. Cannot accept women who may have a history of arson, violence and/or
serious substance misuse.
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The Samaritans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .08457 909090
www.samaritans.org
Samaritans provides confidential non-judge mental emotional support, 24 hours a day for
people who are experiencing feelings of distress or despair, including those which could lead
to suicide.
STOP (Trafficking UK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0844 800 3314
www.stop-uk.org
STOP (Trafficking UK) is a new charity working to support trafficked people and raise
awareness of the urgent problem of modern day slavery in the UK.
St Mary’s Sexual Assault Referral Centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0161 276 6515
http://www.cmft.nhs.uk/directorates/smc/contact.asp
The Survivors Trust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .01788 550 554
http://www.thesurvivorstrust.org/
The Survivors Trust is a national umbrella agency for 130 specialist voluntary sector agencies
providing a range of counselling, therapeutic and support services working with women, men
and children who are victims/survivors of rape, sexual violence and childhood sexual abuse.
Survivors Manchester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .07919 246 267
http://www.survivorsmanchester.org.uk/
Survivors Manchester is a survivor-led/survivor-run voluntary organisation that aims to create
and facilitate a safe space for male survivors of sexual abuse and rape to work through
personal and sometimes painful issues. Their work is concentrated on empowering men to
make their own positive life choices and begin their own unique journey of healing. Being in
contact with other survivors allows one to feel less isolated; feel connected and break the
silence and legacy of abuse.
42nd Street . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0161 832 0169
www.fortysecondstreet.org.uk
Helpline: 0161 832 0170
42nd Street provides support services to young people experiencing stress and mental health
problems.
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Appendix D
Abbreviations and Acronyms
ACC Assistant Chief Constable
ACPO Association of Chief Police Officers
ANPR Automatic Number Plate Recognition
CCTV Closed-Circuit Television
CID Criminal Investigation Department
CIU Crime Input Unit
CMS Case Management System
CPIA Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996
CPS Crown Prosecution Service
DCI Detective Chief Inspector
DI Detective Inspector
DIA Divisional Investigative Assessment
ECO Enquiry Counter Officer
EEK Early Evidence Kit
FIB Force Intelligence Branch
FDO Force Duty Officer
FWIN Force-wide Incident Number
FP Forensic Physician
IO Investigating Officer
ISVA Independent Sexual Violence Advisor
MASH Manchester Action for Street Health
MARAC Multi-Agency Risk Assessment Conference
MG Manual of Guidance
MIT Major Incident Team
NCRS National Crime Recording Standard
NPIA National Policing Improvement Agency
OCR Operational Communications Room
PACE Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1986
PIP Performance Improvement Plan
PNC Police National Computer
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PPIU Public Protection Investigation Unit
PTSD Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
PR Public Relations
RAFA Rape and Family Abuse (specialist lawyer)
ROVI Record of Video Interview
RR-PTSD Rape Related Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
SARC Sexual Assault Referral Centre
SIA Specialist Interview Advisor
SIO Senior Investigating Officer
STO Specially Trained Officer
VPS Victim Personal Statement
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Appendix E
References & Acknowledgments
As previous, this policy was compiled to reflect the best practice stipulated in the NPIA 2009
publication “Guidance on Investigating and Prosecuting Rape”. To ensure GMP’s Talon policy
is workable at a local level, advice was sought from those departments and divisions that it
effects and from our partner agencies to ensure a consistently high standard of victim care is
achieved. Those that have assisted are acknowledged below:
St Mary’s Centre (Greater Manchester’s SARC)
Bernie Ryan, Manager
Gail Morgan, Independent Sexual Violence Advisor
MASH (Manchester’s support network for sex workers)
Tina Threadgold, Operations Manager
Reachout Project (Bolton’s support network for sex workers)
David Bagley, Chief Executive
Greater Manchester Crown Prosecution Service
Carol Jackson
Jill Yates
ACPO Rape Support Unit
Carol Ashworth
Divisional Detective Officers
DCIs & DIs at Monthly Tactical Talon Meetings
DSs & DCs on Divisional Visits
Draft Document Sent to all Divisions for Consultation
Force Duty Officers
Insp Kevin Hodder
Operational Communications Branch
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Enquiry Counter Officers’ duties
Chief Supt Andy Lang
Operational Communications Branch
Call Takers
Lauren Collins, Training and Development Manager
Operational Communications Branch
Forensic Services Branch
Christine Monaghan, Crime Scene Investigation Unit Manager
DC Judy Bellini, FSU
Crime Training, Sedgley Park (GMP’s Training School)
DS Carol Barlow, Initial Crime Investigators’ Development Programme
DS Christine Ryan, Initial Action Rape Course
DC Angela Grayson, Initial Action Rape Course
DC Phil Morris, Initial Action Rape Course
Specialist Interview Advisors
DS Mick Confrey
Ian Hynes
Steve Retford
Crime Input Unit
Karla Kay, Supervisor
Information Management
Operation Talon
Det Supt Phil Owen
DCI Sharon Scotson
Special acknowledgement should be afforded to Zoe Lodrick, Consultant Psychotherapist,
who shared her knowledge of the trauma suffered by male and female victims of rape. Her
input has raised our understanding of victim reaction and behaviour when these crimes occur
and prompted a higher level of determination to provide an improved service and bring
offenders to justice.
83