The Death of Christian Britain

— Notes to pages 154–157 —
vol. 28, p. 203, table II, from which I have aggregated artisans, colliers and
labourers for these figures.
34 Chadwick, ‘Church and people’, pp. 156–8.
35 Calculated from L. Jeffrey, ‘Women in the churches of nineteenth-century
Stirling’, unpublished M.Litt. thesis, University of Stirling, 1996, p. 115.
36 E. Hopkins, ‘Religious dissent in Black Country industrial villages in the first
half of the nineteenth century’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 1983, vol. 34,
pp. 411–24.
37 Calculated from Jeffreys, ‘Women in the churches’, pp. 116, 150.
38 Calculated from data in R. Dennis, English Industrial Cities of the Nineteenth
Century: A Social Geography, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1984,
p. 282.
39 B.S. Rowntree, Poverty: A Study of Town Life, London, Macmillan, 1901,
p. 347; B.S. Rowntree, Poverty and Progress: A Second Survey of York, London,
Longmans, 1941, p. 423.
40 Field, ‘The social structure’, pp. 210, 216.
41 P.L. Sissons, The Social Significance of Church Membership in the Burgh of
Falkirk, Edinburgh, Saint Andrew Press, 1973, pp. 60, 71, reanalysed in C.G.
Brown, ‘Religion and secularisation’, in A. Dickson and J.H. Treble (eds),
People and Society in Scotland, vol. 3 1914–1990, Edinburgh, John Donald,
1992, p. 63. See also L. Burton, ‘Social class in the local church: a study of two
Methodist churches in the Midlands’, in M. Hill (ed.), A Sociological Yearbook
of Religion, no. 8, London, 1975, pp. 20, 27.
42 Using data on the churchgoing censuses held in 28 boroughs of London
(excluding the City) on different dates in 1902–3. It is possible that the variables
could still have affected changes in attendance levels within each borough.
The weather variable was constructed on a six-point scale, from 1 (fine) to 6
(heavy rain), and the date variable was constructed on a 12-point scale representing
January to December. Calculated from data in Mudie-Smith (ed.),
Religious Life, p. 87.
43 Chadwick, ‘Church and people’, p. 52.
44 I performed this regression on data provided, ibid., pp. 84, 90, 93.
45 Averages calculated from data in Dennis, English Industrial Cities, table 9.3,
p. 281.
46 West London included St. Marylebone, Kensington, Paddington and Chelsea.
Women made up 55 per cent of the population of Bradford and 57 per cent
of West London. Figures from and calculated from C.D. Field, ‘Adam and
Eve: Gender in the English Free Church constituency’, Journal of Ecclesiastical
History, 1993, vol. 44, pp. 63–79; Chadwick, ‘Church and people’, pp. 144–5;
Mudie-Smith (ed.), Religious Life.
47 Jeffrey, ‘Women in the churches’, p. 131. Linda Jeffrey’s work on Stirling is an
important counterweight to Chadwick’s on Bradford, showing that while in the
English town the difference between the percentages of males and females who
were in church membership with their spouses was 37 per cent, in Stirling it
was only 21 per cent, indicating a much greater degree of husband-wife church
membership (especially amongst the working classes) in the Scottish town.
48 All the data for London in 1902–3 in this section, including the tables, were
calculated from Mudie-Smith (ed.), Religious Life.
262