The Death of Christian Britain

— Notes to pages 149–154 —
18 P. Hillis, ‘Presbyterianism and social class in mid-nineteenth-century Glasgow:
a study of nine churches’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 1981, vol. 32,
p. 54.
19 J. Kent, ‘Feelings festivals: an interpretation of some working-class religious
attitudes’, in H. Dyos and M. Wolff (eds), The Victorian City, London,
Routledge, 1973, vol. 2, pp. 858, 868.
20 E.R. Norman, Church and Society in England 1770–1970: A Historical Study,
Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1976, p. 124.
21 D.E.H. Mole, ‘Challenge to the Church: Birmingham 1815–65’, in Dyos and
Wolff (eds.), The Victorian City, p. 829.
22 H. McLeod, Class and Religion in the Late Victorian City, London, Croom
Helm, 1974, pp. 28–9.
23 Ibid., pp. 299–303.
24 McLeod, ‘Religion’, pp. 214, 216.
25 The poor reliability of social indicators (including those used by McLeod) are
indicated by the following correlations between them. For the 28 boroughs of
Metropolitan London (excluding the City): % population living in overcrowded
houses v. % population living in houses of 8 or more rooms = –0.4865.
Percentage of population living in overcrowded houses v. domestic indoor
servants as percentage of households = –0.3702. For 25 boroughs of Greater
London with significant levels of factory employees: percentage of occupied
males in industries characterised by large-scale production v. domestic indoor
servants as percentage of households = 0.1138.
26 This resulted in certain boroughs which were highly socially mixed (like Stoke
Newington) being awarded undeservingly high scores.
27 J. Cox, The English Churches in a Secular Society: Lambeth, 1870–1930,
Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1982; A.B. Bartlett, ‘The Churches in
Bermondsey 1880–1939’, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Birmingham,
1987; M. Smith, Religion in Industrial Society: Oldham and Saddleworth
1740–1865, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1994; S.J.D. Green, Religion in
the Age of Decline: Organisation and Experience in Industrial Yorkshire
1870–1920, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996; H. McLeod, Religion
and Society in England 1850–1914, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1996; C.G.
Brown, Religion and Society in Scotland since 1707, Edinburgh, Edinburgh
University Press, 1997.
28 Bartlett, ‘The Churches in Bermondsey’, p. 393.
29 R.E. Chadwick, ‘Church and people in Bradford and District 1880–1914: the
Protestant churches in an urban industrial environment’, unpublished D.Phil.
thesis, University of Oxford, 1986, pp. 84, 90–5.
30 Figures calculated by using a variable for church attendance rate constructed
by taking the difference between percentages of total city population and total
city attendances in each ward. The last two series, along with death rate and
imr rates, are contained in Chadwick, ‘Church and people’, pp. 84, 90, 93.
31 A.D. Gilbert, Religion and Society in Industrial England: Church, Chapel and
Social Change 1740–1914, London, Longman, 1976, p. 63
32 Hillis, ‘Presbyterianism’.
33 Snell, Church and Chapel, p. 44; C.D. Field, ‘The social structure of English
Methodism, eighteenth–twentieth centuries’, British Journal of Sociology, 1977,
261