The Death of Christian Britain
The Death of Christian Britain
The Death of Christian Britain
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— Notes to pages 149–154 —<br />
18 P. Hillis, ‘Presbyterianism and social class in mid-nineteenth-century Glasgow:<br />
a study <strong>of</strong> nine churches’, Journal <strong>of</strong> Ecclesiastical History, 1981, vol. 32,<br />
p. 54.<br />
19 J. Kent, ‘Feelings festivals: an interpretation <strong>of</strong> some working-class religious<br />
attitudes’, in H. Dyos and M. Wolff (eds), <strong>The</strong> Victorian City, London,<br />
Routledge, 1973, vol. 2, pp. 858, 868.<br />
20 E.R. Norman, Church and Society in England 1770–1970: A Historical Study,<br />
Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1976, p. 124.<br />
21 D.E.H. Mole, ‘Challenge to the Church: Birmingham 1815–65’, in Dyos and<br />
Wolff (eds.), <strong>The</strong> Victorian City, p. 829.<br />
22 H. McLeod, Class and Religion in the Late Victorian City, London, Croom<br />
Helm, 1974, pp. 28–9.<br />
23 Ibid., pp. 299–303.<br />
24 McLeod, ‘Religion’, pp. 214, 216.<br />
25 <strong>The</strong> poor reliability <strong>of</strong> social indicators (including those used by McLeod) are<br />
indicated by the following correlations between them. For the 28 boroughs <strong>of</strong><br />
Metropolitan London (excluding the City): % population living in overcrowded<br />
houses v. % population living in houses <strong>of</strong> 8 or more rooms = –0.4865.<br />
Percentage <strong>of</strong> population living in overcrowded houses v. domestic indoor<br />
servants as percentage <strong>of</strong> households = –0.3702. For 25 boroughs <strong>of</strong> Greater<br />
London with significant levels <strong>of</strong> factory employees: percentage <strong>of</strong> occupied<br />
males in industries characterised by large-scale production v. domestic indoor<br />
servants as percentage <strong>of</strong> households = 0.1138.<br />
26 This resulted in certain boroughs which were highly socially mixed (like Stoke<br />
Newington) being awarded undeservingly high scores.<br />
27 J. Cox, <strong>The</strong> English Churches in a Secular Society: Lambeth, 1870–1930,<br />
Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1982; A.B. Bartlett, ‘<strong>The</strong> Churches in<br />
Bermondsey 1880–1939’, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University <strong>of</strong> Birmingham,<br />
1987; M. Smith, Religion in Industrial Society: Oldham and Saddleworth<br />
1740–1865, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1994; S.J.D. Green, Religion in<br />
the Age <strong>of</strong> Decline: Organisation and Experience in Industrial Yorkshire<br />
1870–1920, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996; H. McLeod, Religion<br />
and Society in England 1850–1914, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1996; C.G.<br />
Brown, Religion and Society in Scotland since 1707, Edinburgh, Edinburgh<br />
University Press, 1997.<br />
28 Bartlett, ‘<strong>The</strong> Churches in Bermondsey’, p. 393.<br />
29 R.E. Chadwick, ‘Church and people in Bradford and District 1880–1914: the<br />
Protestant churches in an urban industrial environment’, unpublished D.Phil.<br />
thesis, University <strong>of</strong> Oxford, 1986, pp. 84, 90–5.<br />
30 Figures calculated by using a variable for church attendance rate constructed<br />
by taking the difference between percentages <strong>of</strong> total city population and total<br />
city attendances in each ward. <strong>The</strong> last two series, along with death rate and<br />
imr rates, are contained in Chadwick, ‘Church and people’, pp. 84, 90, 93.<br />
31 A.D. Gilbert, Religion and Society in Industrial England: Church, Chapel and<br />
Social Change 1740–1914, London, Longman, 1976, p. 63<br />
32 Hillis, ‘Presbyterianism’.<br />
33 Snell, Church and Chapel, p. 44; C.D. Field, ‘<strong>The</strong> social structure <strong>of</strong> English<br />
Methodism, eighteenth–twentieth centuries’, British Journal <strong>of</strong> Sociology, 1977,<br />
261