— Notes to pages 79–86 — 90 ‘<strong>The</strong> Heavenly Colour’, in Daybreak, no vol., no date, c. 1905, p. 15. 91 E. Poole, My Garden, Stirling, Drummond Tract Enterprise, 1889. 92 Cf. P. Branca, Silent Sisterhood: Middle-class Women in the Victorian Home, London, Croom Helm, 1975, p. 147. 93 M. Beetham, A Magazine <strong>of</strong> Her Own? Domesticity and Desire in the Woman’s Magazine, 1800–1914, London, Routledge, 1996, pp. 36–111, 157–73. 94 Chamber’s Journal, 6 February 1836. 95 E.D. Ermarth, <strong>The</strong> English Novel in History 1840–1895, London, Routledge, 1997, p. 206. 96 Chamber’s Journal, 13 February 1832, pp. 19–20. 97 Ibid., 25 August 1832, p. 233. 98 Ermarth, English Novel, p. 4. 99 Ibid., p. 40. 100 Ibid., p. 7. 101 Ibid., pp. 22, 27. 102 Ibid., pp. 27–8. 103 Ibid., pp. 31–2. 104 Ibid., pp. 41–65. 105 Quoted in D. Skilton (ed.), <strong>The</strong> Early and Mid-Victorian Novel, London, Routledge, 1993, p. 26. 106 S. Foster, Victorian Women’s Fiction: Marriage, Freedom and the Individual, Beckenham, Croom Helm, 1985, pp. 7, 15. 107 j. Dixon, <strong>The</strong> Romance Fiction <strong>of</strong> Mills & Boon, 1909–1990s, London, UCL Press, 1999, pp. 33–4. 108 Ibid., pp. 167–8. 109 Ermarth, English Novel, pp. 199–202. 110 Something <strong>of</strong> this sort is suggested in D. Trotter, <strong>The</strong> English Novel in History 1895–1920, London, Routledge, 1993, p. 183. 111 C.G. Brown, ‘Popular culture and the continuing struggle for rational recreation’, in T.M. Devine and R.J. Finlay (eds), Scotland in the Twentieth Century, Edinburgh, John Donald, 1996. 112 Mrs Miniver, starring Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon (dir William Wyler, MGM Films, 1942, original book by Jan Struther). 113 Quoted in A. Light, Forever England: Femininity, Literature and Conservatism Between the Wars, London, Routledge, 1991, p. 117. 114 Ibid., p. 121. 115 Quoted in ibid., p. 123. 116 Ibid., p. 131. 117 Quoted in ibid., p. 146. 118 Girl’s Own Paper, vol. 7, 3 July 1886, p. 637. 119 Ibid., 10 July 1886, p. 644. 120 Ibid., 31 July 1886, p. 703. 121 Ibid., 4 September 1886, pp. 769–70. 122 Ibid., 8 October 1886, pp. 4–7; vol. 17, 7 March 1896, pp. 362–4. 123 Ibid., 28 March 1896, pp. 458–9. 124 Ibid., vol. 8, 15 January 1887, p. 252; vol. 17, 28 March 1896, pp. 403–4. 125 Ibid., vol. 37, 1916–17, p. 13. 249
— Notes to pages 86–90 — 126 Ibid., pp. 13, 21–2. 127 P. Tinkler, Constructing Girlhood: Popular Magazines for Girls Growing Up in England 1920–1950, London, Taylor and Francis, 1995, pp. 45–6. 128 Girl’s Own Paper, vol. 42, 1922, pp. 15, 24–5, 65, 546–9, 563, 567; and vol. 46, 1926, pp. 15, 134. 129 Ibid., vol. 58, 1938, pp. 1–4, 5, 14–15, 55, 67–9, 96, 228, 272. 130 Tinkler, Constructing Girlhood, pp. 55–9. 131 D. Kyles, Should a Girl Smoke? An Appeal to British Womanhood, Stirling, Drummond Tract Enterprise, 1938, pp. 3–4. 5 HEATHENS: MEN IN DISCOURSE AND NARRATIVE 1800–1950 1 This is a transition outlined in E.A. Foyster, Manhood in Early Modern England: Honour, Sex and Marriage, London, Longman, 1999, pp. 207–13. 2 On the dominance <strong>of</strong> male exemplars before 1800, see J. Gregory, ‘Homo Religiosus: masculinity and religion in the long eighteenth century’, in T. Hitchcock and M. Cohen (eds), English Masculinity 1660–1800, London, Longman, 1999. 3 J. Tosh, A Man’s Place: Masculinity and the Middle-class Home in Victorian England, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1999, esp. pp. 195–7. 4 N. Vance, Sinews <strong>of</strong> the Spirit: <strong>The</strong> Ideal <strong>of</strong> <strong>Christian</strong> Manliness in Victorian Literature and Religious Thought, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1985; J. Springhall, ‘Building character in the British boy: the attempt to extend <strong>Christian</strong> manliness to working-class adolescents, 1880–1914’, in J.A. Mangan and J. Walvin (eds), Manliness and Morality: Middle-class Masculinity in <strong>Britain</strong> and America, 1800–1940, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1987; P. Walker, ‘“I live but not yet I for Christ Liveth in me”: Men and masculinity in the Salvation Army, 1865–90’, in M. Roper and J. Tosh (eds.), Manful Assertions: Masculinities in <strong>Britain</strong> since 1800, London, Routledge, 1991. 5 British Weekly, 27 April 1888, p. 481. 6 Ibid., 18 and 25 May, 17 and 24 August 1888. 7 Ibid., 18 November 1887, p. 39. 8 Ibid., 9 December 1887, p. 99. 9 Ibid., 4 November 1887, p. 1. 10 Ibid., 27 January 1888, p. 243. 11 Ibid., 16 March 1888, p. 356. 12 <strong>The</strong> Awful Disclosures <strong>of</strong> Maria Monk was a much reprinted and, for its time, supposedly titillating account, reputedly by a former nun, <strong>of</strong> alleged sexual abuse by priests in a Montreal nunnery. Editions were customarily ‘Published for the Trade’ and without a publisher’s name. It was a work <strong>of</strong> both anti- Catholic bigotry and ecclesiastical pornography. It is still said to be available from extremist Protestant outlets. 13 British Weekly, 23 March 1888. 14 Ebenezer Elliott, quoted in H.N. Fairchild, Religious Trends in English Poetry, vol. IV: 1830–1880: <strong>Christian</strong>ity and Romanticism in the Victorian Era, New York and London, Columbia University Press, 1957, p. 88. 250
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Contents List of illustrations ix
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illustrations FIGURES 7.1 Church o
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— Acknowledgements — University
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note on oral history The oral-hist
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Chapter one Introduction This book
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Percentage — The Statistics of
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Girl Guides 131 Girl’s Own Paper
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Plymouth Brethren see Brethren poet
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women: and evangelicalism 42; and f