The Death of Christian Britain
The Death of Christian Britain
The Death of Christian Britain
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
— Notes to pages 41–47 —<br />
21 H. Cunningham, Leisure in the Industrial Revolution, London, Croom Helm,<br />
1980.<br />
22 <strong>The</strong> original and still one <strong>of</strong> the best expositions <strong>of</strong> evangelicalism’s popularity<br />
as a social-reform tool to adapt working men to industrial capitalism is E.P.<br />
Thompson, <strong>The</strong> Making <strong>of</strong> the English Working Class, London, Harmondsworth,<br />
1969 edn, chapters 11 and 12.<br />
23 For one example, see C.G. Brown, ‘<strong>The</strong> religion <strong>of</strong> an industrial village: the<br />
churches in Balfron 1789–1850’, Scottish Local History Society Journal, 1995,<br />
vol. 35, pp. 9–15.<br />
24 J.L. Hammond and B. Hammond, <strong>The</strong> Town Labourer 1760–1832: <strong>The</strong> New<br />
Civilisation, London, Longman’s Green, 1917, p. 271.<br />
25 A.A. MacLaren, Religion and Social Class: <strong>The</strong> Disruption Years in Aberdeen,<br />
London, RKP, 1974.<br />
26 Clark, Struggle, pp. 92–118. James Hammerton, in discussing evangelicalism in<br />
the context <strong>of</strong> middle-class experience <strong>of</strong> domestic conflict, makes a similar<br />
point that ‘the evangelical emphasis on domesticity elevated motherhood<br />
and the moral power <strong>of</strong> women to a point that was inconsistent with their<br />
total subordination.’ A. J. Hammerton, Cruelty and Companionship: Conflict<br />
in Nineteenth-century Married Life, London, Routledge, 1992, p. 71.<br />
27 M. Heimann, Catholic Devotion in Victorian England, Oxford, Clarendon<br />
Press, 1995, pp. 116–17, 137, 144, 156–7.<br />
28 A term coined by, and a point forcefully made in Bebbington, Evangelicalism,<br />
pp. 107–8, 129, 149–50, and D. Bebbington, Victorian Nonconformity, Bangor,<br />
Headstart, 1992, pp. 23, 28.<br />
29 Ibid., pp. 68–9.<br />
30 On the role <strong>of</strong> association in the churches, and the importance <strong>of</strong> this to urban<br />
society, see Green, Religion.<br />
31 ‘<strong>The</strong> chapels were ordinarily pulsating with life, drawing in fresh recruits and<br />
setting up new daughter congregations.’ Bebbington, Victorian Nonconformity,<br />
p. 23.<br />
32 R. Wardlaw, <strong>The</strong> Contemplation <strong>of</strong> Heathen Idolatry an Excitement to<br />
Missionary Zeal, London, Williams & Co., 1818, p. 23.<br />
33 <strong>The</strong>re is a very wide literature dealing with the development <strong>of</strong> religious voluntary<br />
organisations. Useful examples are S. Mechie, <strong>The</strong> Church and Scottish<br />
Social Development 1760–1860, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1960, which<br />
deals with the church origins <strong>of</strong> penny banks, and C. Binfield, George Williams<br />
and the YMCA, London, Heinneman, 1973.<br />
34 Autobiography <strong>of</strong> a Scotch Lad, Glasgow, 1887, p. 30.<br />
35 T. Chalmers, <strong>The</strong> <strong>Christian</strong> and Civic Economy <strong>of</strong> Large Towns, Glasgow,<br />
1821, pp. 66–7.<br />
36 Ibid., p. 29.<br />
37 British Messenger 1 July 1863, p. 81.<br />
38 M.S.S. Herdman, <strong>The</strong> Romance <strong>of</strong> the Ranks: Reminiscences <strong>of</strong> Army Work,<br />
Stirling, Drummond Tract Enterprise, 1888, pp. 124–5.<br />
39 Old Age not a ‘Convenient Season’ for Repentance, Stirling, Drummond Tracts<br />
no. 299, 1871.<br />
40 Quoted in H. McLeod, Class and Religion in the Late Victorian City, London,<br />
Croom Helm, 1974, p. 53.<br />
243