The Death of Christian Britain

— Notes to pages 41–47 —
21 H. Cunningham, Leisure in the Industrial Revolution, London, Croom Helm,
1980.
22 The original and still one of the best expositions of evangelicalism’s popularity
as a social-reform tool to adapt working men to industrial capitalism is E.P.
Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class, London, Harmondsworth,
1969 edn, chapters 11 and 12.
23 For one example, see C.G. Brown, ‘The religion of an industrial village: the
churches in Balfron 1789–1850’, Scottish Local History Society Journal, 1995,
vol. 35, pp. 9–15.
24 J.L. Hammond and B. Hammond, The Town Labourer 1760–1832: The New
Civilisation, London, Longman’s Green, 1917, p. 271.
25 A.A. MacLaren, Religion and Social Class: The Disruption Years in Aberdeen,
London, RKP, 1974.
26 Clark, Struggle, pp. 92–118. James Hammerton, in discussing evangelicalism in
the context of middle-class experience of domestic conflict, makes a similar
point that ‘the evangelical emphasis on domesticity elevated motherhood
and the moral power of women to a point that was inconsistent with their
total subordination.’ A. J. Hammerton, Cruelty and Companionship: Conflict
in Nineteenth-century Married Life, London, Routledge, 1992, p. 71.
27 M. Heimann, Catholic Devotion in Victorian England, Oxford, Clarendon
Press, 1995, pp. 116–17, 137, 144, 156–7.
28 A term coined by, and a point forcefully made in Bebbington, Evangelicalism,
pp. 107–8, 129, 149–50, and D. Bebbington, Victorian Nonconformity, Bangor,
Headstart, 1992, pp. 23, 28.
29 Ibid., pp. 68–9.
30 On the role of association in the churches, and the importance of this to urban
society, see Green, Religion.
31 ‘The chapels were ordinarily pulsating with life, drawing in fresh recruits and
setting up new daughter congregations.’ Bebbington, Victorian Nonconformity,
p. 23.
32 R. Wardlaw, The Contemplation of Heathen Idolatry an Excitement to
Missionary Zeal, London, Williams & Co., 1818, p. 23.
33 There is a very wide literature dealing with the development of religious voluntary
organisations. Useful examples are S. Mechie, The Church and Scottish
Social Development 1760–1860, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1960, which
deals with the church origins of penny banks, and C. Binfield, George Williams
and the YMCA, London, Heinneman, 1973.
34 Autobiography of a Scotch Lad, Glasgow, 1887, p. 30.
35 T. Chalmers, The Christian and Civic Economy of Large Towns, Glasgow,
1821, pp. 66–7.
36 Ibid., p. 29.
37 British Messenger 1 July 1863, p. 81.
38 M.S.S. Herdman, The Romance of the Ranks: Reminiscences of Army Work,
Stirling, Drummond Tract Enterprise, 1888, pp. 124–5.
39 Old Age not a ‘Convenient Season’ for Repentance, Stirling, Drummond Tracts
no. 299, 1871.
40 Quoted in H. McLeod, Class and Religion in the Late Victorian City, London,
Croom Helm, 1974, p. 53.
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