— Notes to pages 22–26 — the Propagation <strong>of</strong> the Gospel among the Heathen, Edinburgh, Lawrie, 1796, p. 37. 26 <strong>The</strong> Bishop <strong>of</strong> Llandaff to William Pitt in 1800, quoted in D. Hempton, Methodism and Politics in British Society 1750–1850, London, Hutchinson, 1987, p. 78. 27 An apt description <strong>of</strong> E.T. Davies, Religion and Society in the Nineteenth Century, Llandybie, Davies, 1981, p. 39. 28 W. Hanna (ed.), Memoirs <strong>of</strong> Thomas Chalmers, vol. 1, Edinburgh, Constable, 1854, p. 438. 29 Ibid., pp. 445–6. 30 T. Chalmers, A Sermon delivered in the Tron Church on the occasion <strong>of</strong> the death <strong>of</strong> Princess Charlotte, Glasgow, 1817, pp. 30–1. 31 T. Chalmers, <strong>The</strong> <strong>Christian</strong> and Civic Economy <strong>of</strong> Large Towns, Glasgow, 1821, p. 51. 32 Ibid., pp. 25–9. 33 T. Chalmers, <strong>The</strong> Right Ecclesiastical Economy <strong>of</strong> a Large Town, Edinburgh, 1835, pp. 20–1. 34 Quoted in B. Hilton, <strong>The</strong> Age <strong>of</strong> Atonement: <strong>The</strong> Influence <strong>of</strong> Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought, 1795–1865, Oxford, Clarendon, 1988, p. 57. 35 <strong>The</strong> Methodist Magazine, June 1821, pp. 452–5, and July 1821, pp. 517–31. 36 Hilton, Age <strong>of</strong> Atonement, passim, but especially pp. 39, 55–70, 81–91, 115–25, 183–9. 37 Chalmers, <strong>Christian</strong> and Civic Economy, p. 67. 38 <strong>The</strong> Watchman, 11 February 1835, p. 45. 39 B.W. Noel, <strong>The</strong> State <strong>of</strong> the Metropolis Considered, London, 1835, pp. 26–7. 40 Census <strong>of</strong> Great <strong>Britain</strong> 1851, Religious Worship, England and Wales, BPP, lxxxix (1852–3), pp. cxxvii, clviii–clxii. 41 One <strong>of</strong> the Least Among the Brethren: A Revived Ministry our only Hope for a Revived Church, London, Jackson & Walford, 1844, p. 27. 42 R. Vaughan, <strong>The</strong> Age <strong>of</strong> Great Cities, 1843, reprint Shannon, Irish University Press, 1971, esp. pp. 227, 309–10, 319. 43 A. Watt, <strong>The</strong> Glasgow Bills <strong>of</strong> Mortality for 1841 and 1842, Glasgow, 1844; A. Watt, <strong>The</strong> Vital Statistics <strong>of</strong> Glasgow, for 1843 and 1844, Glasgow, 1846; W. Logan, <strong>The</strong> Moral Statistics <strong>of</strong> Glasgow, Glasgow, 1849. 44 Chamber’s Journal, no. 485, 16 April 1853, p. 253. 45 Ibid., no. 319, 11 February 1860. 46 J. Thomson, <strong>The</strong> City <strong>of</strong> Dreadful Night, orig. 1880, Edinburgh, Canongate, 1993, pp. 29–31, 52, 56. 47 J.R. Walkowitz, City <strong>of</strong> Dreadful Delight: Narratives <strong>of</strong> Sexual Danger in Late- Victorian London, London, Virago, 1992. 48 British Weekly, 17 December 1886, p. 5. 49 W. Booth, In Darkest England and the Way Out, London, Salvation Army, n.d. [1890]. 50 C.F.G. Masterman, <strong>The</strong> Condition <strong>of</strong> England, London, Methuen, 1909, p. 266. 51 H. Drummond, <strong>The</strong> City Without a Church, Stirling, Drummond Tract Enterprise, 1892, pp. 4, 7. 52 E.P. Hennock, Fit and Proper Persons: Ideal and Reality in Nineteenth-century Urban Government, London, Edward Arnold, 1973; C.G. Brown, ‘“To be 239
— Notes to pages 26–28 — aglow with civic ardours”: the “Godly Commonwealth” in Glasgow 1843– 1914’, Records <strong>of</strong> the Scottish Church History Society, 1996, vol. 26. 53 W.H. Fraser, ‘From civic gospel to municipal socialism’, in D. Fraser (ed.), Cities, Class and Communication, Brighton, Harvester, 1990. 54 A.S. Matheson, <strong>The</strong> City <strong>of</strong> God, London, T. Fisher Unwin, 1910, p. 161. 55 Wickham, Church and People, p. 14. 56 Ibid., p. 85. 57 Inglis, Churches and the Working Classes, p. 3. Inglis repeatedly quoted Chalmers with approval; see pp. 5, 11, 18, 64. 58 A.F. Winnington-Ingram, Work in Great Cities, 1896, p. 22. 59 G K. Clark, <strong>The</strong> Making <strong>of</strong> Victorian England, London, Methuen, 1962, p. 181; J. Kent, ‘Feelings and festivals’, and D.E.H. Mole, ‘<strong>The</strong> Church <strong>of</strong> England and the working classes in Birmingham’, both in H. Dyos and M. Wolff (eds), <strong>The</strong> Victorian City, vol. 2, London, Routledge, 1973, pp. 866, 868, 821. 60 J. Kent, Holding the Fort: Studies in Victorian Revivalism, London, Epworth, 1978, p. 362. 61 Examples from Scottish historians <strong>of</strong> the 1970s and 1980s: ‘<strong>The</strong> social structure <strong>of</strong> the industrial areas was a pyramid and its broad base was pagan.’ ‘During the industrial revolution the poor and destitute had been lost to [the churches] and become pagan.’ ‘[T]he bulk <strong>of</strong> the urbanized masses remained unchurched’; ‘[T]he decay <strong>of</strong> <strong>Christian</strong> fellowship was manifest in the increasing alienation <strong>of</strong> the “lower orders” from every kind <strong>of</strong> religious faith and practice’. A.L. Drummond and J. Bulloch, <strong>The</strong> Church in Victorian Scotland 1843–1974, Edinburgh, Saint Andrew Press, 1975, pp. 40–1; A.L. Drummond and J. Bulloch, <strong>The</strong> Church in Late Victorian Scotland 1874–1900, Edinburgh, Saint Andrew Press, 1978, p. 144; S. and O. Checkland, Industry and Ethos: Scotland 1832–1914, London, Edward Arnold, 1984, p. 132; A.C. Cheyne, <strong>The</strong> Transforming <strong>of</strong> the Kirk: Victorian Scotland’s Religious Revolution, Edinburgh, Saint Andrew Press, 1983, p. 110. 62 See for instance the chapter on religion in J. Harris, Private Lives, Public Spirit: <strong>Britain</strong> 1870–1914, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1994. 63 E.P. Thompson, <strong>The</strong> Making <strong>of</strong> the English Working Class, orig. 1963, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1968. 64 H. Perkin, <strong>The</strong> Origins <strong>of</strong> Modern English Society 1780–1880, London, RKP, 1969, p. 196. 65 A.A. MacLaren, Religion and Social Class: <strong>The</strong> Disruption Years in Aberdeen, London, RKP, 1974. 66 J. Foster, Class Struggle and the Industrial Revolution, London, RKP, 1974. For a critique <strong>of</strong> his findings on religion, see Smith, Religion in Industrial Society, pp. 243–71. 67 H. McLeod, Class and Religion in the Late Victorian City, London, Croom Helm, 1974; S. Yeo, Religion and Voluntary Organisations in Crisis, London, Croom Helm, 1976; J. Cox, <strong>The</strong> English Churches in a Secular Society: Lambeth 1870–1930, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1982; J.N. Morris, Religion and Urban Change: Croydon 1840–1914, Woodbridge, Royal Historical Society, 1992; S.J.D. Green, Religion in the Age <strong>of</strong> Decline: Organisation and Experience in Industrial Yorkshire 1870–1920, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996. 240
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The Death of Christian Britain PRA
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The Death of Christian Britain Und
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Contents List of illustrations ix
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illustrations FIGURES 7.1 Church o
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— Acknowledgements — University
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note on oral history The oral-hist
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Chapter one Introduction This book
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Percentage — The Statistics of
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100 90 80 70 60 50 40 Percentage Sc
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— Sources — Chadwick, R.E., ‘
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Campbeltown 20-1 Camporesi, Piero 1
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Girl Guides 131 Girl’s Own Paper
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Plymouth Brethren see Brethren poet
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women: and evangelicalism 42; and f