Cultural Lesson Plans for Teachers about the ... - Brown University
Cultural Lesson Plans for Teachers about the ... - Brown University
Cultural Lesson Plans for Teachers about the ... - Brown University
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The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
Culture Connect:<br />
Experience <strong>the</strong> Culture of <strong>the</strong> World<br />
A Standards-Linked Resource Packet <strong>for</strong> <strong>Teachers</strong><br />
Enabling <strong>Teachers</strong> to Broaden <strong>the</strong>ir Tools<br />
<strong>for</strong> Teaching <strong>about</strong> Multiculturalism<br />
BROWN
CONTENTS<br />
WELCOME!<br />
About These Materials 3<br />
Culture CaraVan: Bringing <strong>the</strong> Museum to You! 4<br />
Links to State Curriculum Standards 5<br />
What is Culture? 7<br />
Three Objects, Three Cultures 16<br />
Huipiles and <strong>the</strong> Highland Maya of Guatemala 16<br />
Paj Ntaub and <strong>the</strong> Hmong of Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia 23<br />
Cradleboards and <strong>the</strong> Kiowa and<br />
Comanche Peoples of <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Plains, USA 29<br />
Fur<strong>the</strong>r Exploration 43<br />
Acknowledgements 50<br />
Cover Images<br />
Top Left: Larabanga, Ghana; photograph by Sarah Philbrick.<br />
Center Left: Cashinahua, Peru; photograph by Kenneth M. Kensinger.<br />
Right: Hmong, Rhode Island; photograh by Patricia Symonds<br />
Bottom Left: Hamar, Ethiopia; photograph by Anna Colaiace.<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
2
ABOUT THESE MATERIALS<br />
<strong>Brown</strong> <strong>University</strong>’s Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology welcomes you to our program,<br />
Culture Connect:<br />
Experience <strong>the</strong> cultures of <strong>the</strong> world!<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
About These Materials<br />
The Haffenreffer Museum has developed <strong>the</strong>se materials to provide you and your students<br />
with <strong>the</strong> opportunity to begin <strong>the</strong>ir exploration of world cultures. This packet expands on<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>mes that are covered during <strong>the</strong> Culture Connect Culture CaraVan outreach<br />
program, but activites in this packet can also be used independently of a Museum program.<br />
The first section introduces <strong>the</strong> question: “What is culture?”, <strong>the</strong> section that follows introduces<br />
three cultures, as well as three types of objects that those cultures made in <strong>the</strong> past<br />
and continue to make today. At <strong>the</strong> end of each section, we suggest activities <strong>for</strong> you and<br />
your students to do in <strong>the</strong> classroom. If your students are participating in our Culture Connect<br />
CaraVan program, <strong>the</strong>se activites will help prepare your class <strong>for</strong> our visit. The final lesson<br />
plan proves a springbaord into <strong>the</strong> fur<strong>the</strong>r exploration of o<strong>the</strong>r cultures. If your students are<br />
participating in <strong>the</strong> Culture Connect program, this section can be used to rein<strong>for</strong>ce what your<br />
students learned during <strong>the</strong> program. You can adapt <strong>the</strong> in<strong>for</strong>mation and activities provided<br />
in this packet to <strong>the</strong> appropriate learning levels of your students. We also suggest some<br />
websites and books that you and your students can use in your classroom to learn <strong>about</strong> culture<br />
in general, as well <strong>the</strong> three cultures and objects described in this packet.<br />
Vocabulary words are in bold and are listed after each section.<br />
Learning Objectives<br />
1. To expose students to <strong>the</strong> life ways of a diversity of cultures around<br />
<strong>the</strong> world.<br />
2.<br />
To help students understand that all people need <strong>the</strong> same basic<br />
things and use what <strong>the</strong>y have available in <strong>the</strong>ir environment to<br />
obtain those things.<br />
3.<br />
To teach students to respect cultural differences.<br />
3
THE CULTURE CARAVAN OUTREACH PROGRAM<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
Culture CaraVan: Bringing <strong>the</strong> Museum to You!<br />
The Haffenreffer Museum collects and maintains over 100,000 artifacts of human cultures from<br />
around <strong>the</strong> world. We have offered experiential educational programs to <strong>the</strong> public <strong>for</strong> over <strong>for</strong>ty<br />
years. Through hands-on, object-based activities and inquiry-based teaching, our programs educate<br />
students and teachers <strong>about</strong> people and societies from around <strong>the</strong> globe. Through our<br />
Culture CaraVan outreach program, we deliver <strong>the</strong> world’s cultures right to your classroom,<br />
enhancing <strong>the</strong> experience with objects from our world famous collections! Visit our web site to learn<br />
more <strong>about</strong> our Culture CaraVan programs.<br />
Culture Connect: Experience <strong>the</strong> Cultures of <strong>the</strong> World<br />
The Culture Connect outreach program is a two-hour interactive program where your<br />
students will travel <strong>the</strong> world with amazing objects from our collections to explore cultures<br />
of today and yesterday through clothing, food, shelter, religion, music, and art. Your students<br />
will become citizens of <strong>the</strong> world as <strong>the</strong>y learn how similar people are and how exciting<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir cultural differences can be. We will bring objects from Africa, Asia, Europe, and North<br />
and South America to your classroom, turning it into a kaleidoscope of diversity and a<br />
multicultural laboratory <strong>for</strong> teaching inquiry-based lessons <strong>about</strong> tolerance and respect. Visit<br />
our website at brown.edu/Haffenreffer <strong>for</strong> more in<strong>for</strong>mation.<br />
4
CURRICULUM STANDARDS<br />
National and State Education Curriculum Standards<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
Culture Connect provides you with a uniquely powerful way to teach to standards set by <strong>the</strong> National<br />
Council <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> Social Studies and curriculum standards used by <strong>the</strong> Rhode Island Department of<br />
Education and <strong>the</strong> Massachusetts Department of Education in <strong>the</strong> social sciences, sciences, arts, and<br />
English language arts. The standards this packet supports are listed below.<br />
National Council <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> Social Studies (<strong>for</strong> all grades)<br />
I. Culture Standards a, b, c, d, e<br />
II. Time, Continuity and Change Standard e<br />
III. People, Places, and Environments Standards a, b, h<br />
IV. Individual Development and Identity Standards e, g<br />
VIII. Science, Technology, and Society Standards a, b<br />
IX. Global Connections Standard a<br />
Rhode Island Department of Education Grade Span Expectations<br />
Civics & Government: C&G5(K-6)-1; C&G5(K-6)-2<br />
Historical Perspectives: HP1(K-8)-1; HP2(5-8)-1; HP2(K-4)-3; HP3(K-8)-2<br />
Engineering and Technology: ET1.1(K-8); ET1.2(K-4)<br />
Reading: (K-8) R-3; R-7; R-11; R-13<br />
Writing: (K-8) W-1; W-2; W-3; W-6; W-7; W-8; W-9; W-10; W-11<br />
Oral Communication: (K-8) OC-1; OC-2<br />
Visual Arts & Design: VAD2(K-12)-1; VAD3(K-8)-1c,d; VAD3(3-8)-2<br />
Dance: D2(K-12 )-1<br />
Music: M2(K-12)-1; M2(K-12)-2<br />
Theater: T2(K-12)-1<br />
Massachusetts Department of Education Frameworks<br />
Social Science: 1.9, 2.7, 2.8, 4.15ACD, 4.16, 5.6, SEAO.1, SEAO.2<br />
Science and Technology (K-2): Life Sciences: 1, 6, 8; Technology/Engineering: 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2<br />
Science and Technology (Gr. 3-5): Life Sciences: 8&10, Technology/Engineering: 2.1<br />
English Language Arts (Gr. K-8): General Standards 3, 8, 19, 23, 24<br />
Arts (K-8): Visual Arts: 1.1, 1.2, 3.3, 3.5; 3.6, 3.7, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2; 5.3, 5.6; Dance: 1.14, 3.6, 3.7,<br />
4.5, 5.1; Music: 1.8, 3.9, 5.7; Theatre: 2.7, 3.2<br />
5
CURRICULUM STANDARDS<br />
WIDA Consortium standards <strong>for</strong> English Language Learners<br />
ELP Standard 1: (Gr. 1-2) Listening: Following Directions, level 3&4; (Gr. 3-5) Listening:<br />
Following Direction, level 3&4; (Gr. 6-8) Reading: Use of Multiple Resources, level 3&4;<br />
Speaking: Instructions/assignments, level 3&4; Social Interaction, level 3<br />
ELP Standard 2: (Gr. 3-5) Writing: Editing and Revising, level 3, 4, 5; (Gr. 6-8) Writing: Editing,<br />
level 3&4<br />
ELP Standard 4: (Gr. K) Writing: Colors, level 3&4<br />
ELP Standard 5: (Gr. K) Speaking: Clothing, level 3; Homes in a Community, level 3&4; (Gr. 1-2)<br />
Writing: Homes and Habitats, level 3&4; (Gr. 3-5) Speaking: Maps & Globes/Locations,<br />
level 3; Writing: Communities & Regions, level 3, 4, 5; (Gr. 6-8) Listening: Maps, level 3.<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
6
EXPLORE THE CULTURES OF THE WORLD<br />
What is Culture?<br />
Culture is, simply, <strong>the</strong> way of life shared by a group<br />
of people. Humans all over <strong>the</strong> Earth need <strong>the</strong><br />
same basic things. We need food, water, shelter,<br />
and clothing to survive. Although humans are<br />
mammals (we give birth to live young, nurse, and<br />
have hair), we are different from o<strong>the</strong>r animals in<br />
some important ways. We are most especially largebrained,<br />
bipedal (stand on two feet) and make<br />
tools to help us achieve our basic needs, including<br />
tools to help us harvest, make, and eat our food<br />
or drink our water. We create our own shelters<br />
(our homes) and clothing out of materials in our<br />
environment or materials made by o<strong>the</strong>r humans.<br />
Besides <strong>the</strong>se basic needs, o<strong>the</strong>r aspects of culture<br />
include technology, art, dance, music, religion, and<br />
language.<br />
Culture is something that we learn from <strong>the</strong><br />
people who live with and near us — our mo<strong>the</strong>rs<br />
and fa<strong>the</strong>rs, grandparents, o<strong>the</strong>r members of our<br />
families, our friends, <strong>the</strong> people with whom we<br />
go to school, our teachers, and our neighbors.<br />
Culture is passed down through each successive<br />
generation. We also learn a system of beliefs,<br />
values, and practices as we grow up. These beliefs<br />
and values are part of our cultural traditions.<br />
Culture is collective; we share our culture with a<br />
group of people, often <strong>the</strong> people we grew up<br />
with or <strong>the</strong> people who raised us. All humans have<br />
a culture; we may have <strong>the</strong> same basic needs, but<br />
From top to bottom:<br />
Uman Islander, Micronesia; photograph by Eileen McDermott<br />
Ethiopia; photograph by Anna Colaiace<br />
Passamaquoddy, Maine; photograph by Joan Lester<br />
Hopi, Arizona; photograph by Gino Conti<br />
Cachinahua, Peru; photograph by Kenneth Kensinger<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
7
WHAT IS CULTURE?<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
each culture has a different set of values, beliefs, and views of <strong>the</strong> world. Your culture affects<br />
<strong>the</strong> things you do, including many of your behaviors, but you might not even be aware of it!<br />
Culture is only one thing that can shape your behaviors. Each person has his or her own<br />
taste, talents, and interests. Just as each culture is different, each individual within <strong>the</strong><br />
culture is different as well. People can be part of more than one culture — <strong>for</strong> instance, one<br />
person can be Jewish, a New Englander, and an American. Ano<strong>the</strong>r person might be Hopi,<br />
a Southwesterner, and also an American. Toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>y may share a common set of cultural<br />
values and behaviors as Americans. Independently, each may practice different behaviors or<br />
hold different beliefs based on <strong>the</strong>ir o<strong>the</strong>r cultural or sub-cultural traditions.<br />
Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe,<br />
Massachusetts;<br />
photograph by Rip Gerry<br />
Cachinahua, Peru;<br />
photograph by<br />
Kenneth M. Kensinger<br />
8
WHAT IS CULTURE? — VOCABULARY<br />
Behaviors<br />
Beliefs<br />
Culture<br />
Traditions<br />
Values<br />
VOCABULARY<br />
A person’s actions or conduct.<br />
Something accepted as true by an individual or group.<br />
The way of life shared by a group of people.<br />
A system of beliefs, values, and practices passed down to people through<br />
<strong>the</strong> people who come be<strong>for</strong>e <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
Principles or standards considered worthwhile or desirable.<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
9
WHAT IS CULTURE? — REFERENCES<br />
Internet Resources<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
The Gateway to Educational Materials<br />
http://<strong>the</strong>gateway.org/<br />
This consortium project, sponsored by <strong>the</strong> U.S. Department of Education and intended to provide American<br />
teachers with “one-stop” access to web-based teaching resources, provides an excellent search engine<br />
<strong>for</strong> teachers to locate lesson plans and Internet resources. The Gateway provides access to over 50,000<br />
resources.<br />
“Cultures of <strong>the</strong> World,” part of <strong>the</strong> American Library Association’s Great Web Sites <strong>for</strong> Kids.<br />
http://www.ala.org/greatsites<br />
This excellent webpage maintained by <strong>the</strong> American Library Association’s (ALA) ALSC Great Web Sites<br />
Committee, contains links to short descriptions of seventeen web pages with notations on <strong>the</strong>ir suitability<br />
<strong>for</strong> Pre-K, elementary, and middle school-aged youths.<br />
United Nations Cyber School Bus<br />
http:www.un.org/Pubs/CyberSchoolBus/index.asp<br />
Contains in<strong>for</strong>mation <strong>about</strong> <strong>the</strong> United Nations and human rights issues <strong>for</strong> students and teachers. Features<br />
on-line activities appropriate <strong>for</strong> students ages 6 and older, dependent on <strong>the</strong> activity.<br />
Exploring Ancient World Cultures<br />
http://eawc.evansville.edu/index.htm<br />
Sponsored by <strong>the</strong> <strong>University</strong> of Evansville in Indiana, this site teaches visitors <strong>about</strong> eight ancient cultures<br />
and contains an index of internet sites <strong>for</strong> each.<br />
Peace Corps: World Wise Schools: Educators<br />
http://www.peacecorps.gov/wws/<br />
As part of <strong>the</strong> Peace Corps’ Coverdell World Wise Schools program, this site provides a wealth of in<strong>for</strong>mation<br />
<strong>for</strong> educators on teaching <strong>about</strong> <strong>the</strong> world’s cultures.<br />
10
WHAT IS CULTURE? — REFERENCES<br />
Books <strong>for</strong> Students<br />
Faces Magazine: People, Places, and Cultures<br />
Carus Publishing<br />
Reading level: Ages 9-14<br />
Books<br />
Children Just Like Me<br />
By Susan Elizabeth Copsey, Barnabas Kindersley, Anabel Kindersley, and Harry Belafonte<br />
DK Publishing, 1995<br />
Reading level: Ages 9-12<br />
Children from Australia to Zimbabwe: A Photographic Journey Around <strong>the</strong> World<br />
By Maya Ajmera, Anna Rhesa Versola, and Marian ‘Wright Edelman<br />
Charlesbridge Publishing; 2nd Revision edition, 2001<br />
Reading level: Ages 9-12<br />
Children Just Like Me: Celebrations!<br />
By Anabel Kindersley with Bamabas Kindersley (Photographer)<br />
DK Publishing, 1997<br />
Reading level: Ages 9-12<br />
Cultures Around <strong>the</strong> World<br />
By Kelly Doudna<br />
SandCastle, 2004<br />
Reading level: Ages 4-8<br />
People Around <strong>the</strong> World<br />
By Anthony Mason<br />
Kingfisher, 2002<br />
Reading level: Ages 9-12<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
11
LESSON PLAN ONE<br />
<strong>Lesson</strong> Plan One: What is Culture?<br />
Content Objectives<br />
Language Objectives<br />
(<strong>for</strong> English Language<br />
Learners)<br />
Materials<br />
Educational Standards<br />
National Council <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Social Studies:<br />
Rhode Island<br />
Department of<br />
Education:<br />
Massachusetts<br />
Department of<br />
Education:<br />
Students will understand <strong>the</strong> concept of culture.<br />
Students will learn <strong>about</strong> <strong>the</strong> cultures represented in <strong>the</strong><br />
classroom.<br />
Students will make connections between <strong>the</strong>ir own cultures and<br />
cultures unfamiliar to <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
Students will understand <strong>the</strong> term culture.<br />
Students will be able to explain <strong>the</strong>ir thoughts in writing and<br />
orally.<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
Two sheets of poster paper, pencils, paper or blue-book <strong>for</strong> each<br />
student, map, pins <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> map, books and magazines with photos<br />
of homes around <strong>the</strong> world, bulletin board.<br />
I. Culture Standards a, d, e<br />
III. People, Places, and Environments Standards b<br />
IV. Individual Development and Identity Standard e<br />
Civics & Government: C&G5(K-2)-1; C&G5(K-2)-2<br />
Historical Perspectives: HP1(K-6)-1<br />
Reading: (if “What is Culture” is assigned as a reading activity) (4-8)<br />
R-3; R-7; R-11; R-13<br />
Writing: W(K-8)-1; W(K-8)-2; W(K-8)-8; W(K-8)-9; W(5-8)-10<br />
Oral Communication: (K-8) OC-1; OC-2<br />
Social Science: 1.9, 2.7, 2.8, 4.15<br />
Science and Technology (K-2): Life Sciences: 1, 8<br />
Science and Technology (Gr. 3-5): Life Sciences: 8,<br />
Technology/Engineering: 2.1<br />
English Language Arts (Gr. K-8): General Standards 3, 8, 19, 23, 24<br />
12
WIDA Consortium<br />
standards <strong>for</strong> English<br />
Language Learners:<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
ELP Standard 1: (Gr. 1-2) Listening: Following Directions, level<br />
3&4; (Gr. 3-5) Listening: Following Direction, level 3&4;<br />
(Gr. 6-8) Speaking: Instructions/assignments, level 3&4;<br />
Social Interaction, level 3<br />
ELP Standard 2: (Gr. 3-5) Writing: Editing and Revising, level 3, 4, 5;<br />
(Gr. 6-8) Writing: Editing, level 3&4<br />
ELP Standard 5: (Gr. K) Homes in a Community, level 3&4; (Gr. 1-2)<br />
Writing: Homes and Habitats, level 3&4; (Gr. 3-5) Speaking:<br />
Maps & Globes/Locations, level 3; Writing: Communities &<br />
Regions, level 3, 4, 5; (Gr. 6-8) Listening: Maps, level 3.<br />
13
LESSON PLAN ONE — TEACHER INSTRUCTIONS<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
Activity One: Class Discussion, “What is Culture?”<br />
· You may use <strong>the</strong> previous “What is Culture” section as in<strong>for</strong>mation <strong>for</strong> your discussion, or it<br />
may be used as a guided or independent reading activity.<br />
·<br />
·<br />
·<br />
·<br />
Initiate a class discussion <strong>about</strong> culture. What is culture? What are beliefs? What are<br />
values?<br />
Ask your students to think of examples of each.<br />
From your discussion, come up with a class definition of culture.<br />
Write this on a large piece of paper and hang it in a prominent place in your classroom.<br />
You can refer to this definition throughout your studies of culture.<br />
Activity Two: What Are Our Cultures?<br />
· Ask students to identify <strong>the</strong> different cultures to which <strong>the</strong>y belong by asking <strong>the</strong>ir parents<br />
and grandparents or guardians, this can also include <strong>the</strong> “American” culture in which <strong>the</strong>y<br />
are participating. Perhaps your students can identify an Irish or Portuguese or Cambodian<br />
ethnicity within <strong>the</strong>ir families. Are <strong>the</strong>re any cultural aspects of <strong>the</strong>ir ethnicity that are still<br />
practiced by <strong>the</strong>ir families? How are <strong>the</strong>se cultures different? How are <strong>the</strong>y alike? Try to<br />
have students think in broad categories like food, religion, wedding customs, etc.<br />
·<br />
·<br />
·<br />
Have students list <strong>the</strong>se on a piece of paper or in a blue book. (Grade K can draw pictures).<br />
Compile <strong>the</strong>se into a class list on a large piece of paper and pin country locations on a map<br />
to show all <strong>the</strong> different cultures represented in your classroom.<br />
Have students in grades 5 to 8 write an essay <strong>about</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir families’ backgrounds and give<br />
presentations to <strong>the</strong> class. Students can switch essays with a partner to have <strong>the</strong>ir essays<br />
edited.<br />
14
LESSON PLAN ONE — TEACHER INSTRUCTIONS<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
Activity Three: Homes Around <strong>the</strong> World<br />
· Every human needs shelter, but our physical environment influences our culture, including<br />
<strong>the</strong> types of homes we construct and what we use to make <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
·<br />
·<br />
·<br />
·<br />
Have your students search <strong>for</strong> pictures of homes around <strong>the</strong> world in books and magazines<br />
or on <strong>the</strong> web.<br />
Ask <strong>the</strong> students to create a classroom collage of different homes on a bulletin board.<br />
Have your students consider <strong>the</strong> following questions: Why are some homes made out of<br />
certain materials?<br />
Talk <strong>about</strong> <strong>the</strong> influences of <strong>the</strong> environment on culture and home construction. For<br />
example, why might a home in <strong>the</strong> mountains of Switzerland or Germany have a steeply<br />
pitched roof? (Snow) Why are so many homes in New England built using wood? What do<br />
all of our homes have in common? How are <strong>the</strong>y different? Why?<br />
Activity Four: Celebrations in Our Families and Around <strong>the</strong> World<br />
· As a class, discuss <strong>the</strong> different ways your students’ families celebrate special days. What<br />
does each family do? How often do <strong>the</strong>y celebrate or get toge<strong>the</strong>r? What kinds of activities<br />
are done during this holiday?<br />
·<br />
·<br />
Have students bring in photographs or draw pictures of <strong>the</strong>ir family celebrations.<br />
Students can work individually or in teams to research one holiday that is celebrated in<br />
ano<strong>the</strong>r culture. Have <strong>the</strong>m write and illustrate a book <strong>about</strong> that holiday, addressing <strong>the</strong><br />
following questions: What is <strong>the</strong> holiday? When is it? Is it <strong>the</strong> same time each year? How<br />
do people in that culture celebrate <strong>the</strong> holiday? What activities do <strong>the</strong>y do? Do <strong>the</strong>y eat<br />
special foods? Listen to special music? Play games?<br />
15
EXPLORE THE CULTURES OF THE WORLD<br />
Three Objects, Three Cultures<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
We will begin our exploration of cultures of <strong>the</strong> world by closely examining three types of<br />
aes<strong>the</strong>tic objects, each with a significant connection to three different cultures. If your class<br />
plans to participate in <strong>the</strong> Culture Connect CaraVan outreach program, your students will get<br />
fur<strong>the</strong>r acquainted with <strong>the</strong>se three objects and three cultures during <strong>the</strong> program.<br />
Huipiles and <strong>the</strong><br />
Highland Maya of Guatemala<br />
About <strong>the</strong> Maya<br />
The Maya are an indigenous ethnic group of<br />
people whose traditional homelands are in parts<br />
of Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El<br />
Salvador. In ancient times, <strong>the</strong> Maya had many<br />
large cities controlled by kings, and <strong>the</strong>y built<br />
many large temples. In <strong>the</strong> 16th century, <strong>the</strong><br />
Spanish conquered Maya lands that are now<br />
integrated within contemporary Latin American<br />
nations. The Maya traditionally practiced slashand-burn<br />
agriculture; growing crops of corn,<br />
beans, and squash as staples along with fields of<br />
chilies, pumpkins, sweet potatoes, tomatoes and<br />
avocados. Turkeys, chickens, and rabbits are also<br />
available foods in this region. In ancient times,<br />
Maya women wore cotton blouses called huipiles<br />
and wrap-around skirts. Men wore loin cloths<br />
and cotton capes draped over <strong>the</strong> shoulders.<br />
Many Maya women today still wear huipiles and<br />
wrap-around skirts, while most men wear jeans<br />
and t-shirts. There is no single Maya language,<br />
but <strong>the</strong>re are twenty-one related languages. Guatemalan Children;<br />
photographs by Margot Schevill<br />
16
HUIPILES AND THE HIGHLAND MAYA OF GUATEMALA<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
Maya Huipiles<br />
A huipil (we-peel) is a type of blouse worn by Highland Maya women in Guatemala. A huipil<br />
is a rectangular piece of cloth with a hole in <strong>the</strong> center <strong>for</strong> one’s head. A design is woven<br />
onto <strong>the</strong> portions of <strong>the</strong> cloth that are visible when <strong>the</strong> huipil is worn over <strong>the</strong> shoulders.<br />
Most women wear wrap-around skirts without waistbands; <strong>the</strong> huipil is tucked in and held in<br />
place with a belt. Women weave huipiles <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong>mselves and <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir relatives. Sometimes<br />
women make <strong>the</strong>m <strong>for</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r women in <strong>the</strong>ir village or <strong>for</strong> sale.<br />
It takes a long time to make a huipil. Huipiles are made out of cotton. In <strong>the</strong> past, <strong>the</strong><br />
Highland Maya grew and harvested <strong>the</strong> cotton <strong>the</strong>mselves, <strong>the</strong>n spun and dyed <strong>the</strong> thread<br />
to prepare it <strong>for</strong> weaving. Today, Maya women purchase factory-spun cotton yarn. Women<br />
weave <strong>the</strong> yarn into huipiles using a backstrap loom. They use <strong>the</strong> loom by wrapping a strap<br />
around <strong>the</strong>ir hips and attaching <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r end to a tree or a post. The designs <strong>the</strong>y produce<br />
are very intricate and show <strong>the</strong> weaver’s skill, so it takes a long time to weave <strong>the</strong>m as well.<br />
Since <strong>the</strong> loom produces a narrow strip of cloth, women must weave several strips and sew<br />
<strong>the</strong>m toge<strong>the</strong>r. Finally, <strong>the</strong> huipil is completed.<br />
Sacatepéquez, Guatemala; photographs by Margot Schevill<br />
17
HUIPILES AND THE HIGHLAND MAYA OF GUATEMALA<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
At one time, each community or language-group made its own specific huipil designs.<br />
Without saying a word, a woman’s huipil could tell you which community she came from.<br />
Huipil designs can include geometric shapes, stars and suns, and natural objects such as<br />
flowers, birds, and butterflies. Since <strong>the</strong> Highland Maya make <strong>the</strong>ir living by farming, natural<br />
symbols like <strong>the</strong> sun are very important to <strong>the</strong>m. The huipil designs may have religious<br />
meaning as well. The head hole may represent <strong>the</strong> sun and <strong>the</strong> center of <strong>the</strong> universe. When<br />
a woman puts on her huipil, she places herself in <strong>the</strong> center of that universe, surrounded<br />
by symbols of her family and community — in short, <strong>the</strong> symbols that are important to her<br />
and to her culture. Highland Maya women continue to make and wear huipiles and o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
traditional clo<strong>the</strong>s, called traje (trah-hey), today, even with <strong>the</strong> availability of European-style<br />
clothing.<br />
Thousands of Highland Maya people were affected by <strong>the</strong> civil wars in Guatemala that lasted<br />
from 1960 to 1996. The Guatemalan army killed many Mayan people who were thought to<br />
be helping <strong>the</strong> rebels. In <strong>the</strong> 1980s, <strong>the</strong> army targeted women wearing huipiles with symbols<br />
that associated <strong>the</strong>m with communities where <strong>the</strong> army thought rebels were based. To<br />
protect <strong>the</strong>mselves, many Maya women disguised <strong>the</strong> symbols on <strong>the</strong>ir huipiles so that <strong>the</strong><br />
army could not tell which communities <strong>the</strong>y were from.<br />
Close-up of a huipil from The Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology’s collection;<br />
Photograph by Sarah Philbrick<br />
18
HUIPILES AND THE HIGHLAND MAYA OF GUATEMALA<br />
Huipiles from The Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology’s collection; photographs by Sarah Philbrick<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
Some examples of Maya Huipiles from <strong>the</strong> Haffenreffer Museum’s collection<br />
19
HUIPILES AND THE HIGHLAND MAYA OF GUATEMALA<br />
Backstrap loom<br />
Guatemala<br />
Huipil<br />
Traje<br />
VOCABULARY<br />
One type of loom that Highland Maya women use to weave huipiles.<br />
The country in Central America where many Highland Maya live.<br />
(we-peel) A woman’s blouse that is worn by <strong>the</strong> Highland Maya in<br />
Guatemala.<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
(trah-hey) The name <strong>for</strong> traditional clothing worn by <strong>the</strong> Highland Maya<br />
in Guatemala.<br />
20
HUIPILES AND THE HIGHLAND MAYA OF GUATEMALA — RESOURCES<br />
Internet Resources<br />
Traje en Guatemala<br />
http://www.rutahsa.com/traje.html<br />
This web page, authored by Janie and Ric Finch, contains photographs and in<strong>for</strong>mation<br />
<strong>about</strong> traje and huipiles worn by <strong>the</strong> Highland Maya.<br />
For Students<br />
Abuela’s Weave<br />
By Omar Castaneda<br />
Lee & Low Books, 1995<br />
Reading level: Ages 4-8<br />
Guatemala Rainbow<br />
by Gain Vecchiato<br />
Pomegranate, 1990<br />
Reading level: Ages 4-8<br />
Hands of <strong>the</strong> Maya: Villagers at Work and Play<br />
by Rachel Crandell<br />
Henry Holt & Company, Inc, 2002<br />
Reading level: Ages 4-8<br />
Guatemala: A Question and Answer Book<br />
By Mary Englar<br />
Capstone Press, 2005<br />
Reading level: Ages 9-12<br />
Guatemala: Land of <strong>the</strong> Maya<br />
By Nancy Johnson Black and Mary C. Turck<br />
Discovering Our Heritage Series<br />
Dillon Press, 1999<br />
Reading level: Ages 9-12<br />
Books<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
21
HUIPILES AND THE HIGHLAND MAYA OF GUATEMALA — RESOURCES<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
For <strong>Teachers</strong><br />
Costume as Communication: Ethnographic Costumes and Textiles from Middle America and <strong>the</strong> Central Andes of<br />
South America<br />
By Margot Blum Schevill<br />
Bristol, RI: Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology, 1986.<br />
Maya Textiles of Guatemala<br />
By Margot Blum Schevill<br />
Austin, <strong>University</strong> of Texas Press, 1993<br />
Textile Traditions of Mesoamerica and <strong>the</strong> Andes<br />
Edited by Margot Blum Schevill, Janet Ca<strong>the</strong>rine Berlo, and Edward B. Dwyer<br />
Austin, <strong>University</strong> of Texas Press, 1996<br />
22
EXPLORE THE CULTURES OF THE WORLD<br />
Paj Ntaub and <strong>the</strong> Hmong of China and Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia<br />
About <strong>the</strong> Hmong<br />
Hmong means “free man” or “free people”<br />
in <strong>the</strong> Hmong language. The Hmong live<br />
in mountainous areas of Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia,<br />
primarily in China, Laos, North Vietnam,<br />
and Thailand. It is thought that <strong>the</strong> Hmong<br />
originally came from Mongolia, Siberia or<br />
Tibet, and lived in China <strong>for</strong> almost 3,000<br />
years. The Hmong were persecuted in<br />
China, and so many of <strong>the</strong>m left <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
highlands of Laos and Vietnam. At <strong>the</strong><br />
beginning of <strong>the</strong> 20th century, some moved<br />
in to <strong>the</strong> highlands of Thailand. In <strong>the</strong><br />
1960s and 1970s, <strong>the</strong> Laotian civil war<br />
and <strong>the</strong> Vietnam War disrupted <strong>the</strong>ir home<br />
life. During <strong>the</strong> Vietnam War, many Hmong<br />
fought alongside <strong>the</strong> United States against<br />
<strong>the</strong> Communists. When <strong>the</strong> Communists<br />
took control of Laos in 1975, many Hmong<br />
had to flee into Thailand by crossing <strong>the</strong><br />
Mekong River. They stayed in refugee<br />
camps in Thailand, and many later came<br />
to live in <strong>the</strong> United States. O<strong>the</strong>rs went<br />
to Australia, Europe, and French Guyana.<br />
Some Hmong settled in Providence, Rhode<br />
Island.<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
Hmong Hill Tribe, Thailand;<br />
photograph by Professors Douglas and Wanni Anderson<br />
Hmong, Rhode Island;<br />
photograph by Patricia Symonds<br />
In Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia, <strong>the</strong> Hmong use “slash-and-burn” agriculture, clearing <strong>the</strong> land <strong>for</strong> farming<br />
by cutting down trees and burning <strong>the</strong>m. The Hmong grow rice, yams, potatoes, corn, and<br />
squash. They also grow hemp and cotton <strong>for</strong> textiles. The Hmong typically live in small<br />
villages, made up of approximately 8 families or households, although <strong>the</strong>se households are<br />
quite large — some can have as many as 50 people! Entire villages move every few years<br />
since slash-and-burn agriculture quickly strips <strong>the</strong> soil of its nutrients.<br />
23
PAJ NTAUB AND THE HMONG OF CHINA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
Paj Ntaub: “Flower Cloth” or Story Cloth<br />
Hmong women are very skilled at needlework or embroidery. For centuries <strong>the</strong> women<br />
made all of <strong>the</strong>ir family’s cloth and embroidered <strong>the</strong>m with beautiful colors. All of <strong>the</strong><br />
needlework was called paj ntaub or pa ndhau (pandow) — literally “flower cloth”. These<br />
textiles traditionally had geometric designs or spirals, which expressed <strong>the</strong> religious beliefs<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Hmong. When <strong>the</strong>y became refugees in Thailand <strong>the</strong>y also began to sew cloth with<br />
stories or myths from Hmong history. These can be called story cloths. They are important<br />
to <strong>the</strong> Hmong because <strong>the</strong> Hmong had no written language until <strong>the</strong> 1950s, and relied on<br />
oral histories passed down from generation to generation. When <strong>the</strong>y became refugees,<br />
<strong>the</strong>y began to sew story cloths to preserve and share history. Hmong women, and more<br />
recently men, draw a picture on <strong>the</strong> cloth with <strong>the</strong> story that <strong>the</strong> embroiderer wants to tell.<br />
The embroiderer <strong>the</strong>n sews brightly-colored thread into <strong>the</strong> fabric, trans<strong>for</strong>ming <strong>the</strong> drawn<br />
design into a brilliantly colored image.<br />
The stories on <strong>the</strong>se cloths relate to Hmong culture. Some depict myths and <strong>the</strong>ir creation<br />
legends. O<strong>the</strong>rs show festivals, ceremonies, or scenes from Hmong daily life. After <strong>the</strong><br />
Hmong migrated to Thailand, many of <strong>the</strong> refugees in camps began making a new kind of<br />
paj ntaub. These story cloths told <strong>the</strong> story of <strong>the</strong> war as experienced by <strong>the</strong> Hmong and<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir migration into Thailand. In this way, <strong>the</strong> Hmong preserved <strong>the</strong>ir culture by recording<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir experiences on <strong>the</strong>ir story cloths.<br />
Flower Cloths, Laos, 1985-1986<br />
24
PAJ NTAUB AND THE HMONG OF CHINA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA<br />
Evacuation Story,<br />
Laos, 1985-1986<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
Tiger Story,<br />
Laos, 1985-1986<br />
Left: Ly Plia working on applique in her yard in South Providence, 1979<br />
Right: Hmong women creating flower cloths in Providence<br />
BROWN<br />
25
PAJ NTAUB AND THE HMONG — VOCABULARY<br />
Embroiderer<br />
Embroidery<br />
Hmong<br />
Paj Ntaub<br />
“Slash-andburn”<br />
Textile<br />
VOCABULARY<br />
Someone who does embroidery.<br />
Detailed stitches on fabric.<br />
This means “free man” or “free people.” The Hmong live in mountainous<br />
areas in Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia, primarily China, Laos, North Vietnam, and<br />
Thailand. Many live in <strong>the</strong> United States, including Providence, Rhode<br />
Island.<br />
Meaning “flower cloth.” These are <strong>the</strong> textiles that <strong>the</strong> Hmong make and<br />
embroider with symbols of <strong>the</strong>ir culture or to tell a story.<br />
A method used to clear <strong>the</strong> land <strong>for</strong> farming by cutting <strong>the</strong> trees down<br />
and <strong>the</strong>n burning <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
A word <strong>for</strong> cloth made by weaving or knitting.<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
26
PAJ NTAUB AND THE HMONG — REFERENCES<br />
Internet Resources<br />
Hmong Needlework: Traditions Both Ancient and New<br />
http://www.womenfolk.com/quilting_history/hmong.htm<br />
This site explains <strong>the</strong> history of <strong>the</strong> Hmong and <strong>the</strong> story cloths.<br />
Books<br />
For Students<br />
Nine-In-One Grr! Grr!: A Folktale from <strong>the</strong> Hmong People of Laos<br />
by Blia Xiong with Nancy Hom (Illustrator)<br />
Children’s Book Press 1989<br />
Reading level: Ages 4-8<br />
Dai’s Story Cloth<br />
by Dai HCA with Chile Tahoe HCA (Illustrator), Nhia Thao Cha (Illustrator), Chue Cha (Illustrator), and Nhia<br />
Thao Cha (Illustrator)<br />
Lee & Low Books, 1998<br />
Reading level: Ages 4-8<br />
The Whispering Cloth: A Refugee’s Story<br />
By Pegi Dietz Shea with Anita Riggio (Illustrator) and You Yang (Ilustrator)<br />
Boyds Mills Press, 1996<br />
Reading level: Ages 4-8<br />
Hmong of Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia<br />
By Sandra Millett<br />
Lerner Publications, 2001<br />
Reading level: Ages 9-12<br />
Tangled Threads: A Hmong Girl’s Story<br />
By Pegi Dietz Shea<br />
Clarion Books, 2003<br />
Reading level: Ages 9-12<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
27
PAJ NTAUB AND THE HMONG — REFERENCES<br />
For <strong>Teachers</strong><br />
Hmong Means Free: Life in Laos and America<br />
By Sucheng Chan<br />
Temple <strong>University</strong> Press, 1994<br />
The Transition of Hmong Immigrants to <strong>the</strong> United States: Oral Histories from Providence, Rhode Island<br />
By Jamie F. Metzl<br />
<strong>Brown</strong> <strong>University</strong>, 1986<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
28
EXPLORE THE CULTURES OF THE WORLD<br />
Cradleboards and <strong>the</strong> Kiowa and Comanche Peoples<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Plains, USA<br />
Above: American Buffalo or Bison<br />
Left: Vanessa Paukeigope Jennings,<br />
Kiowa, Oklahoma<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
About <strong>the</strong> Kiowa and Comanche<br />
Although many Kiowa and Comanche people live today<br />
in <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Plains of <strong>the</strong> United States, nei<strong>the</strong>r group<br />
started out <strong>the</strong>re. In <strong>the</strong> seventeenth and eighteenth<br />
centuries, <strong>the</strong> Kiowa lived in present-day Montana. They<br />
<strong>the</strong>n moved to <strong>the</strong> Black Hills in South Dakota and into <strong>the</strong><br />
Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Plains — Oklahoma and Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Texas — by<br />
<strong>the</strong> 1820s. The Comanche lived in <strong>the</strong> Rocky Mountains<br />
of Colorado, along <strong>the</strong> Arkansas River. Kiowa and<br />
Comanche tribes were nomadic people and hunted bison<br />
as <strong>the</strong>ir primary food source. In 1867, <strong>the</strong> United States<br />
government assigned <strong>the</strong> Kiowa and Comanche people<br />
to a reservation in Southwestern Oklahoma. Their entire<br />
way of life changed. The government sent children to<br />
schools where <strong>the</strong>y were not allowed to speak <strong>the</strong>ir own<br />
languages or dress in traditional ways. The government<br />
built houses <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong>m instead of letting <strong>the</strong>m live in tipis<br />
and <strong>the</strong>y had to give up hunting bison to become farmers.<br />
The United States government closed <strong>the</strong> reservation in<br />
1906, yet many Kiowa and Comanche people still live in<br />
<strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Plains region.<br />
Cradles and Their Uses<br />
Many Native peoples in North America used cradleboards<br />
to hold <strong>the</strong>ir babies. Kiowa and Comanche men and<br />
women made beautiful lattice cradles <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir babies.<br />
Many of <strong>the</strong> most highly decorated ones were made<br />
between 1870 and 1920. Men made <strong>the</strong> frames <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
cradles, but <strong>the</strong> women, who made <strong>the</strong> beaded covers,<br />
were considered <strong>the</strong> cradle makers due to <strong>the</strong> long hours<br />
of work that <strong>the</strong>y spent on <strong>the</strong> beadwork. Two long boards<br />
<strong>for</strong>med <strong>the</strong> base of <strong>the</strong> cradle frames. These were held in a<br />
29
CRADLEBOARDS AND THE KIOWA AND COMANCHE PEOPLES<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
“V” shape by two cross pieces of wood. A piece of rawhide filled <strong>the</strong> gap in <strong>the</strong> middle of <strong>the</strong><br />
“V”. Ano<strong>the</strong>r curved rawhide piece was put on <strong>the</strong> frame above <strong>the</strong> baby’s head to protect it,<br />
and ano<strong>the</strong>r was set below <strong>the</strong> baby’s feet to support <strong>the</strong>m. The cradle maker covered <strong>the</strong><br />
rawhide with animal hide, canvas, or wool to hold <strong>the</strong> baby. Women lined <strong>the</strong> inside with<br />
materials such as moss to cushion <strong>the</strong> baby and act as a diaper, which <strong>the</strong>y would change<br />
when necessary.<br />
Women carried <strong>the</strong> cradleboard on <strong>the</strong>ir backs or in <strong>the</strong>ir arms, or hung it from a saddle<br />
pommel if <strong>the</strong>y were riding a horse. It could stand upright or be hung from a tree branch<br />
while <strong>the</strong> mo<strong>the</strong>r was working. In this way, babies could be kept safe while <strong>the</strong>ir mo<strong>the</strong>rs<br />
traveled or worked. Babies typically spent much of <strong>the</strong>ir time in cradleboards, from <strong>the</strong> time<br />
<strong>the</strong>y were born until <strong>the</strong>y learned to walk.<br />
Left: Vanessa Paukeigope Jennings and her son, Kiowa, Oklahoma<br />
30
CRADLEBOARDS AND THE KIOWA AND COMANCHE PEOPLES<br />
The Meanings of Cradles<br />
Creating and giving a cradle was a very special<br />
act. Not every baby had a cradleboard. Not every<br />
woman did beadwork, and only some of those<br />
women made cradles. Kiowa families would<br />
sometimes give a cradleboard to an auday,<br />
a specially favored child who was usually <strong>the</strong><br />
eldest child or first grandchild. Be<strong>for</strong>e making a<br />
cradleboard, family members would give thanks <strong>for</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir new baby and <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> materials <strong>the</strong>y used to<br />
make it.<br />
Women known <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir bead work<br />
passed <strong>the</strong>ir skills down on to <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
daughters, granddaughters, nieces and<br />
cousins. Cradle makers sewed tiny beads<br />
onto <strong>the</strong> outsides of <strong>the</strong> cradle covers,<br />
using as many as four different stitches<br />
to decorate <strong>the</strong>ir surfaces with geometric<br />
or natural designs. A leaf was one of <strong>the</strong><br />
most common Kiowa designs, but each<br />
bead worker created her own distinctive<br />
designs, which no one else would copy<br />
without permission. Comanche cradle<br />
makers often painted or incised designs<br />
on <strong>the</strong>ir cradle sticks. Some designs<br />
have special meanings, representing<br />
protection or origin.<br />
The intricate beadwork on <strong>the</strong> cradles testifies to <strong>the</strong> high value that Kiowa and Comanche<br />
men and women placed on <strong>the</strong>ir children. For <strong>the</strong> Kiowa and Comanche, <strong>the</strong> lattice cradle<br />
symbolizes <strong>the</strong> arrival of a new life. The Kiowa and Comanche started decorating cradles<br />
in <strong>the</strong> mid-nineteenth century, just as <strong>the</strong>y were experiencing <strong>the</strong> difficult transition to<br />
reservation life and its many changes in <strong>the</strong>ir culture. Cradles symbolized a family identity<br />
and a connection to <strong>the</strong> past <strong>for</strong> many Kiowa and Comanche, and continue to do so today.<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
Above: Kiowa woman<br />
from Vanessa Jennings<br />
Collection<br />
Left: Kiowa Cradle now at<br />
Gilcrease Museum,<br />
Tulsa, Oklahoma.<br />
31
CRADLEBOARDS AND THE KIOWA AND COMANCHE PEOPLES<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
Cradleboards Today<br />
Non-native collectors bought cradleboards from Kiowa and Comanche families in <strong>the</strong> early<br />
twentieth century. Times were difficult, so many families sold <strong>the</strong>ir cradles <strong>for</strong> cash. Many<br />
cradleboards are now owned by museums like <strong>the</strong> Haffenreffer Museum or by private<br />
collectors. Some Kiowa and Comanche female and male artists make cradles today,<br />
decorating <strong>the</strong>m with beads and o<strong>the</strong>r materials. Families still use cradles <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir children<br />
on special occasions such as family photographs. Many Kiowa and Comanche families share<br />
stories <strong>about</strong> <strong>the</strong> cradleboards that <strong>the</strong>ir grandmo<strong>the</strong>rs or great-grandmo<strong>the</strong>rs produced<br />
and still remember <strong>the</strong> names of cradle makers from earlier generations.<br />
Left: Lattice cradle, Kiowa, made by Daisy Mattonsaw (1871-1943), Oklahoma, 1880s<br />
Center and Right: Lattice cradle, Kiowa, made by Vanessa Paukeigope Jennings in 1998<br />
32
CRADLEBOARDS AND THE KIOWA AND COMANCHE — VOCABULARY<br />
Auday<br />
Bison<br />
Cradleboards<br />
Cradle makers<br />
Lattice cradles<br />
Reservation<br />
Tipi<br />
VOCABULARY<br />
A specially favored child, usually <strong>the</strong> eldest child or <strong>the</strong> first grandchild.<br />
The primary traditional food source <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> Kiowa, Comanche and o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
Plains Native Peoples. Many Americans refer to bison as buffalo.<br />
Used by many Native people who lived on <strong>the</strong> Great Plains to carry<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir babies.<br />
Kiowa and Comanche women who embroidered cradleboards with<br />
beads.<br />
A type of cradleboard used by <strong>the</strong> Kiowa and Comanche between in<br />
<strong>the</strong> 19th and early 20th centuries.<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
A tract of land that <strong>the</strong> United States Government set aside <strong>for</strong> Native<br />
Americans. The United States Government assigned Native peoples like<br />
<strong>the</strong> Kiowa and Comanche to reservations in Oklahoma.<br />
A portable dwelling used by many Native peoples of <strong>the</strong> Great Plains.<br />
33
CRADLEBOARDS AND THE KIOWA AND COMANCHE — RESOURCES<br />
Internet Resources<br />
Taking Care of Babies<br />
http://www.eiteljorg.org/ejm_PlanYourVisit/PDFs/Family_Adventures.pdf<br />
A lesson plan <strong>about</strong> Cradleboards by <strong>the</strong> Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art.<br />
For Students<br />
Books<br />
A Ride on Mo<strong>the</strong>r’s Back: A Day of Baby Carrying around <strong>the</strong> World<br />
by Emery Bernhard with Drug Bernhard (Illustrator)<br />
Harcourt, 1996<br />
Reading level: Ages 4-8<br />
Ways of Carrying Babies<br />
By Bobbie Neate and Christopher Clark<br />
Longman, 1994<br />
Reading level: Ages 4-8<br />
For <strong>Teachers</strong><br />
Gifts of Pride and Love: Kiowa and Comanche Cradles<br />
Edited by Barbara A. Hail<br />
Bristol, RI: Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology, 2000.<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
34
LESSON PLAN TWO<br />
<strong>Lesson</strong> Plan Two: Three Objects, Three Cultures<br />
Content Objectives<br />
Language Objectives<br />
(<strong>for</strong> English Language<br />
Learners)<br />
Materials<br />
Educational Standards<br />
National Council <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Social Studies<br />
Rhode Island<br />
Department of<br />
Education<br />
Massachusetts<br />
Department of<br />
Education<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
After investigating an art <strong>for</strong>m in each culture, all students will be<br />
able to make connections between cultures and understand how<br />
similar different cultures can be.<br />
Students in grades five through eight will additionally investigate<br />
three cultures in depth and will understand how people’s ways of life<br />
can be determined by available resources.<br />
All students will be able to orally discuss <strong>the</strong>ir own works of art to<br />
<strong>the</strong> class.<br />
Students in grades five through eight will be able to research, write,<br />
and give an oral presentation <strong>about</strong> <strong>the</strong> content.<br />
World map, map of <strong>the</strong> United States, map pins, photocopies of<br />
huipil outline, photocopies of cradleboard outline, 11X17 cardstock,<br />
markers, crayons, glue, beads, writing paper or blue books, pencils.<br />
I. Culture Standards a, b, c, d, e<br />
II. Time, Continuity and Change Standard e<br />
III. People, Places, and Environments Standards a, b, h<br />
VIII. Science, Technology, and Society Standards a, b<br />
IV. Individual Development and Identity Standard e<br />
IX. Global Connections Standard a<br />
Civics & Government: C&G5(K-6)-1; C&G5(K-6)-2<br />
Historical Perspectives: HP1(K-8)-1; HP2(5-8)-1; HP2(K-4)-3<br />
Engineering and Technology: ET1.1(K-8); ET1.2(K-4)<br />
Reading: (if “Three Objects, Three Cultures” is assigned as a<br />
reading activity) (4-8) R-3; R-7; R-11; R-13<br />
Writing: W(K-8)-1; W(K-8)-2; W(K-8)-8; W(K-8)-9; W(5-8)-10<br />
Oral Communication: (K-8) OC-1; OC-2<br />
Visual Arts & Design: VAD2(K-12)-1; VAD3(K-8)-1c,d; VAD3(3-8)-2<br />
Social Science: 4.15AD, 5.6, SEAO.1, SEAO.2<br />
Science and Technology (K-2): Life Sciences: 1, 6, 8<br />
Science and Technology (Gr. 3-5): Life Sciences: 8&10<br />
English Language Arts (Gr. K-8): General Standards 3, 8, 19, 23, 24<br />
Arts (K-8): Visual Arts: 1.1, 1.2, 3.3, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.6<br />
35
LESSON PLAN TWO<br />
WIDA Consortium<br />
standards <strong>for</strong> English<br />
Language Learners:<br />
ELP Standard 1: (Gr. 1-2) Listening: Following Directions, level<br />
3&4; (Gr. 3-5) Listening: Following Direction, level 3&4;<br />
(Gr. 6-8) Reading: Use of Multiple Resources, level 3&4;<br />
Speaking: Instructions/assignments, level 3&4; Social<br />
Interaction, level 3<br />
ELP Standard 2: (Gr. 3-5) Writing: Editing and Revising, level 3, 4,<br />
5; (Gr. 6-8) Writing: Editing, level 3&4<br />
ELP Standard 4: (Gr. K) Writing: Colors, level 3&4<br />
ELP Standard 5: (Gr. K) Speaking: Clothing, level 3; (Gr.<br />
3-5) Speaking: Maps & Globes/Locations, level 3; Writing:<br />
Communities & Regions, level 3, 4, 5; (Gr. 6-8)<br />
Listening: Maps, level 3.<br />
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Museum of Anthropology<br />
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36
LESSON PLAN TWO — TEACHER INSTRUCTIONS<br />
Activity One: Readings<br />
Depending on <strong>the</strong> reading levels of <strong>the</strong> students in your class, you may choose to use <strong>the</strong><br />
previous readings as in<strong>for</strong>mation <strong>for</strong> yourself to present to <strong>the</strong> class. You may also use <strong>the</strong><br />
readings as shared, group, or independent reading exercises.<br />
One option is to break <strong>the</strong> class up into teams of four to five students. Make each team<br />
responsible <strong>for</strong> reading one cultural section. Each team will <strong>the</strong>n discuss <strong>the</strong>ir reading and<br />
list key points to present to <strong>the</strong> class.<br />
Activity Two: Locating <strong>the</strong> Three Cultures on a Map<br />
• As a class, have students locate Guatemala on a classroom map. Ask <strong>the</strong>m to identify <strong>the</strong><br />
mountains where <strong>the</strong> Highland Maya live.<br />
• Ask students to locate China, Laos, North Vietnam, and Thailand on a map. Ask <strong>the</strong>m to<br />
locate Mongolia, Siberia and Tibet, where <strong>the</strong> Hmong came from. Have <strong>the</strong>m recall when<br />
<strong>the</strong> Hmong lived in this area.<br />
BROWN<br />
• Ask <strong>the</strong>m to locate <strong>the</strong> Mekong River on <strong>the</strong> border between Laos and Thailand. Have <strong>the</strong>m<br />
recall when <strong>the</strong> Hmong left Laos <strong>for</strong> Thailand and why.<br />
• The Kiowa and Comanche lived in many different places in <strong>the</strong> western United States.<br />
Using a map of <strong>the</strong> United States or a map of <strong>the</strong> western United States, have your students<br />
find Montana, where <strong>the</strong> Kiowa originally lived. Then have <strong>the</strong>m find South Dakota and <strong>the</strong><br />
Black Hills.<br />
• To show your students where <strong>the</strong> Comanche lived, have <strong>the</strong>m find <strong>the</strong> Rocky Mountains<br />
and Colorado. Have <strong>the</strong>m recall when <strong>the</strong> Kiowa and Comanche lived in <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn and<br />
western Plains.<br />
• See if <strong>the</strong>y can find where <strong>the</strong> Arkansas River is in <strong>the</strong> mountains in Colorado. Next, have<br />
<strong>the</strong>m find Oklahoma. Have <strong>the</strong>m find where <strong>the</strong> reservation was in Oklahoma on <strong>the</strong><br />
classroom map. Explain that although <strong>the</strong> reservation ended in 1906, many Kiowa and<br />
Comanche people still live in <strong>the</strong> same lands allotted to <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong>re.<br />
• Mark <strong>the</strong>se locations on your classroom map with pins so students can refer to <strong>the</strong> map<br />
throughout this lesson.<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
37
LESSON PLAN TWO — TEACHER INSTRUCTIONS<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
Activity Three: Design Your Own Huipil, Story Cloth, or Cradle Design<br />
For this exercise, students can choose which object <strong>the</strong>y want to make. If your class worked<br />
in groups <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> readings, you may wish to keep students in those groups <strong>for</strong> this activity.<br />
Huipil option Draw <strong>the</strong> outline of a huipil on a sheet of paper. Make one photocopy <strong>for</strong> each<br />
student making a huipil. Have students research some of <strong>the</strong> designs on traditional Mayan<br />
huipiles in books and on <strong>the</strong> internet. Using paper and markers, have students draw <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
own huipil designs based on <strong>the</strong>ir research. Students can also create <strong>the</strong>ir own symbols.<br />
Have students share <strong>the</strong>ir designs with <strong>the</strong> class and have <strong>the</strong>m explain <strong>the</strong> significance of<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir chosen symbols.<br />
Story cloth option Have students research some of <strong>the</strong> histories and stories depicted on<br />
Hmong story cloths. Many images of story cloths can be found with an internet image<br />
search of “Hmong story cloths.” Students should also talk to <strong>the</strong>ir parents or caretakers<br />
<strong>about</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir own families’ stories or histories. Then, based on what <strong>the</strong>y have learned <strong>about</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> histories on Hmong story cloths, have students use large pieces of paper and markers<br />
or crayons to create <strong>the</strong>ir own story cloths <strong>about</strong> a part of <strong>the</strong>ir own or <strong>the</strong>ir family’s history.<br />
Some possible ideas include <strong>the</strong>ir family’s migration to <strong>the</strong> United States or a move to a<br />
new city or state, how <strong>the</strong>ir parents or grandparents met, or scenes from <strong>the</strong>ir daily life.<br />
Alternately, just as Hmong story cloths depict stories or myths, students could depict <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
own myths or stories on <strong>the</strong>ir story cloth (i.e. how <strong>the</strong> leopard got its spots, a story <strong>about</strong> a<br />
special day, etc.). Have students share <strong>the</strong>ir stories with <strong>the</strong> class.<br />
Cradleboard option Draw an outline of a cradle from <strong>the</strong> side. Make a copy <strong>for</strong> each student<br />
making a cradleboard. Have students research symbols and common colors used in Kiowa<br />
and Comanche cradleboards. They can find photographs in books or on <strong>the</strong> internet.<br />
Using markers, crayons, and even some beads to glue on, have students design <strong>the</strong>ir own<br />
cradleboards. They can also create <strong>the</strong>ir own symbols. Have students share <strong>the</strong>ir designs<br />
and explain <strong>the</strong> significance of <strong>the</strong>ir chosen symbols to <strong>the</strong> class.<br />
Larger cradle and huipil outlines are available at<br />
<strong>the</strong> end of this Activities section.<br />
38
LESSON PLAN TWO — TEACHER INSTRUCTIONS<br />
Activity Four (<strong>for</strong> grades 5-8): Research on <strong>the</strong> Regions<br />
Keeping <strong>the</strong> teams from Session One, have students research <strong>the</strong> climate and resources<br />
available to <strong>the</strong> three cultures:<br />
Assign a team to research <strong>the</strong> climate of Highland Guatemala and find out what resources<br />
<strong>the</strong> Maya obtain from <strong>the</strong>ir environment to make food, clothing, and <strong>the</strong>ir homes.<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
Assign a team to research <strong>the</strong> climate of <strong>the</strong> mountainous areas of China, Laos, North<br />
Vietnam, and Thailand. Have <strong>the</strong>m find out what resources were available to <strong>the</strong> Hmong in<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir homelands.<br />
Assign a team to research why <strong>the</strong> Kiowa and Comanche moved from <strong>the</strong>ir nor<strong>the</strong>rn homes<br />
to <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Plains in <strong>the</strong> 1800s. Have <strong>the</strong>m find out what resources were available in <strong>the</strong><br />
north and what resources were available in <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Plains.<br />
Each student will write an essay <strong>about</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir topic. Have students switch papers <strong>for</strong> peer<br />
editing.<br />
Each team will present <strong>the</strong>ir findings to <strong>the</strong> class.<br />
39
LESSON PLAN TWO — TEACHER INSTRUCTIONS<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
Activity Five: Making Connections<br />
Discuss with your class <strong>the</strong> connections between <strong>the</strong>se three objects/cultures. Although<br />
each culture has a different <strong>for</strong>m of art, each <strong>for</strong>m served <strong>the</strong> purpose of communication.<br />
Each used symbols to tell a story or to convey meaning, i.e. although Maya women have<br />
access to contemporary clothing like t-shirts, many choose to continue to make and wear<br />
huipiles because <strong>the</strong>y believe it is important to communicate <strong>the</strong>ir identities. The Hmong<br />
women traditionally embroidered on clothing, but when <strong>the</strong>y were in refugee camps,<br />
<strong>the</strong>y started making story cloths to record <strong>the</strong>ir history and past ways of life. Although<br />
Kiowa and Comanche women may use contemporary baby strollers <strong>for</strong> daily use, many still<br />
make traditional and decorative cradle boards <strong>for</strong> use on special occasions. This serves to<br />
continue a tradition and to communicate <strong>the</strong>ir heritage. It attests to <strong>the</strong> special treatment<br />
of babies in <strong>the</strong>ir culture.<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
Discuss how each object is both utilitarian and aes<strong>the</strong>tic, i.e. huipiles are clothing but also<br />
have decorative weaving and embroidery; Hmong story cloths are <strong>for</strong>ms of record-keeping<br />
and story telling but are also embroidered works of art; Kiowa and Comanche cradleboards<br />
were used to carry babies while keeping a woman’s arms free, but <strong>the</strong>y are also works of art<br />
with intricate beadwork.<br />
Discuss how identity plays a role in <strong>the</strong> designs, symbolism, media, and colors used in each<br />
object. Have your students bring or wear an article of clothing that <strong>the</strong>y feel expresses<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir culture or identity. Ask <strong>the</strong>m to show <strong>the</strong> example to <strong>the</strong> class or a small group and<br />
describe why it is important to <strong>the</strong>m. Have students discuss ways in which <strong>the</strong>y record <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
history or stories, i.e. journals, diaries, letters to friends, blogs, twitters, or through painting,<br />
drawing, or sketching, etc.<br />
Have students ask <strong>the</strong>ir parents or guardians what was used to carry or hold <strong>the</strong>m. Why<br />
did <strong>the</strong>ir parents use <strong>the</strong> baby carriers that <strong>the</strong>y chose? (For instance, did <strong>the</strong>y look <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
safest car seat? Did <strong>the</strong>y use a cradle that had been passed down in <strong>the</strong> family?) How did<br />
<strong>the</strong>se change as <strong>the</strong>y grew?<br />
40
<strong>Teachers</strong>: Enlarge by 162% on 11x17 paper<br />
Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology
<strong>Teachers</strong>: Enlarge by 140% on 11x17 paper<br />
Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology
LESSON PLAN THREE<br />
<strong>Lesson</strong> Plan Three: Fur<strong>the</strong>r Explorations<br />
This lesson plan is designed to help you recapitulate with your students <strong>the</strong> main ideas in <strong>the</strong> Culture Connect<br />
program.<br />
Content Objectives<br />
Language Objectives<br />
(<strong>for</strong> English Language<br />
Learners)<br />
Materials<br />
Educational Standards<br />
National Council <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Social Studies<br />
Rhode Island<br />
Department of<br />
Education<br />
Massachusetts<br />
Department of<br />
Education<br />
Students will learn to question stereotypes.<br />
By studying cultures in depth, students will gain tolerance and<br />
respect <strong>for</strong> classmates and people in <strong>the</strong>ir communities.<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
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Students will understand <strong>the</strong> term stereotype.<br />
Students in grades four through eight will be able to interview, take<br />
notes, research, and write a report.<br />
Photographs of stereotypes used in <strong>the</strong> media, photographs of people<br />
from around <strong>the</strong> world, drawing paper, pencils, crayons or markers,<br />
recorders <strong>for</strong> interview (optional), blue books or paper.<br />
I. Culture Standards a, b, c, d, e<br />
II. Time, Continuity and Change Standard e<br />
IV. Individual Development and Identity Standards e, g<br />
IX. Global Connections Standard a<br />
Civics & Government: C&G5(K-6)-2<br />
Historical Perspectives: HP2(5-8)-1; HP3(K-8)-2<br />
Reading: (K-8) R-3; R-7; R-11; R-13<br />
Writing: (K-8) W-1; W-2; W-3; W-6; W-7; W-8; W-9; W-10; W-11<br />
Oral Communication: (K-8) OC-1; OC-2<br />
Visual Arts & Design: VAD2(K-12)-1; VAD3(K-8)-1c,d; VAD3(3-8)-2<br />
Dance: D2(6-8)-1<br />
Music: M2(6-8)-1; M2(K-12)-2<br />
Theater: T2(6-8)-1<br />
Social Science: 1.9, 2.7, 2.8, 4.15, 4.16<br />
English Language Arts (Gr. K-8): General Standards 3, 8, 19, 23, 24<br />
Arts (K-8): Visual Arts: 1.1, 1.2, 3.3, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.6; Dance: 1.14,<br />
3.6, 3.7, 4.5, 5.1; Music: 1.8, 3.9, 5.7; Theatre: 2.7, 3.2<br />
43
LESSON PLAN THREE<br />
WIDA Consortium<br />
standards <strong>for</strong> English<br />
Language Learners:<br />
ELP Standard 1: (Gr. 1-2) Listening: Following Directions, level 3&4;<br />
(Gr. 3-5) Listening: Following Direction, level 3&4; (Gr. 6-8)<br />
Reading: Use of Multiple Resources, level 3&4;<br />
Speaking: Instructions/assignments, level 3&4;<br />
Social Interaction, level 3<br />
ELP Standard 4: (Gr. K) Writing: Colors, level 3&4<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
44
LESSON PLAN THREE — TEACHER INSTRUCTIONS<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
Activity One: A Discussion About Stereotypes<br />
The most important lesson students can take home with <strong>the</strong>m after learning <strong>about</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
many cultures discussed in <strong>the</strong> Museum’s Culture Connect CaraVan program is that all<br />
people around <strong>the</strong> world are alike in that <strong>the</strong>y need <strong>the</strong> same things <strong>for</strong> survival, and all<br />
people obtain and do those things differently based on <strong>the</strong>ir cultures. It is never too early to<br />
help students learn to tolerate and respect cultural differences, and to learn to recognize a<br />
stereotype.<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
Ga<strong>the</strong>r magazine images or locate images on <strong>the</strong> internet from movies, television, cartoons,<br />
toys, and o<strong>the</strong>r consumer products that promote stereotypes, like this cigar store Indian<br />
once did.<br />
Ask your students what <strong>the</strong>y think of when <strong>the</strong>y see <strong>the</strong>se images.<br />
Do <strong>the</strong>y have a pre-conceived image in <strong>the</strong>ir minds when <strong>the</strong>y hear “Indian” (Native<br />
American), “Asian,” “Hispanic,” “white,” or “African”?<br />
Ask <strong>the</strong>m to draw and discuss in groups how <strong>the</strong>y came up with <strong>the</strong>se images.<br />
Find images of people on <strong>the</strong> internet that would<br />
challenge your students’ pre-conceived ideas. Did<br />
your students laugh or say “gross” when <strong>the</strong>y learned <strong>about</strong> a<br />
particular cultural practice during <strong>the</strong>ir studies (an example<br />
might be body tattooing)? Have students research that<br />
cultural practice fur<strong>the</strong>r and have a class discussion <strong>about</strong><br />
it. (Why do people have body tattoos? Does it have special<br />
meaning/significance? Is it <strong>for</strong> special ceremonies? Is it a<br />
<strong>for</strong>m of beautification?) In your class discussion, connect <strong>the</strong><br />
practice with something similar in American culture. (Do some<br />
Americans get tattoos? Why? What o<strong>the</strong>r things do we do<br />
to express meaning to o<strong>the</strong>rs? Do we wear t-shirts or jewelry<br />
with symbols or phrases that tell o<strong>the</strong>rs something <strong>about</strong> our<br />
personality? Do we wear special clothing or ornamentation<br />
when we go to church, funerals, weddings, or o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
ceremonies? What do we do to make ourselves “beautiful”?)<br />
Cigar Store Indian, 19th Century;<br />
Haffenreffer collections,<br />
photograph by Sarah Philbrick<br />
45
LESSON PLAN THREE — TEACHER INSTRUCTIONS<br />
•<br />
•<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
Would someone from ano<strong>the</strong>r culture laugh at something we do? How does it make us feel<br />
when someone laughs at us or calls us “weird,” “different,” or “gross”?<br />
Have a class discussion <strong>about</strong> <strong>the</strong> importance in having a deeper understanding of a<br />
person’s culture ra<strong>the</strong>r than making a quick judgment based on a stereotype. For example,<br />
discuss <strong>the</strong> difference between a stereotype of an “Indian” with <strong>the</strong> understanding of an<br />
aspect of Kiowa and Comanche culture. Use cultures examined in this packet and in <strong>the</strong><br />
CaraVan program in your discussion.<br />
Lead <strong>the</strong> discussion so that students understand that having a deeper understanding<br />
of a culture can help <strong>the</strong>m see <strong>the</strong> similarities and differences with <strong>the</strong>ir own cultures.<br />
Understanding cultural connections will better prepare <strong>the</strong>m to appreciate ra<strong>the</strong>r than fear<br />
differences.<br />
Activity Two (<strong>for</strong> grades 4-8): Cultures in My Community<br />
Have your students research <strong>the</strong> cultures in <strong>the</strong>ir communities by interviewing community<br />
members. For Rhode Island, this might include <strong>the</strong> Cape Verdean, Narragansett,<br />
Wampanoag, Portuguese, Irish, or French Canadian communities, among many o<strong>the</strong>rs. You<br />
can have your students work in teams or individually. Students may use recorders if available<br />
or take notes. Use <strong>the</strong> interview sheet on <strong>the</strong> following page as a guide.<br />
Fancy Shawl Dancers at Mashpee, Massachusetts;<br />
photograph by Rip Gerry<br />
46
LESSON PLAN THREE — STUDENT HANDOUT<br />
Cultures in My Communitiy<br />
Name:___________________________ Date:_____________<br />
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Museum of Anthropology<br />
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Assignment: Interview someone who lives in your community who participates in a culture<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r than your own.<br />
On a separate sheet of paper, write your own interview questions. Use <strong>the</strong> questions below<br />
to guide you.<br />
Possible Interview Questions:<br />
What is life like <strong>for</strong> a child in your culture? Are <strong>the</strong>re traditional games, stories, and<br />
toys?<br />
Does your family cook or buy traditional foods? What are <strong>the</strong>y? Is it easy to find <strong>the</strong><br />
ingredients <strong>for</strong> those foods in your neighborhood?<br />
Do you or anyone in your family wear clothing that represents your culture? What are<br />
<strong>the</strong>y?<br />
What celebrations or holidays does your family observe?<br />
Are <strong>the</strong>re o<strong>the</strong>r people in your neighborhood that share <strong>the</strong> same culture?<br />
Have you faced discrimination when practicing aspects of your culture?<br />
Do people of o<strong>the</strong>r cultures in your neighborhood welcome you?<br />
Are <strong>the</strong>re aspects of your culture that your parents or grandparents practice that you<br />
no longer practice? Why?<br />
After your interview: Go to <strong>the</strong> library and research fur<strong>the</strong>r <strong>about</strong> <strong>the</strong> person’s culture.<br />
What did you find out in your research <strong>about</strong> this culture? Based on your research, are <strong>the</strong>re<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r questions you would like to ask this person?<br />
Your report to your teacher should include (1) your interview questions, (2) your interview<br />
notes, (3) an essay <strong>about</strong> your background research, (4) your bibliography.<br />
Bonus: Interview a second person and compare <strong>the</strong> experiences of <strong>the</strong> two people. Are<br />
<strong>the</strong>re similarities and differences between <strong>the</strong> two cultures? Are <strong>the</strong>re similarities and<br />
differences between each person’s experiences?<br />
47
LESSON PLAN THREE — TEACHER INSTRUCTIONS<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
Activity Five (<strong>for</strong> grades 6-8): Exploring Aspects of Culture<br />
An advanced assignment will give students <strong>the</strong>ir choice of a research topic. Have your<br />
students research <strong>the</strong>ir favorite aspect of culture and give an oral and visual report to<br />
<strong>the</strong> class. For example, a student that studies ballet might research a type of dance from<br />
ano<strong>the</strong>r culture. That student can even take a dance class and use that experience in his/her<br />
report. A student who loves to read can read a book by an author from ano<strong>the</strong>r culture. A<br />
student who likes sports can research a cultural sport unfamiliar to him/her. A student of<br />
art can research an artist and visit a local art museum. Some examples are given below with<br />
suggested research questions. There are endless possibilities, so feel free to come up with<br />
your own or invite your students to develop <strong>the</strong>ir own topics.<br />
Research Research and Questions<br />
Topic<br />
Dance Take a dance class or watch a per<strong>for</strong>mance. Research books in <strong>the</strong> library.<br />
How was <strong>the</strong> movement similar or different from what you are used to?<br />
Are <strong>the</strong>re certain dances <strong>for</strong> certain occasions in this culture? What special<br />
clothing is worn / special music is played <strong>for</strong> this type of dance?<br />
Food Find a new recipe or take a cooking class of a food from a culture o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
than your own. Research <strong>the</strong> ingredients. Where can <strong>the</strong>y be found? Is this<br />
recipe prepared <strong>for</strong> special occasions or is it a common meal? How was <strong>the</strong><br />
food prepared traditionally and how is it prepared today? Share <strong>the</strong> recipe<br />
with your classmates and bring sample ingredients to school. Ask your<br />
teacher if <strong>the</strong>re are concerns with food allergies be<strong>for</strong>e having your classmates<br />
try any food.<br />
Religion Research ano<strong>the</strong>r religion. Attend a service, but ask <strong>for</strong> permission first.<br />
How are <strong>the</strong> services structured? What do people wear? Who leads <strong>the</strong><br />
service? What is proper behavior? Are <strong>the</strong>re restrictions to who can attend?<br />
Ask if you can take photographs, or find photographs in books. Bring <strong>the</strong><br />
photographs to school and share what you learned with your class.<br />
Sports / Research or watch a sport or game played by people from a culture o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
Games than your own. When is <strong>the</strong> sport or game played? Who can play it? What<br />
are <strong>the</strong> rules? Are <strong>the</strong>re spectators? What is appropriate behavior <strong>for</strong> a spectator?<br />
How is <strong>the</strong> winner determined? Bring photographs to school to share<br />
with your class.<br />
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LESSON PLAN THREE — TEACHER INSTRUCTIONS<br />
Literature /<br />
Oral Storytelling<br />
BROWN<br />
Read a fiction book written by an author from a culture o<strong>the</strong>r than your own.<br />
Research in<strong>for</strong>mation <strong>about</strong> <strong>the</strong> author. How is <strong>the</strong> author’s culture apparent<br />
in <strong>the</strong> work? You may choose instead to watch and interview a storyteller.<br />
Are <strong>the</strong>re clues to o<strong>the</strong>r cultural aspects such as food, ceremonies, or<br />
daily life in <strong>the</strong> story? Bring <strong>the</strong> book, or photographs of <strong>the</strong> storyteller, to<br />
school and share with your class.<br />
Family Life Visit a family or research family life in ano<strong>the</strong>r culture. How is <strong>the</strong> family<br />
structured? Do males and females, adults and children have different roles<br />
in <strong>the</strong> household? Are <strong>the</strong>re expected customs when guests arrive? What is<br />
daily life like? Bring photographs to school and share with your class.<br />
Music Check out a CD from <strong>the</strong> library or attend a per<strong>for</strong>mance of music from a<br />
culture o<strong>the</strong>r than your own. What kinds of instruments are played? What is<br />
<strong>the</strong> music like? Are <strong>the</strong>re certain <strong>for</strong>ms of dance that accompany <strong>the</strong> music?<br />
Are traditional and modern pieces both included in <strong>the</strong> per<strong>for</strong>mance?<br />
Does <strong>the</strong> artist create new works using traditional instruments? Have <strong>the</strong><br />
instruments been altered to make a modern sound? You may need to also<br />
research <strong>the</strong> instruments in <strong>the</strong> library or online to find <strong>the</strong>se answers. Bring<br />
music or a video sample and photographs to school and share what you<br />
learned with your class.<br />
Visual Art<br />
(painting,<br />
pottery,<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r crafts)<br />
Attend a workshop to make a craft from a culture o<strong>the</strong>r than your own. You<br />
may choose to instead visit a museum to study a cultural artifact or modern<br />
work of art of an artist from a culture o<strong>the</strong>r than your own. What medium<br />
is used? What colors are used? How are <strong>the</strong> pigments made? How are <strong>the</strong><br />
pigments applied? Are <strong>the</strong>re colors and symbols that portray meaning? Research<br />
<strong>the</strong> background of <strong>the</strong> artist or craft at <strong>the</strong> library and on <strong>the</strong> internet.<br />
Is <strong>the</strong> craft or piece purely aes<strong>the</strong>tic or utilitarian? Bring <strong>the</strong> craft you made,<br />
or a photograph or sketch of <strong>the</strong> work of art you studied to school and share<br />
with <strong>the</strong> class.<br />
Clothing Research clothing styles from a culture o<strong>the</strong>r than your own. Try to visit a<br />
museum that has examples of clothing. What materials were traditionally<br />
used to make clothing? How did <strong>the</strong> people traditionally obtain <strong>the</strong> materials?<br />
Are different materials used now? How have styles changed over time?<br />
Do males and females, adults and children wear different styles? What symbols<br />
are used on <strong>the</strong> clothing? Are <strong>the</strong>re different styles <strong>for</strong> everyday and<br />
ceremonial wear? Bring a photograph or sketch to school and share with<br />
your class.<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
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Museum of Anthropology
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
Acknowledgements<br />
Project Director — Geralyn Hoffman,<br />
Curator of Programs and Education, Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology<br />
These materials were written by Marion Wingfield, Curator of Programs and Education (2005)<br />
and Geralyn Hoffman, Curator of Programs and Education (2010)<br />
Edited by Kevin P. Smith,<br />
Deputy Director, Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology<br />
Special editing thank yous to Barbara Hail, Curator Emerita, at <strong>the</strong> Haffenreffer Museum of<br />
Anthropology, <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> “Cradleboards and <strong>the</strong> Kiowa and Comanche Peoples of <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Plains”<br />
section; Dr. Patricia Symonds, <strong>Brown</strong> <strong>University</strong>, Department of Anthropology, <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> “Paj Ntaub and<br />
<strong>the</strong> Hmong of Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia” section; and Margot Schevill, Museum Anthropologist,<br />
<strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> “Huipil and <strong>the</strong> Highland Maya of Guatemala” section.<br />
Graphic Design and Illustrations by Sarah Philbrick,<br />
Graphics Coordinator, Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology<br />
Photography coordination by Rip Gerry<br />
Photo Archivist, Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology<br />
Evaluation<br />
We welcome questions and comments. Teacher feedback on <strong>the</strong> use of <strong>the</strong>se materials in <strong>the</strong> class<br />
room is appreciated. Please email us at haffenrefferprograms@brown.edu.<br />
Creative Commons Attribution<br />
This publication may be copied or reproduced without prior permission when used <strong>for</strong> educational<br />
purposes. Please attribute <strong>the</strong> work to <strong>the</strong> Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology.<br />
This work is licensed under <strong>the</strong> Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0<br />
Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-ncnd/3.0/<br />
or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, Cali<strong>for</strong>nia,<br />
94105, USA.<br />
2010<br />
The Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology<br />
300 Tower Street<br />
Bristol, RI 02809<br />
401-253-8388<br />
The Haffenreffer<br />
www.brown.edu/Haffenreffer<br />
Museum of Anthropology<br />
BROWN<br />
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