Interpretation: A Journal of Political Philosophy

Tom Sawyer: Hero of Middle America 199
can be made available to anyone who is gullible and willing to pay for it.
As Ben begs for a chance to take a turn at the whitewashing, Tom
cautiously refuses, saying it wouldn't do, since Aunt Polly is so particular
about this fence, "right here on the street,
back fence I wouldn't mind and she
you know but if it was the
wouldn't."
Tom says he reckons
"there ain't one boy in a thousand, maybe two thousand that can do it
the way it's got to be done."
And then in the spirit that was to descend
upon one hundred, or maybe two hundred thousands of used-car salesmen,
whose ancestor Tom is, he goes on in response to Ben's begging, "Ben,
I'd like to, honest injun; but Aunt Polly well, Jim wanted to do it, but
she wouldn't let him; Sid wanted to do it,
and she wouldn't let Sid. Now
don't you see how I'm fixed? If you was to tackle this fence and anything
was to happen to it
"
Ben's appetite is now whetted, from a faint in
clination to a raging desire. He offers Tom the core of his apple; Tom
holds out. Then he offers all of the apple. "Tom gave up the brush with
reluctance in his face, but alacrity in his heart. And while the late steamer
Big Missouri worked and sweated in the sun, the retired artist sat on a
barrel in the shade close by, dangled his legs, and planned the slaughter
of more innocents."
And, as used-car salesmen have discovered ever since,
"There was no lack of material; boys happened along every little while;
they
came to jeer but remained to
whitewash."
At the end of the operation
Tom "had had a nice, idle time . . . plenty of company and the fence
had three coats of whitewash on it! If he hadn't run out of whitewash, he
would have bankrupted every boy in the
village."
In that moment of great inspiration, Tom had revealed to him some of
the profoundest mysteries of American democratic capitalism. Its essence
does not, we see, lie in "the relief of man's
estate,"
if that estate is under
stood to be merely the estate of nature. Rather does it lie in the relief of
an estate the capitalist himself has created, by infusing the desires by whose
relief he is to profit. Long after Tom, John Kenneth Galbraith was to
effect."
Tom is the
make a theory of this fact, and call it the "dependence
quintessential capitalist, carrying enterprise to that consummation that is
every entrepreneur's deepest longing, but which he never hopes to achieve
except, no doubt, in that better world to which good capitalists aspire
to go. He turns the workers into customers and sells them their own labor.
What he realizes is pure profit, purer profit indeed than Karl Marx ever
imagined in his wildest polemics against the iniquity of surplus value.
He has no overhead, no labor cost, and no cost of material, and he exacts
the entire purchasing power of his market,
at least until the whitewash
runs out. We should, moreover, not omit to notice the twofold nature of
the entire transaction. Tom sells not only to the boys but to Aunt Polly,
with whom the original "exchange"
takes place. He is under a "debt"
to
her under what we might call the old, precapitalist order a debt con
tracted by playing hooky. This debt too he discharges at no cost to him
self. And there is a further bonus. When he reports back to headquarters,
and "his"
work is inspected, Aunt PoUy "was so overcome by the splendor