Dark Tobacco Update - Tobacco Info Online
Dark Tobacco Update - Tobacco Info Online
Dark Tobacco Update - Tobacco Info Online
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UT <strong>Tobacco</strong> Agent Training<br />
March 6, 2009<br />
Highland Rim Res & Educ Ctr<br />
Springfield, TN<br />
<strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Tobacco</strong> <strong>Update</strong><br />
Andy Bailey<br />
<strong>Tobacco</strong> Extension Specialist<br />
Univ. of KY / Univ. of TN<br />
Princeton, KY
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
<strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Tobacco</strong> Topics<br />
2008-2009 crop outlook<br />
<strong>Dark</strong> Variety update<br />
Curing
Total KY/TN <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Tobacco</strong><br />
2008 Crop Projection<br />
County Agent Survey<br />
<strong>Dark</strong> Type Total Production (million lbs)<br />
<strong>Dark</strong> Fired 57.68 million lbs<br />
<strong>Dark</strong> Air‐Cured 21.14 million lbs<br />
Total <strong>Dark</strong> Crop<br />
(Fired and Air‐Cured)<br />
78.82 million lbs<br />
USDA estimate for total 2008 dark crop = 87.5 million lbs.<br />
Probably lost 1.5 million lbs of dark‐fired and 0.1 million lbs dark air‐cured to Hurricane Ike.<br />
*2009 crop down from 2008 ‐‐ Reductions in buying intentions from all companies<br />
2009 crop more like 2005 crop (40 to 45 million lbs dark‐fired, 12 to 14 million lbs air‐cured).
2009 <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Tobacco</strong> Variety Guide<br />
Variety Maturity Black Shank Use*<br />
Race 0 Race 1<br />
Yield<br />
Score<br />
Quality<br />
Score<br />
Black Root<br />
Rot<br />
Fusarium TMV Wildfire<br />
NL Mad LC Med-Late None None F/A 7 9 None None None None<br />
TR Madole Medium None None F 6 9 None None None None<br />
Lit Crit Med-Late None None A/F 5 9 None None None None<br />
DF 911 Medium None None F 8 6 High None High High<br />
KY 160 Medium None None A 3 9 None None High None<br />
KY 171 Medium None None A/F 7 7 High Med High None<br />
VA 309 Early-Med Med Low A/F 6 8 Low - None -<br />
VA 359 Medium Low Low A/F 6 8 Low - None -<br />
TN D950 Early Med Med F 8 5 High None High High<br />
KT D4 LC Medium Med Med F/A 9 5 None - None None<br />
DT 538 LC Medium Med Med F/A 8 7 - - - -<br />
KT D6 LC Medium Med Med F 8 7 High None High High<br />
PD 7312 LC Medium None None F/A 7 8 High Med High None<br />
PD 7302LC Medium High None F/A 6 7 High - High -<br />
PD 7309LC Medium High None F/A 7 8 None - None -<br />
KT D8LC Medium Med Med F/A 9 6 None - None None<br />
PD 7318LC Medium High None F/A 8 8 High - High -<br />
*F or A refers to use as fire-cured or air-cured variety. F/A indicates either use, with predominant use given first. Relative yield and quality scores<br />
given on a 0-10 scale, with 10 being best for the predominant use. Dash (-) means that resistance level is unknown or not rated at present.
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
KT D6 LC<br />
First hybrid dark tobacco released from KY-TN<br />
breeding program<br />
KT D4LC x TN D950<br />
– Leaf texture more like TN D950<br />
– Maturity should be later than TN D950?<br />
Available for growers in 2007<br />
Black shank and black root rot resistance<br />
Improved curing and leaf quality over KT D4LC<br />
Yield potential slightly less than KT D4LC
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
DT 538 LC<br />
Released from Newton Seed in 2006<br />
Black shank resistance similar to KT D4<br />
Maturity similar to KT D4<br />
Yield potential slightly less than KT D4<br />
Excellent leaf quality<br />
Cured leaf quality superior to KT D4<br />
–<br />
–<br />
Lugs tend to fade in color<br />
May fire up from bottom more<br />
Some curing problems in 2008?<br />
• Restrictions against DT 538 by some buyers for 2009
•<br />
Sister line to KT D4LC<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
KT D8LC<br />
Same genetics, disease resistance,<br />
and high yield potential as KT D4<br />
Different seed selection<br />
Medium Race 0 and Race 1 black<br />
shank resistance<br />
No black root rot, TMV, or wildfire<br />
resistance<br />
Medium maturity<br />
Same potential quality problems as KT<br />
D4<br />
Restrictions by some buyers against<br />
KT D4 and KT D8 in 2009.
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
PD 7302LC<br />
Rickard, 2008<br />
Similar to KY 171<br />
Good quality<br />
Good yield<br />
potential<br />
Race 0 BS<br />
resistant<br />
No Race 1 BS<br />
resistance<br />
Black root rot<br />
resistant<br />
PD 7302LC<br />
Danny Miller Farm, 2008
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
PD 7309LC<br />
Rickard, 2008<br />
Similar to NL Mad<br />
Good quality<br />
Good yield<br />
potential<br />
Race 0 BS<br />
resistant<br />
No Race 1 BS<br />
resistance<br />
No Black root rot<br />
resistance<br />
PD 7309LC<br />
Danny Miller Farm, 2008
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
PD 7318LC<br />
Rickard, 2009<br />
Similar to NL Mad<br />
Good quality<br />
Good yield<br />
potential<br />
Race 0 BS<br />
resistant<br />
No Race 1 BS<br />
resistance<br />
Black root rot<br />
resistant<br />
PD 7318LC<br />
Danny Miller Farm, 2008
Yield (lbs/A)<br />
4000<br />
3500<br />
3000<br />
2500<br />
2000<br />
1500<br />
1000<br />
500<br />
2008 <strong>Dark</strong> Air-Cured Variety Trial<br />
0<br />
NL Mad LC<br />
Yield -<br />
1576 1326 1363 1630 1644<br />
HRREC, Springfield, TN<br />
1467<br />
1211 1515<br />
1459 1572 1688 1900 1327 1656 1744<br />
1394 1444 1435 1247 1152 1637 1243 1273 1523 1467 1302 1073 1461 1279 1307<br />
210 0 204 289 252 305 202 286 187 288 213 300 214 202 232 240<br />
Lit Crit<br />
KY 171<br />
LSD 0.05<br />
VA 309<br />
VA 359<br />
= 67 321 296 249 (total)<br />
Lug Second Leaf<br />
Total Yield/A (lbs):<br />
3181 2973 3087 3129 3101 3306 2739 2974 3270 3252<br />
PD 7312LC<br />
PD 7302LC<br />
PD 7309LC<br />
KT D4LC<br />
KT D6LC<br />
KT D8LC<br />
3290 3187 2991 3167 3292<br />
DT 538LC<br />
DT 595<br />
D2601<br />
D2602
Grade Index (0-100)<br />
2008 <strong>Dark</strong> Air-Cured Variety Trial<br />
Quality Grade Index - HRREC, Springfield, TN<br />
LSD 0.05<br />
= 11.5
Yield (lbs/A)<br />
2008 <strong>Dark</strong> Fire-Cured Variety Trial<br />
4500<br />
4000<br />
3500<br />
3000<br />
2500<br />
2000<br />
1500<br />
1000<br />
500<br />
0<br />
NL Mad LC<br />
Yield -<br />
2017 2113 2004 1882<br />
HRREC, Springfield, TN<br />
2211 2728 2343 2577 2716<br />
2346 1942 1975 1963<br />
2751 2252<br />
1074 1032 976 1002 1167 1054 1299 1043 1259 972 1136 966 1023 1083 1461<br />
120 0 109 136 114 112 149 115 132 106 108 129 119 116 115 87<br />
TR Mad<br />
KY 171<br />
LSD 0.05<br />
VA 309<br />
= 39 445 419 372 (total)<br />
Lug Second Leaf<br />
Total Yield/A (lbs):<br />
3211 3254 3116 2997 3490 3931 3757 3752 4081 3426 3207 3060 3102 3948 3799<br />
TN D950<br />
KT D4LC<br />
KT D6LC<br />
KT D8LC<br />
DT 538LC<br />
PD 7312LC<br />
PD 7302LC<br />
PD 7309LC<br />
PD 7318LC<br />
D2404<br />
D2405
Grade Index (0-100)<br />
2008 <strong>Dark</strong> Fire-Cured Variety Trial<br />
Quality Grade Index - HRREC, Springfield, TN<br />
LSD 0.05<br />
= 14.2
Evaluation of <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Tobacco</strong> Varieties<br />
Christian Co. –<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
under Black Shank Pressure<br />
Trial set June 11<br />
–<br />
–<br />
Kent Boyd Farm –<br />
42” rows, 30” plant spacing<br />
4978 plants/A<br />
Predominantly Race 0 black<br />
shank<br />
Plant mortality evaluated<br />
throughout season<br />
–<br />
–<br />
2, 4, 6, 9 wks after setting<br />
Preharvest<br />
Yield data collected using<br />
preharvest stand counts<br />
Fire-cured<br />
– 2 fires over 22 days<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
Hopkinsville, KY -<br />
8 varieties tested<br />
Randomized complete<br />
block design with 4<br />
replications<br />
2-row plots, 80 ft. long<br />
Varieties:<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
Narrowleaf Madole LC<br />
DT 538LC<br />
KT D4LC<br />
KT D6LC<br />
PD 7302LC<br />
PD 7318LC<br />
D2602 (experimental)<br />
PD 305H (experimental)<br />
2008
Evaluation of <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Tobacco</strong> Varieties<br />
Christian Co. –<br />
Under Black Shank Pressure<br />
Kent Boyd Farm –<br />
Hopkinsville, KY -<br />
Variety Tested Black Shank Resistance<br />
Race 0 Race 1<br />
Narrowleaf Madole LC None None<br />
DT 538LC Medium Medium<br />
KT D4LC Medium Medium<br />
KT D6LC Medium Medium<br />
PD 7302LC High None<br />
PD 7318LC High None<br />
D2602 (experimental) High Medium<br />
PD 305H (experimental) High Medium<br />
2008
Variety<br />
Evaluation of <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Tobacco</strong> Varieties<br />
Under Black Shank Pressure<br />
Christian Co. –<br />
% Stand<br />
2 wks after<br />
setting<br />
Kent Boyd Farm –<br />
% Stand<br />
4 wks after<br />
setting<br />
% Stand<br />
6 wks after<br />
setting<br />
Hopkinsville, KY -<br />
% Stand<br />
9 wks after<br />
setting<br />
% Stand<br />
at harvest<br />
2008<br />
Total Yield<br />
(lbs/A)<br />
NL Mad LC 95.6 94.5 57.4 24.6 18.8 554<br />
DT 538LC 93.8 93.8 92.7 91.9 85.3 2819<br />
KT D4LC 92.7 92.7 92.7 86.4 77.9 2574<br />
KT D6LC 97.1 96.3 94.5 81.3 66.9 2287<br />
PD 7302LC 96.0 96.0 95.6 93.8 89.3 2851<br />
PD 7318LC 94.5 94.5 91.2 85.3 79.8 2415<br />
D2602 94.1 94.1 94.1 93.8 93.4 3293<br />
PD 305H 97.1 97.1 97.1 96.3 95.6 3143<br />
LSD 0.05 4.6 4.3 15.3 23.7 24.7 962
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
Evaluation of <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Tobacco</strong> Varieties<br />
under Intensive Black Shank Pressure<br />
Daviess Co. -<br />
Tony and Joe Fischer Farm –<br />
2 quarts/A Ultra Flourish applied<br />
PreTr Inc. to entire trial area.<br />
Trial set June 4<br />
Plant mortality evaluated<br />
throughout the season<br />
–<br />
–<br />
2, 4, 6, 9 weeks after setting<br />
Preharvest<br />
Trial harvested September 9<br />
–<br />
Air-cured<br />
Stripped November 13<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
Owensboro, KY -<br />
2008<br />
9 varieties tested<br />
Randomized complete block<br />
with 4 replications<br />
2-row plots, 60 ft. long<br />
Varieties:<br />
– Narrowleaf Madole LC<br />
– VA 359<br />
– KT D6<br />
– KT D8<br />
– PD 7302LC<br />
– PD 7309 LC<br />
– PD 7318LC<br />
– PD 305H (experimental)<br />
– D2602 (experimental)
Daviess Co. ‐<br />
Evaluation of <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Tobacco</strong> Varieties<br />
under Intensive Black Shank Pressure<br />
Tony and Joe Fischer Farm –<br />
Owensboro, KY –<br />
Black Shank Resistance Levels of Varieties Tested<br />
Variety Tested Black Shank Resistance<br />
Race 0 Race 1<br />
Narrowleaf Madole LC None None<br />
VA 359 Low Low<br />
KT D6LC Medium Medium<br />
KT D8LC Medium Medium<br />
PD 7302LC High None<br />
PD 7309LC High None<br />
PD 7318LC High None<br />
PD 305H (experimental) High Medium<br />
D2602 (experimental) High Medium<br />
2008
Daviess Co. -<br />
Variety<br />
Evaluation of <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Tobacco</strong> Varieties<br />
under Intensive Black Shank Pressure<br />
% Stand<br />
2 wks after<br />
setting<br />
Tony and Joe Fischer Farm –<br />
% Stand<br />
4 wks after<br />
setting<br />
% Stand<br />
6 wks after<br />
setting<br />
Owensboro, KY –<br />
Stand Counts throughout the season and final yield/A<br />
% Stand<br />
9 wks after<br />
setting<br />
% Stand<br />
at harvest<br />
Total Yield<br />
(lbs/A)<br />
NL Mad LC 93.8 93.3 15.6 3.1 0.40 13<br />
VA 359 97.8 95.5 12.9 4.9 1.8 95<br />
KT D6LC 96.0 96.0 88.4 58.0 39.7 1770<br />
KT D8LC 95.1 95.1 94.6 71.0 46.0 1717<br />
PD 7302LC 94.2 91.1 0.40 0.0 0.0 0<br />
PD 7309LC 98.7 96.9 16.1 5.8 2.2 82<br />
PD 7318LC 94.6 91.1 1.3 0.0 0.0 0<br />
2008<br />
PD 305H 95.5 95.1 87.5 48.2 36.2 1292<br />
D2602 95.1 95.1 92.0 73.2 56.3 2126<br />
LSD 0.05 5.6 5.9 11.6 24.1 22.6 993
NL Madole LC<br />
No black shank resistance<br />
VA 359<br />
Low Race 0, Low Race 1
PD 305H<br />
R0 + R1<br />
PD 7309LC<br />
Race 0 resistance, no race 1<br />
Daviess Co. 2008<br />
D2602<br />
R0+R1
PH-gene <strong>Dark</strong> Varieties and Race 1<br />
2 months after setting – Owensboro, KY 2008<br />
PD 7302LC PD 7309LC PD 7318LC<br />
Black Shank Variety Trial - Tony and Joe Fischer Farm – Owensboro, KY 2008
Burley<br />
TN D950<br />
Holdability and Harvest Timing<br />
VA 309<br />
VA 359<br />
TR Madole<br />
of <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Tobacco</strong><br />
KT D6LC<br />
KY 171<br />
KT D4LC<br />
KT D8LC<br />
4 5 6 7 8 9<br />
DT 538LC<br />
PD 7312LC<br />
Weeks After Topping<br />
DF 911<br />
Little Crittenden<br />
PD 7302LC<br />
PD 7309LC<br />
PD 7318LC<br />
Narrowleaf Madole
•<br />
•<br />
<strong>Dark</strong> Air-Curing<br />
Curing process similar to burley<br />
Requirements for dark air-cured:<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
<strong>Dark</strong><br />
Air-Cured<br />
Burley<br />
Better air-cured barns (no outdoor structures)<br />
•<br />
Not as open as some burley barns<br />
Wider stick spacing (12”)<br />
Open firing? (heat and no smoke) –<br />
may not be needed<br />
<strong>Dark</strong> more prone to sweat/houseburn and mold<br />
• Control with stick spacing and ventillation
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
Air‐Curing Air Curing <strong>Tobacco</strong><br />
Harvest mature tobacco, but don’t don t cut late.<br />
Weather dictates air‐curing air curing<br />
Barn management has some effect<br />
Requires slow chemical reactions to change<br />
tobacco from green to uniform brown<br />
–<br />
Slower for dark than for burley<br />
Optimum conditions<br />
– 65 to 90 F (mean daily)<br />
– 65 to 70% RH (mean daily)<br />
– 15 ft/min air velocity
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
Air‐Curing Problems<br />
Low humidity/high temperature<br />
–<br />
Drying, not a cure<br />
Low humidity/satisfactory temperature<br />
– Variegated, piebald or green tobacco<br />
Low or high humidity/low temperature<br />
– Green tobacco<br />
High humidity/high temperature<br />
–<br />
Houseburn/sweat, microbial growth and<br />
excessive weight loss
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
Manipulating Air‐Curing Conditions<br />
Barn management has most effect on humidity<br />
Low humidity: ▼ ventilation (2007)<br />
–<br />
–<br />
Could add moisture to barn floor to increase humidity<br />
Beware of excessive moisture and mold growth<br />
High humidity: ▲ ventillation<br />
–<br />
<strong>Dark</strong> air‐cured: Could add heat to ▼ humidity, ▲ drying<br />
•<br />
Dry heat from wood or coke fires
•<br />
•<br />
Barn Management for Air‐Curing<br />
Housing<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
Burley: 6” spacing in barns; 4” in structures<br />
<strong>Dark</strong>: 9” to 12” in barns<br />
General Practices<br />
No overlap between tiers: shingle or skip tiers<br />
Normally need greatest<br />
ventilation/air movement during<br />
first 3 to 4 weeks after housing<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
Exception: dry curing seasons of 2007<br />
and 2008<br />
•<br />
•<br />
Low temperature (≤60 F) and/or low<br />
humidity early in cure =<br />
Casty green dark tobacco, light/high‐<br />
colored burley<br />
Barn doors/vent open except during<br />
inclement weather<br />
Less ventilation needed once color is<br />
set in lamina
•<br />
•<br />
Barns<br />
– Inefficient use of labor<br />
– Inconsistent conditions<br />
– Long term storage<br />
– Stick spacing and airflow<br />
management critical<br />
Other structures<br />
– Facilitate air movement<br />
– Cycle in/out of order<br />
– Curing not storage<br />
– Risk of weather damage<br />
– Manage covers more than<br />
barn vents and remove when<br />
cured<br />
Air Curing Structures<br />
*Outdoor structures not recommended for dark tobacco
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
Low Cost Air‐Curing Structures<br />
Interest in building non‐traditional barns<br />
Advantage: substantial cost savings<br />
Disadvantages:<br />
–<br />
–<br />
Lower capacity?<br />
Leaf quality?<br />
Options:<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
Outdoor curing structures –various styles<br />
Tarp barns<br />
Sheds
Tarp Barns
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
Tarp Barns<br />
Ends open –lots of ventillation<br />
Life of tarp: 10 to 15 years<br />
Heath Thurby –Henderson Co.<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
40 ft. x 120 ft.<br />
2 tiers high –<br />
scaffolding, wood or pipe<br />
5,000 sticks (5‐6 acres dark)<br />
Cost: $18,500 for metal and tarp<br />
$6,000 lumber for tiers<br />
$25,000 ($35,000+ for conv. barn)
Curing Sheds
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
Curing Sheds<br />
Versatile –house tobacco or store equipment<br />
Excellent ventilation<br />
–<br />
–<br />
24 ft. x 36 ft., closed on ends<br />
3 cantilever beams per shed<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
Limited housing space (1 tier)<br />
Sticks can blow out on ends, need some protection (trees)<br />
<strong>Dark</strong>: 80 sticks per beam (40 sticks/side), 240 sticks/shed<br />
Burley: 120 sticks per beam (60 sticks/side), 360 sticks/shed<br />
3 sheds: house 1 acre of tobacco<br />
Cost: less than $1,000 per shed
Variations on Barn Designs
Removable Tiers
•<br />
•<br />
Fire Curing<br />
<strong>Tobacco</strong> housed 5-8 5 8 days prior to 1 st firing<br />
Fired 2 to 6 times with hardwood slabs/sawdust<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
3-4 4 days to 2 wks/fire<br />
Initial fires (yellowing/colorsetting):<br />
•<br />
95 to 110 F<br />
Drying: 120 to 135 F<br />
Finishing 110 to 120 F
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
Fire-Curing<br />
Curing stages for dark fire-cured tobacco:<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
Yellowing the leaves<br />
Setting leaf color<br />
Drying down stalks and leaves<br />
Applying smoke “finish”<br />
to leaves<br />
Yellowing done with ventilation and no fires<br />
–<br />
Open vents and/or use fans for 5 to 8 days<br />
Fires started when yellow spots begin to appear.<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
All vents closed except those in the top of the barn.<br />
Hardwood slabs covered with sawdust.<br />
Initial fires increase barn temperature to 95 to 100°F,<br />
RH 85 to 90%.
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
Fire-Curing<br />
Color set when leaf midrib is still green but leaf lamina is<br />
uniform brown color.<br />
– 6 to 8 hrs to several days<br />
Leaf drying<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
Increase ventilation (all vents open)<br />
Heat increased to approx. 135°, RH decreased to 75 to 80%<br />
Lamina will crack when touched, bottom half of midrib brown (7 to<br />
14 days).<br />
<strong>Tobacco</strong> allowed to absorb moisture and then firing repeated until<br />
uniform color is achieved<br />
Applying finish<br />
–<br />
–<br />
Smoke deposits on the leaf add aroma and texture<br />
Sequential low fires with no ventilation to maximize smoke levels<br />
and minimize temperature in barn.
<strong>Tobacco</strong><br />
Alkaloids:<br />
TSNAs:<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
<strong>Tobacco</strong> Specific Nitrosamines<br />
(TSNAs)<br />
Nicotine Nornicotine Anatabine Anabasine<br />
4-methyl-Nnitrosamino-1-(3pyridyl)-1butanone<br />
(NNK)<br />
N-nitrosonornicotine<br />
(NNN)<br />
N-nitrosoanatabine<br />
(NAT)<br />
4 major TSNAs: NNN, NNK, NAT, NAB<br />
N-nitrosoanabasine<br />
(NAB)<br />
Formed from nitrosation of tobacco alkaloids nicotine,<br />
nornicotine, anatabine, anabasine during curing<br />
Carcinogenic compounds in tobacco products
PPM Total TSNA<br />
6<br />
5<br />
4<br />
3<br />
2<br />
1<br />
0<br />
Effect of Seed Source and N Fertility on<br />
TSNA Trends During Fire-Curing<br />
UKREC, Princeton, KY - 2006<br />
0.420.560.290.44 0.310.32<br />
0.4 0.42<br />
Housing Prior to 1st<br />
Firing<br />
unscreened NL Mad, 150 N/A unscreened NL Mad, 300 N/A<br />
NL Mad LC, 150 N/A NL Mad LC, 300 N/A<br />
Average<br />
1.5<br />
1.97<br />
0.82<br />
3.58<br />
Prior to 2nd<br />
Firing<br />
1.78<br />
3.15<br />
2.13<br />
5.27<br />
Prior to 3rd<br />
Firing<br />
4.42<br />
4.23<br />
3.94<br />
3.3<br />
Prior to 4th<br />
Firing<br />
3.96<br />
3.16<br />
4.02<br />
3.78<br />
After 4th<br />
Firing<br />
2.76<br />
3.75<br />
2.75<br />
3.32<br />
Takedown<br />
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Sample 7<br />
Day 1 Day 6 Day 11 Day 24 Day 40 Day 56 Day 63
•<br />
Double-Crop Curing<br />
Curing 2 crops of tobacco in 1 barn<br />
Advantages:<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
Major cost savings for barns<br />
•<br />
Fewer needed<br />
Easier to keep labor force<br />
occupied<br />
Barns can be consolidated<br />
closer to tobacco<br />
Companies receiving earlier<br />
to accommodate early crop<br />
stripping<br />
•<br />
Disadvantages:<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
More management required<br />
Tighter window of opportunity<br />
Operations must be timely<br />
All barns will not work<br />
Curing conditions may not be<br />
ideal, particularly 2nd crop.<br />
Steamers or misting systems<br />
must be available for takedown<br />
Still need 2 barns worth of<br />
sticks<br />
Where to store 1st crop during<br />
second curing
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
Double Crop Curing<br />
Curing 2 crops of dark fired<br />
tobacco in the same barn and<br />
season<br />
Increased stick spacing<br />
requirements on some contracts<br />
limits barn space<br />
Major savings in barn capacity
•<br />
Time management:<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
Set 1 st<br />
Try to cure 1 st<br />
Double Cropping<br />
crop early May, second crop mid-June<br />
Aggressive curing<br />
crop in 5 weeks
•<br />
2 Crops<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
5 weeks between transplanting dates<br />
•<br />
1 st<br />
crop set early May, 2 nd<br />
crop set mid-June mid June<br />
2 crops managed separately throughout season<br />
Neither crop set at ideal time<br />
•<br />
Double Crop Curing<br />
200 to 300 lb/A yield reduction compared to single crop set at<br />
optimum date
Must manage 2 crops separately<br />
when double cropping<br />
•Variety selection (maturity characteristics)<br />
•Management practices<br />
•Weather
Double Crop Curing Experiment<br />
HRREC, Springfield, TN: 2005-2006<br />
Objective:<br />
•<br />
Discover Best Management Practices for curing<br />
and managing two crops of dark-fired tobacco in<br />
the same barn and crop year.<br />
Treatment comparisons:<br />
– Conditioning method<br />
• Steaming or misting<br />
– Takedown method<br />
• Scaffold wagon or bulk<br />
– Time of stripping for 1st cure<br />
•<br />
Stripped at takedown or 3 to 4 weeks later
PPM TSNA<br />
6<br />
5<br />
4<br />
3<br />
2<br />
1<br />
0<br />
2005 Double Crop Curing Experiment<br />
Takedown and Stripping Samples<br />
Highland Rim Research & Education Center, Springfield, TN<br />
Takedown Samples Stripping Samples (First Cure)<br />
*<br />
3.42<br />
*<br />
Misted<br />
*<br />
4.72<br />
*<br />
Steamed<br />
First Cure<br />
4.07<br />
1.42<br />
Misted<br />
1.66<br />
Steamed<br />
Second Cure<br />
1.54<br />
3.19<br />
Scaffolded<br />
5.14<br />
Bulked<br />
5.38<br />
Scaffolded<br />
3.9<br />
Bulked<br />
Misted Steamed<br />
3.84<br />
Early Stripped<br />
5.44<br />
Late Stripped<br />
3.95<br />
Early Stripped<br />
5.1<br />
Late Stripped<br />
Scaffolded Bulked
PPM TSNA<br />
6<br />
5<br />
4<br />
3<br />
2<br />
1<br />
0<br />
2006 Double Crop Curing Experiment<br />
Takedown, Stripping, and Delivery Samples<br />
Highland Rim Research & Education Center, Springfield, TN<br />
Takedown<br />
Samples<br />
2.07<br />
3.84<br />
Misted<br />
Steamed<br />
*<br />
*<br />
First<br />
Cure<br />
2.96<br />
*<br />
2.45<br />
Misted<br />
1.76<br />
Steamed<br />
Second<br />
Cure<br />
2.11<br />
2.7<br />
2.98<br />
Scaffolded<br />
Bulked<br />
Stripping Samples<br />
2.322.28<br />
Scaffolded<br />
Bulked<br />
2.2<br />
Early Stripped<br />
2.82<br />
Late Stripped<br />
2.71<br />
2.54<br />
Early Stripped<br />
Late Stripped<br />
Misted Steamed Scaffold Bulked<br />
3.79<br />
4.61<br />
Scaffolded<br />
Bulked<br />
Delivery Samples<br />
2.55<br />
3.78<br />
Scaffolded<br />
Bulked<br />
3.63<br />
Early Stripped<br />
2.7<br />
Late Stripped<br />
5.27<br />
Early Stripped<br />
3.12<br />
Late Stripped<br />
Misted Steamed Scaffold Bulked
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
Best Management Practices for<br />
Double-Crop Curing<br />
Conditioning / ordering:<br />
–<br />
Overhead misting may be preferred over steaming<br />
Takedown:<br />
–<br />
Scaffold wagon may be preferable to bulking<br />
Time of stripping:<br />
–<br />
–<br />
Strip tobacco as soon as possible following takedown<br />
Deliver tobacco as soon as possible following stripping<br />
*See new publication online: AGR-196
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
Fire Curing and Sawdust<br />
Sawdust shortages in 2008, will probably continue<br />
Interest in developing contact list of sawmills to help<br />
growers in sourcing.<br />
Charlotte, TN: Wood grinding unit that can grind<br />
wood into sawdust specifically for dark fire-curing. fire curing.<br />
Can reduce sawdust requirements by 50% or more<br />
by using wood chips if available<br />
–<br />
Still need sawdust for stem drying
Use of Wood Chips in Fire-Curing<br />
Fires 1 and 2<br />
End of yellowing<br />
Color setting<br />
Slabs/Sawdust<br />
Fire 3<br />
Drying<br />
Slabs/Sawdust<br />
Fire 4<br />
Finishing<br />
Slabs/chips/dust<br />
2008 Princeton, KY<br />
35% Reduction in sawdust usage<br />
Fire 5<br />
Finishing<br />
Slabs/woodchips
Websites:<br />
<strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Tobacco</strong>:<br />
http://ces.ca.uky.edu/darktobacco<br />
<strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Tobacco</strong> Agent’s site:<br />
http://ces.ca.uky.edu/darktobacco/Agent.htm<br />
Burley <strong>Tobacco</strong>:<br />
http://www.uky.edu/Ag/<strong>Tobacco</strong><br />
Burley <strong>Tobacco</strong> Agent’s site:<br />
http://www.uky.edu/Ag/<strong>Tobacco</strong>/Agent.htm