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80 LUTHERAN THEOLOGICAL REVIEW XII attempts were made to bring the two together, but nothing came of it. Also the Mission College wrote Ziegenhagen requesting that the Society not take Schultze into its service. But since Ziegenhagen had already recommended to the SPCK that they should accept Schultze as its missionary, he chose not to convey the Mission College’s request to the SPCK. 85 Thus, two distinct mission efforts were being pursued by 1728. Both of them were supported financially by Ziegenhagen and the SPCK. Both looked to Halle for help in meeting their manpower needs. But one of them continued to be under the direction of the Danish Mission College; the other was supervised directly by the SPCK. With Schultze no longer in Tranquebar, the Danish Indian Mission functioned smoothly. Dal was finally ordained in 1730 and was then accepted as a full-fledged missionary. Bosse, Pressier, and Walther who had arrived in 1725 worked together amicably among themselves and with Dal. Financial support was more than adequate. Membership in the mission grew annually more than in any earlier period. 86 In Madras, meanwhile, conflict again erupted. The efforts of the SPCK to get manpower from England had again met with failure, partly because missionaries were paid only 60% of what chaplains to the East India Company received. However, Francke had been able to send two additional Germans to work with Schultze in Madras: J. A. Satorius, and later J. E. Geister. By 1733, the SPCK through Ziegenhagen was receiving letters of grievances from each of the three missionaries in Madras. Realizing the potential damage which they could do to the mission, Ziegenhagen convinced Henry Newman, the secretary of the SPCK, to limit knowledge of their contents to a very small circle and to try to work out the differences on his own. Even the members of the Special Committee set up in 1710 to deal with the India Mission were not told. The Special Committee eventually learned about the difficulties and chastised Newman for not informing them. Numerous further letters to try to reconcile the contending parties were sent to the missionaries, without success. Eventually in 1737, Sartorius and Geister left Schultze in Madras and they began new mission work in Cuddalore, another English-controlled territory between Tranquebar and Madras. For the rest of his life, Ziegenhagen continued actively to support the Danish mission in Tranquebar, as well as the English missions in Madras and Cuddalore, both personally and through an offering which he received annually in the German Lutheran Court Chapel. In addition, Ziegenhagen made personal contact with the missionaries as they passed through London on their way to India. The experience of Johann Philipp Fabricius, who served first in Tranquebar and then in Madras, is 85 Ziegenhagen to Schultze, 26 January 1730. 86 Norgaard, 143-46.
THREINEN: FRIEDRICH MICHAEL ZIEGENHAGEN 81 illustrative. Born in 1711, Fabricius entered missionary service in 1739 at the age of twenty-eight. Together with fellow-missionary candidate Daniel Zeglin, Fabricius set out for Copenhagen to be examined for ordination on 22 September 1739. They returned to Halle on 6 November, and ten days later set out for England. In England, Ziegenhagen “received the anxiously awaited guests with great joy and praise to God, and provided them with living quarters near his home so they could eat the noon meal with him.” He regarded the time which he had with the missionaries as a time for him to prepare them further for the work they were entering. Thus, he invited them to participate in the Bible studies which he conducted three times weekly with his household. Before they went out into the wilderness of heathenism they were led once more on a fresh green pasture, for Ziegenhagen was highly trained theologically and a deeply based Christian man who also willingly shared the treasure of his wisdom. He took pains systematically to lay out before his guests the content of the Scriptures in order to fill in the gaps of their theological knowledge. Knowing that they would be far from home, the missionaries “enthusiastically followed his leads and studied his sermon manuscripts”. In the case of Fabricius and his missionary colleagues, they had an unexpected period of time to delve with Ziegenhagen into the Scriptures and to tap his theological knowledge, because they were not able to sail until 20 April 1740 due to the Thames freezing over that year. This extra time was used by the missionaries not only for theological study but also for study of English under the direction of another house guest of Ziegenhagen. 87 Ziegenhagen’s personal commitment to the India Mission is testified to by the terms of his will. After he had provided household items and smaller sums of money to his servants, his executor, and his secretary, he left the remainder of his estate to the three Protestant missions in India. Half of his estate was to be given to the Danish work in Tranquebar and the other half was to be divided equally between the English work in Madras and Cuddalore. V Things had not yet settled down in India when another major challenge requiring co-operation of Halle-Pietists and the SPCK occurred. The final outcome of this challenge was the settlement of German Lutheran refugees from Salzburg, Austria, in the American state of Georgia. 87 Germann 80.
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