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62 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Much finer trees occur on the Continent than those in England ; and it is evident that while the tree is healthy and hardy in this country, it requires hotter summers and colder winters to attain its best development and ripen fruit. A fine pair, male and female, stand in the old Botanic Garden of Geneva, where they were planted in 1815. They were measured by Elwes in 1905, when the male tree was 86 feet by 4 feet 10 inches, with a straight upright habit, the female, which bears good seed, was considerably smaller. A famous specimen in the garden adjoining the palace of the Grand Duke of Baden at Carlsruhe measured, in 1884, 84 feet, with a diameter of 25 inches at 3 feet from the ground. Beissner 1 says trees occur in this garden of 25^ and 30 metres high, with stem diameters of 1.90 and 1.80 metres. The finest tree in Europe is probably one mentioned by Beissner, 1 which stands in the Botanic Garden at Milan, and measures 40 metres high and 1.20 metre in diameter. There is also a noble specimen in the gardens of the Villa Carlotta on Lake Como. (A. H.) 1 Beissner, Nadelholzkunde, 1 891, pp. 191, 192. One of the trees at Carlsruhe is figured in Gartemuelt, iv. 44, p. 52 - I LIRIODENDRON LiriodendronJ- Linnaeus, Sp. PL 535 (1753) ; Bentham ct Hooker, Gen. PL i. 19 (1862). TREES, several extinct and two living species, belonging to the Natural order Magnoliacese, with deciduous, alternate, stalked, saddle-shaped, or lyrate leaves. Flowers : solitary, terminal, stalked, regular, enclosed in bud in a 2-valved spathe, which falls off when the flower opens. Floral receptacle : cylindro-conic, bearing from below upwards 3 imbricated petaloid sepals, 6 petals imbricated in two rows, numerous stamens, with anthers dehiscing outwardly by longitudinal slits, and a spindle-shaped column of numerous densely imbricated independent carpels. Each carpel is a i -celled ovary, containing 2 ovules, and terminating in a style with stigmatic papillee at its apex. Fruit : a cone of samarse, falling off the receptacle when ripe, each containing i or 2 seeds. Liriodendron appeared in the Cretaceous epoch, and numerous fossil species have been found in North America and Europe in the Tertiary period. Of the two now living, one occurs in the eastern half of the United States and Canada, the other is a native of Central China. 1 Liriodeiidrum is the spelling used by Linnxus in his earlier descriptions of the genus in Corollarhim Cen. PI. 9 (1737), and Hart. Cliff. 223 (1737) ; but the form given above is the one now always adopted.
64 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Liriodendron LIRIODENDRON CHINENSE, CHINESE TULIP TREE Liriodendron chinense, Sargent, Trees and Shrubs, Hi. 103, PI. Hi. (1903) ; Hemsley in Hook. If. PI. t. Liriodendron chinense, Hemsley, Card. Chron. 1 903, p. 370. Liriodendron tulipifera, L., var. ? chinensis, Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Sot. xxiii. 25 (1886). The Chinese tulip tree was discovered by Shearer ' and Maries z in the Lushan mountains near Kiukiang, on the Yangtse, and was afterwards found by me growing plentifully in the mountain woods both north and south of Ichang, in Hupeh, at 3000 to 6000 feet altitude. Von Rosthorn 3 found it farther west, at Nan-ch'uan in Szechuan. It does not occur on the lower levels, and is essentially a tree of the mountains bounding the valley of the Yangtse, from 107 to 1 16 E. longitude, and from 29 to 32 N. latitude. I never saw any large specimens, and it does not attain, so far as is known, the size of the American species. Von Rosthorn records it as about 50 feet in height. Maries notes it as a fine spreading tree occurring at a temple near Kiukiang. It was introduced in 1901 into cultivation from Hupeh by Wilson, who collected for Messrs. Veitch ; and young trees may be seen in their nursery at Coombe Wood, and also at Kew. These seedlings in January 1905 were at Kew about 15 inches in height, and have stood without injury the cold of the last few winters ; but it is too soon yet to decide whether this species will turn out to be hardy in this climate. The Chinese tulip tree is almost indistinguishable in foliage from the American tree, but as a rule the leaves are more glaucous on the under surface, and the lobing is deeper and more obtuse. The flowers are greenish in colour and smaller in size than those of Liriodendron tulipifera. Moreover, the narrow petals spread out when fully open, and have not a tulip shape. The carpels are consolidated, so as to appear like a solid column, and are obtuse at the apex when ripe. In the American species the carpels are free from each other at an early stage, and have when ripe acute recurved tips. In winter there is little to distinguish the two species, except that in Liriodendron chinense the twigs are grey (not shining brown), the buds come off at a very acute angle, and the leaf scars are oboval and not truly circular as they are in the common species. The Chinese call the tree Wo-cliang-cliiu, i.e. " goose-foot Catalpa," from the shape of the leaves, but the tree is of no economic importance with them. It apparently regenerates readily from the stool, as I found it, where the wood-cutters had been at work, as strong coppice shoots with enormous leaves, more than a foot across. 1 In 1875. See L. M. Moore in/oar. Bet. 1 875, p. 225. 2 In 1878. See Hemsley in Card. Chron. 1 889, vi. 718. a Diels, Flora van Central China, 322 (1901). f r LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA, TULIP TREE' Liriodendron tulipifera, Linnaeus, Sp. PI. i st ed. 535 (1753); Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. i. 284 (1838); Sargent, Silva of N. America, i. 19, tt 13, 14 (1891). A lofty tree, attaining in America in the most favourable conditions a height of 190 feet, and a stem diameter of 10 feet. Bark grey and smooth in young trees, becoming darker in colour and furrowed in old trees. Roots, fleshy with pale brown bark, having an aromatic odour and pungent taste. Leaves extremely variable in shape, but generally saddle-shaped or lyrate in out line, with a rounded or cordate base, and a truncate emarginate apex, 2 the midrib being prolonged into a short bristle. Sometimes they are quite entire, but are more usually lobed, the lobes varying from 2-6 or even 8 in number, and often ending in a point. Venation pinnate. The leaves are 3-5 inches in length and in breadth, dark green and smooth above, lighter in colour and minutely pubescent underneath. Stalks about as long as the blades, angled and slender, so that the leaves quiver with any movement of the air. In autumn they turn bright yellow in colour, and give the tree a handsome appearance. Two lateral stipules 3 occur on the twigs, attached a little higher up than the insertion of the leaf-stalk. These are the scales which have formed the buds of the previous winter ; and, as a rule, they shrivel up and fall off when the young leaves are fully matured; but some of them remain on vigorous shoots till late in summer. The flowers resemble a tulip in shape, being i|~2 inches long, with a width of 2 inches at the summit. The petals are greenish white, with an orange-coloured band at the base, which secretes nectar attractive to bees. These visit the trees in myriads in May, the flowering season in Illinois. The fruit, light brown in colour, is a cone made up of a large number (about 70) of ripe carpels, which consist of a 4-ribbed pericarp surmounted by a flattened woody wing (the enlarged style). The wing may carry the seed by currents of air 300 or 400 feet from the parent tree. The carpels remain on the tree till thoroughly dry, some usually persisting throughout the winter on the receptacle, a few falling at a time as the wind dislodges them. The outer ones are nearly always sterile. The carpels will float in water for nearly a year without sinking; and this may explain the distribution of the tree along the banks of rivers. The seed has a fleshy albumen, in the summit of which is situated a minute embryo. Seedling. — The seedling has two aerial short-stalked oval cotyledons about 1 Usually called "Yellow Poplar" in the United States, "White-wood" also being a name in use amongst tbe western lumbermen. 2 Lubbock, in Trans. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxiv. 84, ascribes the form of the leaves to the way in which they are packed in the bud. 3 Occasionally the stipules are attached as wings to the leaf-stalk either near its base or higher up; and in rare cases they even unite with the base of the leaf-blade, appearing then to be extra lower lobes of the leaf itself. For accounts of these peculiar stipules and remarkable forms of leaves occurring in tulip trees, see E. W. Bury in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 1901, p. 493, and in Torreya, 1 901, p. 105, and 1902, p. 33. I K.
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Page 7 and 8: PREFACE THE United Kingdom offers a
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS PAGE DEDICATION ........ v
Page 11 and 12: The Trees of Great Britain and Irel
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Page 29 and 30: SOPHORA Sophora, Linnaeus, Gen. PI.
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164 The Trees of Great Britain and
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172, The Trees of Great Britain and
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2OO The Trees of Great Britain and
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a 7" KSrJi «£^«~ **». . "" ^ '"
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INARCHED BP;ECH AT ASIIRIDGE TLATE
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13KECII WOOD AT SLINHON A ru 6.
Page 119 and 120:
BEECH AT NEWBATTLE Pi .ATE 8.
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I BEECH AT GORDON CASTLE TLAI-K 10.
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KING BEECH AT KNOLE I'LAIE 12.
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AILANTHUS AT BELTON PLATE 14.
Page 127 and 128:
SOI'HORA AT CAMBRIDGE PLATE 16.
Page 129 and 130:
ARAUCARIA FOREST IN CM ILK I'l.MT.
Page 131 and 132:
ARAUCARIAS AT BEAUFORT
Page 133 and 134:
MAIDENHAIR T liEK AT FKOGMOKF. PLAT
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TULIP TREE IN NORTH CAROLINA 1'LATE
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TULIP TREE AT KILLERTON PLATE 26.
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PLATE SERVIAN SPRUCE IN BOSNIA 28.
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MENZIES' SPRUCE AT BEAUFORT PLATE 3
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YEW AVENUE AT MIDIIURST PLATE 32.
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i '*m i t /n b &; y'JM i /Jk, - •
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•• *-' YEW AT WHITTIKGHAME PLAT
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CRYPTOMERIA FOREST IN NORTH JAPAN 1
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CRYPTOMEKIAS AT IMAICHI I'l.ATE 40.
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CRYPTOMERIA AT HEMSTED PLATK 42.
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PYRUS. PLATE 44.
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SORB TREE AT ARLEV PLATE 46.
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SERVICE TREE AT RICKMANSWORTH >.mmm
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'^iji^m^^Jt^.^M. SERVICE TREE AT SY
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DECIDUOUS CYPRESS IN VIRGINIA PLATE
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DECIDUOUS CYPRESS AT SYON Tr.ATE 54
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GIANT THUYA IN VANCOUVER'S ISLAND P
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Plate 58 represents the trunk of wh
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j« WESTERN HEMLOCK GROWING ON FALL
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