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References [I] RAO, N.: EDV Auslegung von Extrudierwerkzeugen, Kunststoffe 69 (1979) 3, p. 226 [2] PROCTER, B.: SPE J. 28 (1972) p. 34 [3] RAO, N.: Designing Machines and Dies for Polymer Processing with Computer Programs, Hanser Publishers, Munich (1981) [4] RAMSTEINER, R: Kunststoffe 61 (1971) 12, p. 943 [5] SCHENKEL, G.: Private Communication [6] TADMOR, Z., KLEIN, L: Engineering Principles of Plasticating Extrusion, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York (1970) [7] BERNHARDT, E. C: Processing of Thermoplastic Materials, Reinhold, New York (1963) [8] RAUWENDAAL, C: Polymer Extrusion, Hanser Publishers, Munich (2001) [9] RAO, N.: Computer Aided Design of Plasticating Screws, Programs in Fortran and Basic, Hanser Publishers, Munich (1986) [10] KLEIN, L, MARSHALL, D. I.: Computer Programs for Plastics Engineers, Reinhold, New York (1968) [II] WOOD, S. D.: SPE 35, Antec (1977) [12] SQUIRES, R H.: SPE J. 16 (1960), p. 267 [13] PEARSON, J. R. A.: Reports of University of Cambridge, Polymer Processing Research Centre (1969) [14] JOHANNABER, E: Injection Molding Machines, Hanser Publishers, Munich (1994) [16] CADMOULD: Project Rechnergestiitzte Formteil- and Werkzeugauslegung, IKV, Aachen [17] MCKELVEY, J. M.: Polymer Processing, John Wiley, New York (1962) [18] BANGERT, H.: Systematische Konstruktion von Spritzgiefiwerkzeugen unter Rechnereinsatz, Dissertation, RWTH Aachen (1981) [19] STEVENSON, J. E: Polym. Eng. ScI 18 (1978) p. 573 [20] RAO, N.: Kunststoffe 73 (1983) 11, p. 696 [21] RAO, N., HAGEN, K., KRAMER, A.: Kunststoffe 69 (1979) 10, p. 173 [22] GLOOR, W. E.: Heat Transfer Calculations, Technical Papers, Volume IX-I, p. 1 [23] THRONE, I. L.: Plastics Process Engineering, Marcel Dekker, New York (1979) [24] SCHMIDT, E.: Einfuhrung in die Technische Thermodynamik, Springer, Berlin (1962) p. 353 [25] MENGES, G., JORGENS, W: Plastverarbeiter 19 (1968) p. 201
[26] VDI Warmeatlas, VDI Verlag, Dusseldorf (1984) [27] LINDNER, E.: Berechenbarkeitvon Spritzgiefiwerkzeugen, VDI Verlag, Dusseldorf (1974) p. 109 [28] DONOVAN, R. C: Polym. Eng. ScL 11 (1971) p. 361 [29] SCHENKEL, G.: Kunststoff-Extrudiertechnik. Hanser Publishers, Munich (1963) [30] FENNER, R. T.: Extruder Screw Design. ILiFFE Books, London (1970) [31] FISCHER, P.: Dissertation, RWTH Aachen (1976) [32] POTENTE, H.: Proceedings, 9. Kunststofftechnisches Kolloquium, IKV, Aachen (1978) [33] RAO, N. S.: Practical Computational Rheology Primer, Proc, TAPPI PLC (2000) [34] SAMMLER, R. L., KOOPMANS, R. J., MAGNUS, M. A. and BOSNYAK, C. P.: Proc. ANTEC 1998, p. 957 (1998) [35] ROSENBAUM, E. E. et al.: Proc, ANTEC 1998, p. 952 (1998) [36] BASF Brochure: Blow molding (1992) [37] Rao, N. S. and O'Brien, K.: Design Data for Plastics Engineers, Hanser Publishers, Munich (1998) [38] BASF Brochure: Kunststoff Physik im Gesprach (1977) [39] AGASSANT, J. F., AVENAS, P., SERGENT, J.Ph. and CARREAU, P. I.: Polymer Processing, Hanser Publishers, Munich (1991) [40] KAMAL, M. R., KERNIG, S.: Polym. Eng. ScL 12 (1972) [41] PERRY,R. H., GREEN, D.: Perry's Chemical Engineer's Handbook, Sixth Edition, p. 2-116 (1984) [42] CARLEY, J. E, SMITH W. C: Polym. Eng. ScL 18 (1978) [43] Brochure of BASF AG, 1992
Page 1 and 2:
Natti S. Rao Gunter Schumacher D e
Page 3 and 4:
Preface Today, designing of machine
Page 5 and 6:
Figure 1.1 Deformation of a Hookean
Page 7 and 8:
Figure 1.4 Shear flow The shear or
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where c and m are empirical constan
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Apparent viscosity 7\Q True viscosi
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Pa Shear stress T Figure 1.11 Deter
Page 15 and 16:
Shift Factor for Crystalline Polyme
Page 17 and 18:
The power law exponent is obtained
Page 19 and 20:
1.3.7.5 Klein's Viscosity Formula [
Page 21 and 22:
where Mw = molecular weight JC —
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Steady state shear compliance J°t
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Ig 6\ Ig G" lga; Figure 1.22 Storag
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Characterization of the Transient S
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Time/ Figure 1.28 Tensile creep at
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1.4.2.2 Nonlinear Viscoelastic Beha
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Figure 1.37 Maxwell fluid [1 ] The
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Die swel B1 Figure 1.40 Dependence
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2 Thermodynamic Properties of Polym
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where u = internal energy T = tempe
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Enthalpy /7-/720 kWh kg Kl kg polyn
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Table 2.1 Approximate Values for th
Page 45 and 46:
Analogous to Ohm's law in electric
Page 47 and 48:
Figure 3.3 One-dimensional heat tra
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Figure 3.5 Heat flow in a multilaye
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The combination of convection and c
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The equation for an infinite cylind
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The foregoing equations apply to ca
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Figure 3.11 Midplane temperature fo
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Figure 3.12 Temperature distributio
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For drag flow the velocity gradient
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Lewis number: ratio of thermal diff
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The Reynolds number ReL, based on t
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At thermal equilibrium according to
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The rate of heat generation in a pl
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The mass of the fluid permeating th
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4 Designing Plastics Parts The defo
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The parabolic failure criterion is
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Figure 4.3 Secant modulus [4] Stres
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where P = load (N) Lybyd = dimensio
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5 Formulas for Designing Extrusion
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for values of the ratio n (R0 + R1)
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melt density pm = 0.7 g/cm 3 Soluti
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and finally the pressure drop Ap fr
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Pressure drop Ap from Equation 5.2
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Proportionality factor K from Equat
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n = 3.043 RTh= 1.274 mm Shear rate
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The relation of a slit is H = heigh
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Shear stress (N/m 2 ) Figure 5.5 Ef
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Figure 5.7 Surface distortion on a
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Residence time t (s) LDPE m = 40 kg
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Table 5.1 Dimensions of Square Scre
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Pressure drop in screen Mesh size F
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In practice, this efficiency is als
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5.2.2 Melt Conveying Starting from
Page 111 and 112: md = 46.42 kg/h Equation 5.31 and E
Page 113 and 114: Solution Power Zc in the screw chan
Page 115 and 116: Indices: m: melt f: melt film b: ba
Page 117 and 118: Example with symbols and units a) S
Page 119 and 120: X- Q Figure 5.24 Velocity and tempe
Page 121 and 122: (5.54) As seen from the equations a
Page 123 and 124: Figure 5.26 Three-zone screw [8] Th
Page 125 and 126: The profiles of stock temperature a
Page 127 and 128: where HF = feed depth H = metering
Page 129 and 130: Screw speed (rpm) Screw diameter D
Page 131 and 132: 5.2.6 Mechanical Design of Extrusio
Page 133 and 134: Next Page Screw Vibration When the
Page 135 and 136: 5.3.1 Pressure Drop in Runner As th
Page 137 and 138: Examples of calculating pressure dr
Page 139 and 140: Example with symbols and units The
Page 141 and 142: Flow length L mm Spiral height H Fi
Page 143 and 144: Solution The conversion factors for
Page 145 and 146: Figure 5.43 shows a sample plot of
Page 147 and 148: With the values for the properties
Page 149 and 150: Cooling time mm Distance between mo
Page 151 and 152: Table 5.2 Results of Optimization o
Page 153 and 154: Per cent unmelted Axial distance al
Page 155 and 156: A* [%] LDPE Axial length (screw dia
Page 157 and 158: A* [%] A* [%] LDPE LDPE Axial lengt
Page 159 and 160: Flow length (mm) Flow length (mm) F
Page 161: Flow length L (mm) Flow length L (m
Page 165 and 166: A Final Word The aim of this book i
Page 167 and 168: 166 Index terms Links Index terms L
Page 169 and 170: 168 Index terms Links Index terms L
Page 171 and 172: viii Contents 1.4 Viscoelastic Beha
Page 173 and 174: x Contents 5.2 Extrusion Screws ...
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