Persia from the Earliest Period to the Arab

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10 HISTORY OF PERSIA. ledged about him and the religious system named after him. Those who care for fuller details can consult the Zend-avesta 1 as first published by Anquetil Du Perron, and the various commentaries or modifica- tions of it, suggested by the studies of MM. Wester- gaard, Spiegel, Haug, Burnouf, Oppert, and others. I do not myself doubt that Zoroaster, whether or not a king (as some have held), was truly a teacher and reformer, and, further, that his religious views represent the reaction of the mind against the mere worship of nature, tending as this does, directly, to polytheism and to the doctrine of " Emanations." It is, I think, equally evident that such views embody the highest struggle of the human intellect (unaided by Revelation) towards spiritualism, and that they are, so far, an attempt to create a religious system by the simple energies of human reason. Hence their general direction is towards a pure monotheism ; and, had no evil existed in the world, the theory embody- ing them would have remained unassailed and logi- cally successful. On this rock, however, all the spiritual theories of early times necessarily split. Zoroaster or his disciples halted where all must halt who have not the light from on high, the one sure support of Jew and Christian alike. They could not believe that God, the good, the just, the pure, and the perfect, would have placed evil in a world he must have 1 Zend-Avesta, more correctly Avesta-u-Zend, i. e. text and com- mentary. The fragments we now have are not cider, if so old, as A.D. 226, when Ardashir I. founded the Sassanian Empire in Persia. Of the twenty-one books said to have been then collected, one only, the Vendidad (Vida^-vadata), "the law against demons," has been preserved nearly entire. (Dr. H.iug, Essays, &c.. Bombay,
HIGTORY OF PERSIA. II created good, like himself: hence, as evil is none the less ever present, they were forced to imagine a second creator, Ahriman, the author of evil, and to give him, with that during the present existence, equal power wielded by the Spirit of Good. They held, however (and this is a most important part of Zoroastrianism), that a day would come when the powers of evil would be finally annihilated, and the truth be reinstated, never again to fail. I ought to add that the modern' Parsees, whether of Jezd in Persia or of Bombay, do not represent the purity of the original Zoroastrian faith, their views being essentially pantheistic, in that they substitute emanation for creation and confound the distinctions of good and evil, by making both spring from one creative principle. Of the two other great races who take names respectively from Ham and Shem, their it is enough to state here that modern philology attributes to Ham the Cushite tribes of Arabia and Ethiopia, the Egyptians, Philistines, Canaanites \ as well as the so-called Hamitic populations to the south of Egypt. In like manner, the Shemitic population seems from the earliest period to which they can be traced back, to have occupied nearly the same abodes as in later times, viz. : the range of country from Armenia (Ar- phaxad) over Assyria and Babylonia, to the southern end of Arabia. That there may have been in the 1 I venture myself to doubt whether the Philistines and Canaanites were the same race ; certainly from what we know of them they differ greatly in character. I incline to think the Philistines the same as, or connected with, the Phoenicians and, if so, Shemites : on the other hand, the Canaanites may be Hamites ; but anyhow, of a different origin.
Page 6 and 7: ROCK OF BEHISTAX. Page 91.
Page 9 and 10: i CONTENTS. LIST OF DYNASTIES Page
Page 11 and 12: HISTORY OF PERSIA, FROM THE EARLIES
Page 13: HISTORY OF PERSIA. 9 (Zaratrusthra)
Page 17 and 18: HISTORY OF PERSIA. 13 Hence we find
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER I. Cyrus Croesus War in Nor
Page 21 and 22: HISTORY OF PERSIA. 17 Professor Raw
Page 23 and 24: HISTORY OF PERSIA. 19 and chattels
Page 25 and 26: HISTORY OF PERSIA. 2T men of Akkad
Page 27 and 28: HISTORY OF PERSIA. 23 has governed
Page 29 and 30: HISTORY CF PERSIA. 2$ have brought
Page 31 and 32: HISTORY OF PERSIA. 27 had been tran
Page 33 and 34: HISTORY OF PERSIA. 29 the Median em
Page 35 and 36: HISTORY OF PERSIA. 31 the kings of
Page 37 and 38: HISTORY OF PERSIA. 33 fessed submis
Page 39 and 40: HISTORY OF PERSIA. passionate, acce
Page 41 and 42: HISTORY OF PERSIA. 37 Ecbatana, wit
Page 43 and 44: HISTORY OF PERSIA. 39 their number
Page 45 and 46: HISTORY OF PERSIA. 4! satrap then b
Page 47 and 48: HISTORY OF PERSIA. memory the Kimme
Page 49 and 50: HISTORY OF PERSIA. 45 sculpture, 5s
Page 51 and 52: HISTORY OF PERSIA. 47 Both these of
Page 53 and 54: HISTORY OF PERSIA. 49 Greeks of the
Page 55 and 56: CHAPTER II. Xerxes Canal of Athos T
Page 57 and 58: HISTORY OF PERSIA. 53 some places f
Page 59 and 60: HISTORY OF PERSIA. 55 full of brave
Page 61 and 62: HISTORY OF PERSIA. 57 which had gon
Page 63 and 64: HISTORY OF PERSIA. 59 decline of th
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. while the eunuch
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 63 the immediate
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 65 troops; and s
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 67 Ochus soon af
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 69 (though, befo
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 71 this fact: we
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 73 real importan
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 75 Alexander hav
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CHAPTER III. Daniel Darius the Mede
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 79 prepared lyin
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 8 1 he forgot Go
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 83 Belshazzar, a
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 85 of the he-goa
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CHAPTER IV. Tomb of Cyrus Inscripti
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 89 tall figure (
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. f)I of all the A
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occur alternately. HISTORY OF PERSI
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 95 that had been
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 97 other buildin
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 99 between Babyl
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. IOI Roman empire
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 103 a genuine me
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 105 Achaemenian
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 107 out of the s
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 109 hall, called
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. IH Palace. Here
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 1 13 Three other
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 11$ bases only h
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 1 I/ of his exca
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. Tomb of Darius.
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CHAPTER V. Anacidae Arsakes I Tirid
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 123 Parthians se
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 125 tions *. Wit
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 127 Koh, a tract
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mSTORY OF PERSIA. 1 29 in a conflic
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 13! fii'st follo
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 133 had always b
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 135 Crassus reac
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HISTORY OF PURSIA. 137 was a wiser
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 139 ment, that t
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 14! step towards
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 1^3 the Roman ad
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 145 that ultimat
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 147 but, by cros
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 149 lings or fai
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 1$! their exclus
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HLsTORY OF PERSIA. 153 pointed out
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 155 In fact, the
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 157 reign of Ard
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 159 brated found
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. l6l Armenia, wit
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 163. kingdom of
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 165 of the Persi
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 167 thought, the
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 169 retaliated o
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. iyi is the third
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 173 emperor, bec
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. of the Persians,
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 177 Berrhaea or
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 179 and trophies
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. l8l Some years b
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 183 tassel 1 His
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 185 represents t
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. iy man at full c
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 109 approaching
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. If^I a little be
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 193 chief person
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HISTORY OF PERSIA. 195 accurate pla
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PUBLICATIONS OF THE Jorictg for f r
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FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE.
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University of California SOUTHERN R
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