Dairy Sheep Symposium - the Department of Animal Sciences ...

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Little research has been done on the composition of fatty acids of sheep milk, but the diet seems important on this regard. Casoli et al. (1989) reported that sheep milk fat contains high percentages of palmitic and oleic acid, while essential fatty acids, linoleic acid and linolenic acid are low. Volatile fatty acids range from 15 to 30 % and are more saturated than unsaturated. Casoli et al. (1989) and Rossi and Pulina (1991) also reported that nutrition affects the fatty acid composition of the fat in the milk. If the ewes are underfed and mobilize their body reserves, the proportions of high molecular weight fatty acids are increased. In particular, there is an increase in oleic acid, which derives from stearic acid after the action of a mammary desaturase. So, the ratio C18/C10 in the milk provides an indication of the nutritional status of the animal. Ewes generally mobilise body reserves for the first 4-5 weeks of lactation (Pulina 1990). The presence of unsaturated fatty acids in the milk could generate processing problems which, however, would not be detected in European sheep dairy systems as for the first 4-5 weeks of lactation the milk is consumed by the lambs. Processing problems in the first few weeks of lactation have been reported by sheep dairy manufacturers in Australia, where the ewes are separated from the lambs and milked soon after birth. The hypothesis that these processing problems in early lactation may be due to the presence of unsaturated fatty acids in the milk is currently being investigated by researchers at the University of Western Australia. The fatty acid composition of the fat in the milk also can be modified by feeding protected fat, as demonstrated by the work of Pulina et al. 1990b, Sklan (1992) and Chiofalo et al. (1993) who observed significant increases in long chain fatty acids, especially unsaturated fatty acids, in ewes fed protected fat. Pulina (1990) observed that improving the quality of the diet can reduce the somatic cell count in the milk, especially toward the end of lactation (Pulina et al. 1992). This is probably due to an improved functionality of the rumen which results in the combined effect of increasing production, resulting in a dilution of the somatic cells and of slowing down mammary cell turnover. Somatic cell counts can increase in sheep grazing green pasture due to excessive nitrogen intake (Cuccurru et al. 1994). The use of regulators of rumen fermentations such as Flavomycin (Hoechst Ltd) may result in reductions in the somatic cell count (Pulina and Rassu 1991b). Nutrition has a limited effect on the microbiological characteristics of sheep milk, which are mainly attributable to hygienic conditions during milking. However, dietary imbalances (excess carbohydrates, excess nitrogen, insufficient fibre) causing anomalous fermentations in the rumen or the hind gut can provoke the output of highly contaminating faeces because of their low consistency and high content of microbial cells (Bertoni 1992). Also selenium deficiency can compromise the anti-oxidant properties of the mammary tissue and cause an increase in the somatic cell count of the milk (Ronchi et al. 1994). The use of silage can also increase the number of spore-forming bacteria, especially Clostridium spp, in the milk (Manfredini et al. 1987; Cavani et al. 1991), which could affect the keeping properties of the cheese.
References Alais C. (1974). Science du lait. Principes des techniques laitières (Science of milk. Principles of dairy techniques). 3rd Edition SEP Editions. Paris. Aleandri R., Buttazzoni L.G. Schneider J.C. (1990). The effects of milk protein polymorphism on milk components and cheese-producing ability. Journal of Dairy Science 73, 241-55. Alexander G. and Davies H.L. (1959). Relationship of milk production to number of lambs born or suckled. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 10, 720-4. Amos H.E., Kiser T. and Lowenstein M. (1985). Influence of milking frequency on productive and reproductive efficiencies of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 68, 732-9. Anifantakis E.M. (1986). Comparison of the physico-chemical properties of ewe’s and cow’s milk. Proceedings of the International Dairy Federation Seminar on Production and Utilization of Ewe’s and Goat’s Milk. Athens, Greece, 23-25 September 1985. Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation No 202/1986 42-53. Anifantakis E.M. (1990). Manufacture of sheep’s milk products. Proceedings of the XXIII International Dairy Congress, Montreal, Quebec B, 412-9. ARA (1995). Laboratorio della Associazione Regionale Allevatori, Oristano (Sardegna) Arave C.W., Gillet T.A., Price D.A. and Matthews D.H. (1973). Polymorphism in caseins of sheep milk. Journal of Animal Science 36, 241-4. Askar A.A., Helal F.R., Ahmed N.S., Hofi A.A. and Haggag S. (1984). Effect of seasonal variation on physical properties, gross composition, nitrogen distribution, rennin coagulation time and heat stability of Egyptian ewe’s milk. Egyptian Journal of Food Science 12, 143-8. Baltadjeva M., Veinoglou B., Kandarakis J., Edgaryan M and Stamenova V. (1982). La composition du lait des brabis de la region de Plovdiv en Bulgarie et de Ioannina en Greece. Le Lait 62, 191-201. Banky B. (1949). Basic principles of breeding of Milch Merino sheep. Animal Breeding Abstracts 18, 984. Barillet F., Elsen J.M. and Roussely M. (1986). Optimization of a selection scheme for milk composition and yield in milking ewes: example of the Lacaune breed. Proceedings of the 3rd World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production 6, 658-664. Barnes M.A., Pearson R.E. and Lukes-Wilson A.J. (1990). Effects of milking frequency and selection for milk yield on productive efficiency of Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 73, 1603-11. Barnicoat C.R. (1952). Milk production of the ewe. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society for Animal Production 12, 115-20. Barnicoat C.R., Logan A.G. and Grant A.I. (1949). Milk-secretion studies with New Zealand Romney ewes. Parts I and II. Journal of Agricultural Science (Cambridge) 39, 44-55. Bartsch R.S., Beck C.G., Wickes R.B. and Hehir A.F. (1981). Influence of milking interval and feeding strategy on the composition of milk and milk fat in Friesian cows. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology 36, 26-9. Battaglini A. and De Maria C. (1977). Influenza della soppressione di una mungitura giornaliera sulla produzione e su talune caratteristiche chimico fisiche del latte di pecore di razza Sopravissana (Influence of omitting one daily milking on milk production and on some chemical and physical characteristics of the milk of Sopravissana ewes). Annali dell’Istituto Sperimentale per la Zootecnia 10, 73-92
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Proceedings of the 7 th Great Lakes
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ORGANIZING COMMITTEE 7 TH GREAT LAK
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Thursday, November 1 Noon Registrat
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SPEAKERS Dr. Juan-José Arranz, Dpt
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Table of Contents (continued) Lates
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eeding and were created to have hig
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Disease in the U.K. and subsequentl
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sheep production conditions in Wisc
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Pinelli, F., P. A. Oltenacu, G. Ian
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Bucket milking and elevated platfor
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Throughputs in different parlors No
Page 23 and 24: 1 - Stand up as straight as possibl
Page 25 and 26: Roques J.L.. 1997. Traite des brebi
Page 27 and 28: Grade B milk quality is as follows:
Page 29 and 30: (c) Not Applicable (d) At least 10
Page 31 and 32: TOILET AND WATER SUPPLY 7. Toilet (
Page 33 and 34: (c) Drugs and medicinals shall be l
Page 35 and 36: FARMSTEAD CHEESE AND MARKETING Stev
Page 37 and 38: 5. Cheese is delivered in person, w
Page 39 and 40: to participate with us, we are enga
Page 41 and 42: The key points to this plan were: Y
Page 43 and 44: Milk is supplied in two major forms
Page 45 and 46: MANAGEMENT OF A DAIRY SHEEP OPERATI
Page 47 and 48: 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 Chart 1: Mi
Page 49 and 50: Facilities and Equipment The requir
Page 51 and 52: from the ewes at 12 to 24 hours of
Page 53 and 54: COMPARISON OF EAST FRIESIAN AND LAC
Page 55 and 56: two-year-olds in 2001. East Friesia
Page 57 and 58: Reproduction. Table 4 compares the
Page 59 and 60: six ewes were sired by Lacaune ram
Page 61 and 62: FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF EW
Page 63 and 64: Sheep Genetic factors breed and gen
Page 65 and 66: Genetic factors The breed and genot
Page 67 and 68: Physiological factors affecting she
Page 69 and 70: Management factors affecting the qu
Page 71 and 72: sheep with one peak of milk ejectio
Page 73: An important aspect of dietary fibr
Page 77 and 78: Bufano G., Dario C. and Laudadio V.
Page 79 and 80: Cowan R.T., Robinson J.J., McHattie
Page 81 and 82: Folman Y., Volcani R. and Eyal E. (
Page 83 and 84: Kalantzopoulos G. (1994). Influence
Page 85 and 86: McHattie I., Fraser C., Thompson J.
Page 87 and 88: Peart J.N. (1970). The influence of
Page 89 and 90: Ranieri M.S. (1993). La variazione
Page 91 and 92: Treacher T.T. (1970). Effects of nu
Page 93 and 94: EVALUATION OF SENSORY AND CHEMICAL
Page 95 and 96: ing, the cheeses were brined for 18
Page 97 and 98: The FFA concentrations generally in
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Composition of pasteurized
Page 101: Table 6. Body and texture scores 1
Page 104 and 105: Present Development of Selection Sc
Page 106 and 107: Breed Usage in Europe Crossbreeding
Page 108 and 109: nearly 1. As a consequence this cha
Page 110 and 111: Table 5. Repeatabilities and phenot
Page 112 and 113: percentage is not expected to resul
Page 114 and 115: Improved AI technique Artificial in
Page 116 and 117: Identifying major genes or QTL rela
Page 118 and 119: Figure 5. Half-sib families and QTL
Page 120 and 121: In the case of cheese the problem i
Page 122 and 123: Emanuelson, U., Danell, B., Philips
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Rothschild, M. F., Soller, M. (1997
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teat placement in dairy ewes (Fern
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that of the average milking time. M
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1988) and active expulsion of fat f
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References Barillet, F., and F. Boc
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Table 1. Least squares means ± SEM
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Table 3. Simulation of parlor throu
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EFFECT OF REDUCING THE FREQUENCY OF
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Individual ewe milk production (mor
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dimanche soir sur les brebis de rac
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A B A Morning milk yield, kg B Adj.
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Background and History: Most sheep
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Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 87 Effect
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Fall Lambing Percentage 100 90 80 7
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THE EFFECT OF GROWTH RATE ON MAMMAR
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After puberty, the mammary gland re
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Many trials have examined the mamma
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From these results the authors conc
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Onset of Puberty and Reproductive P
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Similarly, calves, heifers, and cow
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McCann, M. A., Goode, L., Harvey, R
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DISCUSSION Stability of Frozen Raw
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analyzed for titratable acidity, sy
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411-416. Wendorff, W.L. 1998. Updat
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Recent Outbreaks involving Cheddar
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testing on raw milk at the farm. Th
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THE AUSTRALIAN SHEEP DAIRY INDUSTRY
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The University of Western Australia
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Heterosis did not seem to intervene
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Lambs The problem of weaning lambs
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GROUP BREEDING SCHEME: A FEASIBLE S
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Where: h = square root of heritabil
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Second step. All members enroll in
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The structure and movement of anima
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CAN THE OVARY INFLUENCE MILK PRODUC
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dividing the amount of milk obtaine
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the CL there were significant diffe
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etween milkings. Finally, this woul
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Table 1. Least squares means ± SEM
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A Daily milk yield (kg) A B Milk fl
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Progesterone (ng/ml) 8 6 4 2 0 CLY:
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milk volume within the cistern (Mar
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Results Treatment milk yield increa
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Reports in dairy cattle concerning
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Muir, D.D., D.S. Horne, A.J.R. Law,
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Milk yield (kg) 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6
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A Milk protein (%) A A Milk protein
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TAPPE FARM TOUR Jon & Kris Tappe, T
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a little special attention every da
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