great lakes dairy sheep symposium - the Department of Animal ...
great lakes dairy sheep symposium - the Department of Animal ... great lakes dairy sheep symposium - the Department of Animal ...
• Good source for purchasing replacement sheep as many producer members are interested in overall health of their flocks. • Started a pilot program with the USDA in Minnesota in 2006 to evaluate an OPP eradication program for flocks also enrolled in the Voluntary Scrapie Control Program. Testimonials from Producers ♦ 195 ewes (Ile de France, Hamp, Rambouillet cross) “We used testing and culling to rid the flock of OPP. The flock tested 100% neg in 12/02 and 4/03. Will continue to test every other year and all new sheep that enter. We are very glad that we are OPP negative. Lambing is now a total joy!” ♦ 70 crossbred ewes – “life without OPP is good!” ♦ 750 crossbred ewes – “used whole flock testing and culling to achieve 100% negative status. Have seen an all around improvement in flock health.” Caseous Lymphadenitis – CL – Abscesses - Boils CL is a very common, highly contagious disease seen in sheep and goats caused by the bacteria Actinomyces (corynebacterium) pseudotuberculosis. Basic Understanding of the Disease • The animal’s body reacts to this bacteria by building thick walls around the infection – abscesses that are usually filled with very thick, white-greenish non-odorous pus. • Abscesses can be located anywhere in the body but most likely in internal or external lymph nodes around head and chest area. - parotid lymph nodes under ears - submandibular lymph nodes in throatlatch - mediastinal lymph nodes in chest between lungs - prescapular and prefemoral lymph nodes in front of front and rear legs • The ruptured abscess will shed millions of bacteria into the environment • The bacteria is quite stable and will live in organic material for weeks to months. • Very easy to culture. • Rare to find abscesses in animals under 6 months of age • This disease is brought on to a farm through purchased infected animals, shows, or shearing equipment • Goats and sheep most likely infected. Rare cases of human infection reported. Differential Diagnoses • Other Actinomyces species – be sure to have abscesses cultured before you panic. Sheep and cows are good at making abscesses to wall off foreign bodies and organisms. • OPP, Scrapie and Johne’s disease – internal CL abscesses can cause weight loss, coughing, and rarely CNS signs. 30
• Neoplastic tumors Treatment • Cull, cull, cull or at least isolate before abscesses rupture • When isolated, have DVM lance abscesses (or teach you how to do it properly). Wear gloves and burn abscess pus and material. Flush with dilute iodine or chlorhexadine. Keep isolated until totally healed. Disinfect pen and equipment with bleach when done Sheep are still considered contagious as they may have abscesses internally that are spread through coughing, etc. Diagnosis • Culture – take swab from outer edges of abscess. Quite easy to isolate in lab. • Necropsy – take advantage of the death of older ewes. Especially thin ones that die from unknown causes. For a reasonable fee, they can be checked for mineral levels in liver and kidneys, chronic diseases and parasite loads. • Serology – can be used as a tool for eradication programs or pre-purchase screens. The serum is tested for the sheep’s response to toxins that are released by the bacteria. The results give a range of results depending on whether the sheep is actively abscessing, has been exposed but not abscessed, or has never been exposed. This test needs interpretation and knowledge of the flock history. Control and Eradication California Animal Health and Food Safety Lab West Health Sciences Drive University of CA Davis 95616 530-752-7577 • Cull, Cull Cull! • Vaccinate - Colorado Serum’s Casebac and Caseous DT work well in eradication schemes. Vaccinate lambs at weaning (6-8 weeks) with a booster 2-4 weeks later. Repeat vaccination annually. • Do not use in pregnant ewes • Inject subcutaneously behind elbow - will leave permanent knots. Do not inject anywhere else - Leaves severe swellings. • Causes lethargy and lameness for 24-48 hours. • Suggest using at dry-off in ewes – helps to dry-off - Autogenous vaccines can be made using pure cultures of the abscess material from your own sheep. I have heard good reports from DVMs who have used Hygieia Biological Laboratories, California. 888-494-4342. Follow same schedule as Colorado Serum’s vaccines. Cost is about $1 per dose. 31
- Page 1 and 2: Proceedings of the 12 th Annual GRE
- Page 3 and 4: Symposium Organizing Committee Yves
- Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents (cont.) SHEPHERD
- Page 7 and 8: Program of Events (cont.) Friday, N
- Page 9 and 10: Gold: Sponsors Babcock Institute fo
- Page 11 and 12: SHEEP DAIRY FARM ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
- Page 13 and 14: 3) Recordkeeping a) Degrees of deta
- Page 15 and 16: Out of this allocation, the Dairy B
- Page 17 and 18: The original plan for Uplands was t
- Page 19 and 20: Cheese As previously mentioned, Ple
- Page 21 and 22: ORGANIC SHEEP DAIRY: MARKETS AND PR
- Page 23 and 24: products that, especially combined
- Page 25 and 26: Organic Milk Production Requirement
- Page 27 and 28: To become certified, you must first
- Page 29 and 30: ATTRA- the National Sustainable Agr
- Page 31 and 32: 1.2. The average western Pyrenees d
- Page 33 and 34: During the last 15 years, the avera
- Page 35 and 36: The growth of the market of Pyrenee
- Page 37 and 38: them tested for OPP using the cElis
- Page 39: separate facilities and tested at 4
- Page 43 and 44: STRATEGIC CONTROL OF GASTRO-INTESTI
- Page 45 and 46: C. Intestinal cestode parasites (ta
- Page 47 and 48: Strategic Timing of Treatment Phase
- Page 49 and 50: 1.2. IMI is the main factor influen
- Page 51 and 52: 1.3. Use of SCC in order to detect
- Page 53 and 54: within-day fluctuation (SCC level a
- Page 55 and 56: expensive. But it is necessary to b
- Page 57 and 58: The influence of high SCC on cheese
- Page 59 and 60: Figure 9. Contribution to bulk tank
- Page 61 and 62: Regarding the dynamics of the infec
- Page 63 and 64: Figure 11. Evolution of the average
- Page 65 and 66: Lafi S.Q. 2005. Use of somatic cell
- Page 67 and 68: (Penning et al., 1988). Another stu
- Page 69 and 70: Pre-grazing herbage mass (kg DM/ha)
- Page 71 and 72: Table 2: Average test day milk prod
- Page 73 and 74: Figure 4: Average test day milk fat
- Page 75 and 76: lactation ewes (1.66 vs. 1.50 kg/d,
- Page 77 and 78: Figure 6: Average change in body we
- Page 79 and 80: esults, so an average pasture CP va
- Page 81 and 82: Pulina, G. 2002. Dairy Sheep Feedin
- Page 83 and 84: light treatments, when all ewes wer
- Page 85 and 86: percentage protein (AgSource Milk L
- Page 87 and 88: the difference was significant on o
- Page 89 and 90: kg), fat (+ 3.0 kg), protein (+ 0.9
• Good source for purchasing replacement <strong>sheep</strong> as many producer members are interested<br />
in overall health <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir flocks.<br />
• Started a pilot program with <strong>the</strong> USDA in Minnesota in 2006 to evaluate an OPP<br />
eradication program for flocks also enrolled in <strong>the</strong> Voluntary Scrapie Control Program.<br />
Testimonials from Producers<br />
♦ 195 ewes (Ile de France, Hamp, Rambouillet cross) “We used testing and culling to rid<br />
<strong>the</strong> flock <strong>of</strong> OPP. The flock tested 100% neg in 12/02 and 4/03. Will continue to test<br />
every o<strong>the</strong>r year and all new <strong>sheep</strong> that enter. We are very glad that we are OPP negative.<br />
Lambing is now a total joy!”<br />
♦ 70 crossbred ewes – “life without OPP is good!”<br />
♦ 750 crossbred ewes – “used whole flock testing and culling to achieve 100% negative<br />
status. Have seen an all around improvement in flock health.”<br />
Caseous Lymphadenitis – CL – Abscesses - Boils<br />
CL is a very common, highly contagious disease seen in <strong>sheep</strong> and goats caused by <strong>the</strong><br />
bacteria Actinomyces (corynebacterium) pseudotuberculosis.<br />
Basic Understanding <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Disease<br />
• The animal’s body reacts to this bacteria by building thick walls around <strong>the</strong> infection –<br />
abscesses that are usually filled with very thick, white-greenish non-odorous pus.<br />
• Abscesses can be located anywhere in <strong>the</strong> body but most likely in internal or external<br />
lymph nodes around head and chest area.<br />
- parotid lymph nodes under ears<br />
- submandibular lymph nodes in throatlatch<br />
- mediastinal lymph nodes in chest between lungs<br />
- prescapular and prefemoral lymph nodes in front <strong>of</strong> front and rear legs<br />
• The ruptured abscess will shed millions <strong>of</strong> bacteria into <strong>the</strong> environment<br />
• The bacteria is quite stable and will live in organic material for weeks to months.<br />
• Very easy to culture.<br />
• Rare to find abscesses in animals under 6 months <strong>of</strong> age<br />
• This disease is brought on to a farm through purchased infected animals, shows, or<br />
shearing equipment<br />
• Goats and <strong>sheep</strong> most likely infected. Rare cases <strong>of</strong> human infection reported.<br />
Differential Diagnoses<br />
• O<strong>the</strong>r Actinomyces species – be sure to have abscesses cultured before you panic. Sheep<br />
and cows are good at making abscesses to wall <strong>of</strong>f foreign bodies and organisms.<br />
• OPP, Scrapie and Johne’s disease – internal CL abscesses can cause weight loss,<br />
coughing, and rarely CNS signs.<br />
30
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