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88 Victor Pantilie et al. At the engine running on gasoline calculated around 2000 ppm NOx emissions at stoichiometric excess air-fuel ratio. At the hydrogen fuelled engine running to limit this NOx level must be used the excess air-fuel ratio values greater than 1.8 (Fig. 6). At this dosage the power output on hydrogen with supercharge pressure of 1.5 bar is greater than the power output on gasoline with normal intake and at excess air-fuel ratio greater than 2 the power is similar but the NOx emissions level is significantly reduced (less than 50 ppm). 4. Conclusions 1. This paper confirms that hydrogen can be used in internal combustion engines and by supercharging a spark ignition engine it can obtain similar performance with lower emissions. 2. Using hydrogen without supercharging it is possible but with a major impact on the power of the engine if hydrogen is admitted in the intake. 3. The NOx emissions level dropped below 50 ppm at λ=2 and if the dosage is leaner it can achieve near zero NOx emissions. 4. The high engine efficiency when using hydrogen makes this fuel a perfect fuel for urban cycles due to combustion improvement. Acknowledgements. The work has been funded by the Sectoral Operational Programme Human Resources Development 2007-2013 of the Romanian Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Protection through the Financial Agreement POSDRU/88/1.5/S/61178. The authors would like to thank AVL GMBH Graz Austria for providing the software AVL Boost v2011 used in this study. REFERENCES Al-Baghdadi M.A.S., Al-Janabi H.A.S., Improvement of Performance and Reduction of Pollutant Emission of a Four Stroke Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Hydrogen-gasoline Fuel Mixture. Energy Conversion Manage., 41, 1, 77–91 (2000). Al-Baghdadi Maher A.S., Al-Janabi Haroun A.S., A Prediction Study of a Spark Ignition Supercharged Hydrogen Engine. Energy Conversion Manage., 44, 20, 3143-3150 (2003). D’Errico G., Ferrari G., Onorati A., Cerri T., Modeling the Pollutant Emissions from a S.I. Engine. SAE Int. Congress & Exp., Detroit, Michigan, 2002 D’Errico G., Lucchini T., A Combustion Model with Reduced Kinetic Schemes for S.I. Engines Fuelled with Compressed Natural Gas. SAE Int. Congress & Exp., Detroit, Michigan, 2005. D’Errico G., Onorati A., Ellgas S., 1D Thermo-fluid Dynamic Mdelling of an S.I. Single-cylinder H2 Engine with Cryogenic Port Injection. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33, 5829-5841 (2008).
Bul. Inst. Polit. Iaşi, t. LVIII (LXII), f. 4, 2012 89 Das L.M., Gulati R., Gupta P.K., Performance Evaluation of a Hydrogen-fuelled Spark Ignition Engine Using Electronically Controlled Solenoid-actuated Injection System. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 25, 6, 569-379 (2000). Jie Ma, Yongkang Su, Yucheng Zhou, Zhongli Zhang, Simulation and Prediction on the Performance of a Vehicle’s Hydrogen Engine. Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy, 28. 77-83 (2003). Jorach R., Development of a Low-NOx Truck Hydrogen with High Specifc Power Output. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 22, 4, 423-427 (1997). Kiesgen G., Kluting M., Bock C., Fischer H., The New 12-cylinder Hydrogen Engine in the 7 Series: the H2 ICE Age Has Begun. SAE Paper 2006-01-0431 (2006). Maher A.R., Sadiq Al-Baghdadi, Haroun A.K., Shahad Al-Janabi, A Prediction Study of a Spark Ignition Supercharged Hydrogen Engine. Energy Conversion and Management, 44, 3143-3150 (2003). Montenegro G., Onorati A., Leroy V., Barrieu E., 1D Thermo-fluid Dynamic Modeling of a S.I. Engine Exhaust System for the Prediction of Warm-up and Emissions Conversion During a NEDC Cycle. ICE2005, Capri (Naples, Italy), SAE paper 2005-24-073, September 14-19 (2005). Morel T., Keribar R., Leonard A., Virtual Engine/Powertrain/Vehicle Simulation Tool Solves Complex Interacting System Issues. SAE Int. Congress & Exp., Detroit, Michigan, 2003. Onorati A., D’Errico G., Piscaglia F., Montenegro G., Integrated 1D-multiD Fluid Dynamic Models for the Simulation of I.C.E. Intake and Exhaust Systems. SAE paper 2007-01-0495, Detroit, 2007. Onorati A., Ferrari G., D’Errico G., Secondary Air Injection in the Exhaust after Treatment System of S.I. Engines: 1D Fluid Dynamic Modelling and Experimental Investigation. SAE Transactions, Journal of Engines, 112–113, 544-55 (2004). Onorati A., Ferrari G., Montenegro G., Caraceni A., Pallotti P., Prediction of S.I. Engine Emissions During an ECE Driving Cycle via Integrated Thermo-fluid Dynamic Simulation. SAE Int. Congress & Exp. Detroit, Michigan, paper 2004- 01-1001, March 8–11 2004, Detroit (MI) 2004. Pantile V., Rusu E., Pana C., Aspects of the Hydrogen Use at the SI Engine. Conference Proceedings of the Academy of Romanian Scientists PRODUCTICA Scientific Session, 2011. Pantile V., Regarding to the Use of Hydrogen in SI Engine. CONAT, S007, 47-54 (2010). Romm J., The Car and Fuel of the Future. Energy Policy, 34, 2609-2614 (2006). Safaria H., Jazayeri S.A., Ebrahimi R., Potentials of NOX Emission Reduction Methods in SI hydrogen Engines: Simulation Study. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 34, 1015- 1025 (2009). Stockhausen W.F., Natkin R.J., Kabat D.M., Reams L, Tang X, Hashemi S., Ford P2000 Hydrogen Engine Design and Vehicle Development Program. SAE Paper 2002-01-0240 (2002). Sujith Sukumaran, Song-Charng Kong., Numerical Study on Mixture Formation Characteristics in a Direct-injection Hydrogen Engine. Int. J Hydrogen Energy 35, 7991-8007 (2010).
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BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC D
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