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---- technique • -- - --- . RUNWAY Action of glide path indicator herereveals the plane approaching rynway on the beam. obove and below the beam. • • • Centered on the fynway by a b~~~ from the localizer transmitter and guided dawn through the overcast by a glide poth indicator. a pilot is able to come in for .asofe landing. ---..:s ... ,..#------- ,.. r : Action of locolizer indicator here .' . ~ shoW'Sthat the airplone is on beam. right of beam and to left of. beam. • Pilots approaching ihe runway are obleio deiermine their positions from the horizontal and vertical lines. on the dial. The position of plane and how indicated is shown in the three graphic drawings above. Shooting Landings by Radio By It Col F.L.MoseIey AircraftRadio Laborntor)',Wright Field If a pilot has to make a landing on afie~d closed over by a low-hanging overcast, he wants to know three things: When he is lined up -with the unseen runway, his distance from the airfield, and the rate of descent that will bring him out a few feet abo:vethe end of the runway. And these are the three thing~. theAAF's new instrument approach system tells the pilot-by radio.. . • The new system picks the pilot up about 15 miles from . the "airfield.at 3,000 teet and. leads him, down through' over- ~t. to a safe landin~ontherl.mwa,v. ......". .:. . ,-': 'After"m~y'.years.()f.d.evel,?pmt)nt,:tlt(;:~r~~.t :ystem was ,/'~ndardj~. follo\ylngi /,. .. ~~Ofl~rationat the .!{>0tt~n:fhefal1Qi1. ..•...... ..,.\t Bryan, Texas, one . system '. ",.approxImately ",000 1}Ol1ftlof successfJ.I19pera- Han to~ts ~~edit.i '.. (Cl:m:tinuedon Next Page) •"':~ittsb' .0 ...
• , ' CO:'\TJ:'\\'FD Portable radio equipment, which transmits the glide path signals tor the instrument landing system. is placed about 7:;0 fcet upwind from the runwav's approach end and about 400 feet to one side. Because the equipment that has made successful instrun.1ent landings possible is strictly a radio system, a description of the component parts and their operation necessarily must be semi-technical. Fundamentally, the system includes a localizer to hring the plane in line with the runway, a glide path transmitter to guide the plane dO\Y11at the proper rate of descent, and markers or check points O\Tr which the pilot gets a radio fix including distance from end of runwav. ,The localizer is similar to an ordinary radio range. It differs in two respects in that it indicates the course line to the pilot visually (on instrument panel) rather than aurullv and it operates at ultra-high frequencies where it is out of the range of ordin.irv static. The localizer projects tin> tone-modulated radio patterns which intersect as a line or plane in space, thereby provicling the pilot with a center-line to the middle of the runway from as far away as 75 miles at 8,000 feet. On the instrument panel is a cross pointer meter that indicates the position of the airplane in relation to the localizer line, whether it is to the left or to the righ t. One side of the instrument is vcllow, the other blue. At all times, irrespective of heading: the localizer indicates the color of the sector in which the airplane is flying. However, the localizer needle points toward the course line when the aircraft is approaching the fllI1Way from the proper direction, \\'hen the aircraft is f1}'ing in the opposite direction, the needle points '1I\'ay from the course line. Since the localizer is a special form of radio beam or range, it must be flown by "bracketing." \Vith the aid of the directional gyro, heading corrections of onlv a fell' degrees need be made because of the sharpness of the localizer course. So sensitive is the indicator needle that a deviation of 3° from the course line will be indicated by a complete swing of the needle to its scale maximum. This scnsitivitv is essential to assure proper alignment of the airplane with the cen tcr of the runwav. Three markers, 75-nlegaeycle transmitters, are placed along the localizer course, one at 4 Y2 miles from the field (flashing two dashes per second}, one at one mile from the field (flashing six dashes per sccond) and the boundary marker approximately 200 feet from the end of the runway (projecting a constant light). The third component is the glide path, a precise radio beam that descends at a low angle to the runwav. As seen by the pilot, it starts from the landing point on the fllnll'ay at an angle of 21/2° and projects to a distance of 15 miles or more. A cross-pointer instrument on the panel indicates whether the plane is above or below the glide path; when the two needles intersect, the plane is on the proper flight path. The 2 Y20 glide path angle represents a rate of descent of approximately 400 feet per minute at a ground speed of 100 mph. The glide path also may be used for rough inclications of distance from the runwuv since each 200 feet of altitude approximates one mile in cfishmce from the field. If the pilot's altimeter reads 1.000 feet when he is descending on the glide path, he is approxim.itclv five miles from the end of the runwav. Ground equipment includes the 10C
Page 1 and 2: ~J 1 AIR FOftCES * OCTOBER 1944
Page 3 and 4: Rendezvous Who Is He? Dear Editor:
Page 5 and 6: [us: ,dlat is tIle AAI'I'DC~ It is
Page 7 and 8: oads and bridges and military imtal
Page 9 and 10: Here's how controllers direct the p
Page 11 and 12: sengcr and courier service in areas
Page 13 and 14: GET WISE Here are a few of the easi
Page 15 and 16: Airborne soldiers. shown here durin
Page 17 and 18: Smoke in background is fruin [up.ui
Page 19 and 20: It has pronounced step characterist
Page 21 and 22: TIIC{"II""IIIi; ;lItidc j, till' I/
Page 23 and 24: OCTOBER,1944 The first thing the a\
Page 25 and 26: YOUR ENEMY All ;Iirer;!ft fllillg o
Page 27 and 28: ->",i" .""tJnil'et hj/'- By Col. Do
Page 29 and 30: 28 011 BOll~aiIldk is quicklv unloa
Page 31 and 32: the plane landed, a jccp would driv
Page 33: THE PHiliPPINES DISTANCES SHOWN IN
Page 36 and 37: The economic system of the Philippi
Page 38 and 39: The AAF's homing pigeons are recogn
Page 40 and 41: Our aviation engineers had to fight
Page 44 and 45: High Intensity Controlled Lighting
Page 46 and 47: Attached to a flyer's ear, the Oxim
Page 48 and 49: Automatic Pilot Trainer-A new train
Page 50 and 51: 3 5 7 Surprised by the friendliness
Page 52 and 53: TIM ELY A D V ICE FRO M THE A I R I
Page 54 and 55: R.6 I:>:CJ: the AAF S helicopter, t
Page 56 and 57: SS I. You on the left, Buddy, appea
Page 58 and 59: ever .nrivc at a fir',t ~Iid stut i
Page 60 and 61: p:rinted on the outvi.lc wrt l: ,ih
Page 62 and 63: tanks and truck-borne infantry and
Page 64 and 65: FIGHTER CONTROL (Colltilltled from
Page 68 and 69: Property of tDe Library ARMY INDtJS
Page 70 and 71: For the Record I)e:lr h!Jtlll Rende
Page 72 and 73: he Allie's into German-held of the
Page 74 and 75: H Combat may make you Lazy By Maj.
Page 76 and 77: ..... -; ... The results of two yea
Page 78 and 79: Production charts show the disaster
Page 80 and 81: all key points of the factory's 3-+
Page 82 and 83: HE Fortresses T wings to the took o
Page 84 and 85: ';:'4"'~' .~~~c ~)'~ ~J ~~~ ~" . "
Page 86 and 87: 'l'h is was a YClr ago, but these a
Page 88 and 89: Pulling in His Ne-:I:. Reeelit de,c
Page 90 and 91: When a radio operator makes a mista
Page 92 and 93:
Lifeline to the US,S R BY HERBERT R
Page 94 and 95:
Ten o'clock of a December morning a
Page 96 and 97:
THE MAN WITH THE PRIVATE BREEZE By
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THE AIR WAR IN THE SOUTHWEST PACIFI
Page 100 and 101:
STANDARD FLIGHT INSTRUMENT PANEL E
Page 102 and 103:
It 11c:l!,illg l.ot h sidc
Page 104 and 105:
, , ,CO:-iTI:-iUI:D ]'\o\\', pacbgi
Page 106 and 107:
technique ••• CO]\;Tl:"UED Ne
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INSTRUMENT PANEL (Continued from Pa
Page 110 and 111:
LIFELINE TO THE US S R ( Cout iuucc
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F\lr:RCF'\~CY FOUrp\lr:,\'T luvpcct
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50 COMBAT MAY MAKE YOU LAZY (Contin
Page 116 and 117:
EN of the AAF-including the hundred
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.I In. ]~rhO:S-':cl the'mll-it:IIT
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August 7. Patton kept moving his he
Page 122 and 123:
l'Iiavigation Training En Masse. Th
Page 124 and 125:
"WE arc not going to bubble over wi
Page 126 and 127:
A wood block support; injured legs
Page 128 and 129:
Burma. A Japanese light antiaircraf
Page 130:
~ ~,C"= =~=.~7~~ ---,- .... _._. __
Page 134 and 135:
HOW ,SHARP ARE YOU? A 'hoto Test of
Page 136 and 137:
.. ' Back to the Philippines PART I
Page 138 and 139:
Tacloban strip \\";IS not sC'ITicca
Page 140 and 141:
All Tile Illftl, \\ ,(("d If iii, ,
Page 142 and 143:
:lIe fbttle of Hrit.un. IC\i" intru
Page 144 and 145:
Underground. ,'~ group of worried m
Page 146 and 147:
volunteers between the agcs of II .
Page 148 and 149:
I f By Capt. Greer Williams Air SlI
Page 150 and 151:
Flaming debris (If njllI, ])1]]1:ll
Page 152:
ground fire the pilot should look f
Page 155 and 156:
two weeks: Cincinnati. one week: Pi
Page 157 and 158:
At 5.000 fed. the pilot opened the
Page 159 and 160:
cardboard bombs on their choice of
Page 161 and 162:
turn to Traffic Scction, Crcnicr Fi
Page 163 and 164:
Oil refineries arc gooel targets, T
Page 165 and 166:
Tile air campaign to choke off fuel
Page 167 and 168:
fallen into Allied hands, thus maki
Page 169 and 170:
Hamburg i lPolilz IMagdeburg 1 I r
Page 171 and 172:
He's the guy who holds the life of
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46 V4ba\'s vnong V4itbtbis pictUfe1
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Page 182 and 183:
j ._3 Thirteen days after the 13th
Page 184 and 185:
THE ABC OF D-DAY When an invasion i
Page 186 and 187:
By all AIR F( )RCl-: ()\"t'rsc;/s S
Page 188 and 189:
The fighters called for help and th
Page 190 and 191:
A jeep, laden with leftover explosi
Page 192 and 193:
THE ABC OF D-DAY t Cont inu.xl [r o
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By Capt. E. E. Churchill co, isu. A
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- ~ --'fftJMlGa ~II.I - , • - '--
Page 198:
We're more than 2,300,000 individua
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