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The economic system of the Philippines in peacetime was based on a simple agricultural life. Most of the cultiv.rtcd area, about I) percent of the total land area, \\'as devoted to food crops, principally rice. ~ lctliods of cultivation were pruuit ivc, although the lfugao rice terraces in northern Luzou \I ere convidcrcd one of the grclt cnginlTing feats of the world. Corn, coconuts, sllg:lr, hemp .md tob.icco also were grOlnl in qu.mt itv. L.ittle 11lalluLletmillg, as we k no«: it, existed in the Ph ilrppincs before thc \I;Ir. "'hat there \\as cousistccl mu inlv in the proces,ing of export crops, and hanelierafts such as cmbroidering, hat-nlaking, cigar-making and clothing production for home couvumptiou. Othcr industrics included mining, lumhcring and a little fishing. forest covers about CJ+ percent of the Philippmc land area. Still present in 1111leh of the rough, uuinhubitcd terrain is prim cva] rain forcst wh ich gellcralh' is made np of bill trees witl: a clcn «, overhead ca IlOpy I ()O to 140 feet II igh. This foliagc ,hilt, out the sun .md makes the fore,t floor dark and damp. In m;III\' 'lTtions, sccollCl-grOllth jungle of \';lrying hcight .md clcnvitv or grass covers tcrritorv once under cult iv.i tiuu or cut OILT bv thc nut ivcs. ,\t .rlt itudcs above 3. :;()O fcet may be found llIOSS fOlc,t wh icl, is dense and gcner:illy e1ripping lid. On the highcr iu ounr.uu slopl's. however. p:ll ticul.nlv ill nort lu-rn Luzou , there often arc pme xt.mcls of pine. ~ Iangrol'e Sll'amps are Iocatccl along proteeted coavtx lI'hich hale lo«: m udclv fl;lt LlIIds. ;\ network of ]LllTO\\', f.urlv deep w.rtcr ch:ml;cls frcqucutlv iutcrl.iccs the S\\':llllP :IrClS. J'\ ipa p.rhu s\\';lmps 1l1:1\' be found in the chicr. !C" ,alty :!reas bcvoud llLlll~rolC S\\':llllp,. I.:lrgc arcas of floating gr:I'>SCS .md sedgcs ;lppcar in the interior of \ l ind.m.ro. while extensive natural gLIs,Lmds COlTr the urc.is of le'>Ser r.uuf.rl l Oil th.rt i-l.mcl. The conuuou h'pc of I'h ilippiuc gu'>S is called "cogoll." \' crv CO:Ir:«: and clcu-.c, it m.tv he .ruvwlurc from th rcc to eigl;t fed high, \\'llcel,-up 'emergelic:' lallelillgS 111:1\' hc made in cogon gr:lss. There arc ]]() l:Irge :Ind cLiIE;crom wild ;lnim:I1s in tIle fore,ts of the Philippines. LlrgC\t of the n.it ivc species i-. the small huff.ilo, the t im.rru. cOllfined to the island of \ Imeloro. Ollu-r he:l,ts includc wild pig" slIre\\'s, !clllms, skunks, otters, civet catx, sqllirrels, snull \li]dcats, roc!cnls, t.uvicr«, nlollke\'" deer. elngollg,. porcupinc-, .u«] :mll':lter,. All]()ng tIle hirds of the l'llilippines .nc d uckx, cools, g;I1linn!cs, nib. ,llmchircls. dOle" pigeollS, h orub ills aud xnipc-. . .\lthongh the i,!:Ill(!,ll:lke popul.it ion gener:t!h- i, hanlllC\s, ,ome of the sn:lkes nrc clc.ullv, Chief :lInollg tlle Litter i, the cohr:l. fnund lllosth- in riel' fields .mc] Oil the nlues of forests. Crocodiles ofteil :IrC found in clelT rillTs .md ~reeks inside m:mgrOl'c forc,ts. \I:III\ 'In:dkr forc,l pes!'> arc to be :lloi(kcl, Th..v inelllde bl.uk wiclo«: xpiclcr-. Ln:mtld:ls, scorpiom. eelltipl'de" .mt-. \\:I'pS. l.mc] leeehe, and v.uioux hiting hilc;,>- Philippine \'.:I!ers. hot h fre\h :mel s:ilt. :Ire rich fl,hing p(lllnels. Common v.uict ic-: include rav-; sa\\ll,h, cel" 1I11t!rd. SI1:lp])('r,. pom p.mos. e:ltfi,!J. Clrp :lncl ,h:1I1;,.,. The 7Jh ~ i,Linlh cOlnpri,in~ the P1lilippinc, 1I:l\c CO:I,tline, tot:I1ing .ihout 1 ~,O()O lnile" nc.ulv twir;: th.it of t l« l !nitccl St:ltl">. Before the ):Ip oCCllp:diOlL !lICIT \lLTe 11 ofFici:Il port'> of cntrv in the i,hncls.\Llllil:l \1':1' the k:ldin~ port, .md l loiln next in im porlu ucc. Princip.rl r.iilro.id line. of the Philippine, :Irc on the i-l.mcls of Luvon, P:lll:I\' and (:c1111. Tlle m:lin linc of thl' r:lilroad OIl [,1l/0I1 extclids -f:;c) miles frOJll S:1ll FCrJI:lndo in I.a Ullioll Prminee to [,eg:I'pi ill i\lh:l\' Prmince. The lille OIl P:llla\' COlllleets Iloilo :md C:lpi/; th:lt Oil Ce1111 cOllncct'> Arg:](1 :mel Dall:lO. The main Philippine higlmays, built hy the Insular Covcnuucnt, form 1I0 network as those in the United State> became the Ph ilippincs arc not industrializcd and because much of the Island population is conccntr.rtcd OIl the coash where \later travel is convcuicut. There were 14.~O() miles of roads in IlHU, of which 7. :;UU mile, were desigmted first cLIss, 4.hUU second dl\S a Ill! ~,1UU third cia'>'. Two-th ircls of the total Inile:lge of good roads \\'LTe on Luzon. ccnterillg .iround ~ l.uul.r. j\S of Septelnber, ]C)41, the Philippines h.«] more than S:; airports and Llndillg fields. Three-fourths of them were operated b:' thc Communwculth Covcrnmcut. Although most of the airllclds \\'LTe conuncrci.rl. the IIUnl her of military air imtallatiom \I';IS increasing shortlv before the fall of the Philippines. It is reasonable to a\Slllne mallY add itiou.il faCi]ltlCS hale lxcn convtructcd hy tlic J:lp' since their occu pa tion. The conquest of the Philippines bv the J:lpancsc providcd one more ch.rptcr ill the li\cly auc] chaotic historv of the ivl.mds. i\ltho'lgh t luv have been a IncIting pot of v.ui ous r:lecs and cultures for 111:1l1\' ccntur«:». the wlritc m.m had bee-n cou tiu uouvlv inAllenti:'d since the 1(lth ccu turv in shaping their dcxt iuv. 'The i,Lillcls were clivcovcrccl hv ~Ligel, l.m in l:;~ I, colonized hI' Spun in ] :;(j:; :mel ceded to the United St:ltes in ] ,,()S follO\\ing the Sp:mi,Ii-,'meric:m \I':Ir. Schooled in clciuor-r.rcv under our gOI'CTlnllcnt. the PhilippillCS were wcll on the \\:1\' to g:lining their complete iuclcpenllellce when the [:lpS steppcd in .md h.iltccl the proce'>'. I n our com p:ICt with the Ph il ippinc«, \\T h.«l set ]f)-fCJ :IS tlic vc.rr ill \lhich t luv \lolllcl t:lh. their place ill the f:nllih, of frlT u.rt ioux. De\trlletil\n of th« 1;lp and hi, pm\'lT to \I'age w.rr will m.ikc good th.rt prOllli,c. J: •. ' ....0'" ....: ~~.::.:.,:.~ -, ..... ........ ....... {. ....... SOUTH ...\ CHINA "'\ e.;;V~~> SEA \::.:: . +-s~.Pi:' ::::::: ",.::;;;::.>: -.::.. o RAINFALL AND TYPHOON PATHS Zone r. No dry season. Maximum rainfall from November to March Zone 2. Two seasons. Dry in winter and spring (Dec. to April or Moy) Wet in summer and autumn Zone 3. No pronounced maximum rain period, but with dry season of I to 3 months (late Jan., Feb., Mar .• and April) Zone 4. No pronounced maximum rain season and no dry season Typhoon paths. Each track line represents the average of 25 storms . 0'" . ~~;:: . OCTOBER. 1944 35
"SQUAD on toast," the rather derisive cry which crew membcrs customarily made when someone put a crate of pigeons in their airplane, is no longer considered funny in the AAI'. "I would just as soon cat broiled navigator," claims a pilot lately rescued from a Central American s\vamp after a pigcon had carried out his appeal for help. 'I'hc A1\.I"s hOIlling pigeons bailout into a 3:;O-mile-anhour slipstream from 3:;,000 feet. fight wind and cold over hundreds of mill's of ocean and get horne with messages that often mean the s
Page 1 and 2: ~J 1 AIR FOftCES * OCTOBER 1944
Page 3 and 4: Rendezvous Who Is He? Dear Editor:
Page 5 and 6: [us: ,dlat is tIle AAI'I'DC~ It is
Page 7 and 8: oads and bridges and military imtal
Page 9 and 10: Here's how controllers direct the p
Page 11 and 12: sengcr and courier service in areas
Page 13 and 14: GET WISE Here are a few of the easi
Page 15 and 16: Airborne soldiers. shown here durin
Page 17 and 18: Smoke in background is fruin [up.ui
Page 19 and 20: It has pronounced step characterist
Page 21 and 22: TIIC{"II""IIIi; ;lItidc j, till' I/
Page 23 and 24: OCTOBER,1944 The first thing the a\
Page 25 and 26: YOUR ENEMY All ;Iirer;!ft fllillg o
Page 27 and 28: ->",i" .""tJnil'et hj/'- By Col. Do
Page 29 and 30: 28 011 BOll~aiIldk is quicklv unloa
Page 31 and 32: the plane landed, a jccp would driv
Page 33: THE PHiliPPINES DISTANCES SHOWN IN
Page 38 and 39: The AAF's homing pigeons are recogn
Page 40 and 41: Our aviation engineers had to fight
Page 42 and 43: ---- technique • -- - --- . RUNWA
Page 44 and 45: High Intensity Controlled Lighting
Page 46 and 47: Attached to a flyer's ear, the Oxim
Page 48 and 49: Automatic Pilot Trainer-A new train
Page 50 and 51: 3 5 7 Surprised by the friendliness
Page 52 and 53: TIM ELY A D V ICE FRO M THE A I R I
Page 54 and 55: R.6 I:>:CJ: the AAF S helicopter, t
Page 56 and 57: SS I. You on the left, Buddy, appea
Page 58 and 59: ever .nrivc at a fir',t ~Iid stut i
Page 60 and 61: p:rinted on the outvi.lc wrt l: ,ih
Page 62 and 63: tanks and truck-borne infantry and
Page 64 and 65: FIGHTER CONTROL (Colltilltled from
Page 68 and 69: Property of tDe Library ARMY INDtJS
Page 70 and 71: For the Record I)e:lr h!Jtlll Rende
Page 72 and 73: he Allie's into German-held of the
Page 74 and 75: H Combat may make you Lazy By Maj.
Page 76 and 77: ..... -; ... The results of two yea
Page 78 and 79: Production charts show the disaster
Page 80 and 81: all key points of the factory's 3-+
Page 82 and 83: HE Fortresses T wings to the took o
Page 84 and 85: ';:'4"'~' .~~~c ~)'~ ~J ~~~ ~" . "
Page 86 and 87:
'l'h is was a YClr ago, but these a
Page 88 and 89:
Pulling in His Ne-:I:. Reeelit de,c
Page 90 and 91:
When a radio operator makes a mista
Page 92 and 93:
Lifeline to the US,S R BY HERBERT R
Page 94 and 95:
Ten o'clock of a December morning a
Page 96 and 97:
THE MAN WITH THE PRIVATE BREEZE By
Page 98 and 99:
THE AIR WAR IN THE SOUTHWEST PACIFI
Page 100 and 101:
STANDARD FLIGHT INSTRUMENT PANEL E
Page 102 and 103:
It 11c:l!,illg l.ot h sidc
Page 104 and 105:
, , ,CO:-iTI:-iUI:D ]'\o\\', pacbgi
Page 106 and 107:
technique ••• CO]\;Tl:"UED Ne
Page 108 and 109:
INSTRUMENT PANEL (Continued from Pa
Page 110 and 111:
LIFELINE TO THE US S R ( Cout iuucc
Page 112 and 113:
F\lr:RCF'\~CY FOUrp\lr:,\'T luvpcct
Page 114 and 115:
50 COMBAT MAY MAKE YOU LAZY (Contin
Page 116 and 117:
EN of the AAF-including the hundred
Page 118 and 119:
.I In. ]~rhO:S-':cl the'mll-it:IIT
Page 120 and 121:
August 7. Patton kept moving his he
Page 122 and 123:
l'Iiavigation Training En Masse. Th
Page 124 and 125:
"WE arc not going to bubble over wi
Page 126 and 127:
A wood block support; injured legs
Page 128 and 129:
Burma. A Japanese light antiaircraf
Page 130:
~ ~,C"= =~=.~7~~ ---,- .... _._. __
Page 134 and 135:
HOW ,SHARP ARE YOU? A 'hoto Test of
Page 136 and 137:
.. ' Back to the Philippines PART I
Page 138 and 139:
Tacloban strip \\";IS not sC'ITicca
Page 140 and 141:
All Tile Illftl, \\ ,(("d If iii, ,
Page 142 and 143:
:lIe fbttle of Hrit.un. IC\i" intru
Page 144 and 145:
Underground. ,'~ group of worried m
Page 146 and 147:
volunteers between the agcs of II .
Page 148 and 149:
I f By Capt. Greer Williams Air SlI
Page 150 and 151:
Flaming debris (If njllI, ])1]]1:ll
Page 152:
ground fire the pilot should look f
Page 155 and 156:
two weeks: Cincinnati. one week: Pi
Page 157 and 158:
At 5.000 fed. the pilot opened the
Page 159 and 160:
cardboard bombs on their choice of
Page 161 and 162:
turn to Traffic Scction, Crcnicr Fi
Page 163 and 164:
Oil refineries arc gooel targets, T
Page 165 and 166:
Tile air campaign to choke off fuel
Page 167 and 168:
fallen into Allied hands, thus maki
Page 169 and 170:
Hamburg i lPolilz IMagdeburg 1 I r
Page 171 and 172:
He's the guy who holds the life of
Page 174 and 175:
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Page 176 and 177:
:::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::
Page 178 and 179:
46 V4ba\'s vnong V4itbtbis pictUfe1
Page 180 and 181:
:::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::
Page 182 and 183:
j ._3 Thirteen days after the 13th
Page 184 and 185:
THE ABC OF D-DAY When an invasion i
Page 186 and 187:
By all AIR F( )RCl-: ()\"t'rsc;/s S
Page 188 and 189:
The fighters called for help and th
Page 190 and 191:
A jeep, laden with leftover explosi
Page 192 and 193:
THE ABC OF D-DAY t Cont inu.xl [r o
Page 194 and 195:
By Capt. E. E. Churchill co, isu. A
Page 196 and 197:
- ~ --'fftJMlGa ~II.I - , • - '--
Page 198:
We're more than 2,300,000 individua
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