Air Force the Official Service Journal - Air Force Historical Studies ...

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:::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::tech ni que :::::::::::: ::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::: ::::::::;:::::;:::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;::: :::::::::: ;:::::::: :::::::::::;:::::::::::::;:::;::::::::::::: Two powerful 2.100 h p engines lift the CS2\ 2'i gro's tons into the air. High tail eon st rnct ion. sh,)\\'n at top, facilitates cargo loading throngh eight-foot door at rc.ir of fme!:Igc. C-02-Sky Boxcar Design eel cxclusivclv for cargo operat io n-, under com bat cond it innx, the new luirch ild C-S2 "f ork-t.ulcd freighter" is ~I twin-cugiucx]. boom-tailed plane wh ich com hines the triple-threat ad\'anblges of ;1 cargo transport, troop carrier .md Hv- IIlg am bul.uicc, and possesses speed and I:lnge grdtcr than allY uircr.rft of its class ill the wor]c] . As a cargo carrier, its low.slung fusehge .md rear door loading features rccluc« lo.rdiut; prohlems to mO\'ing-\':1ll sllnplicit\" The twin tail boom« arc so high off the ground th.rt ordin.rrv trucks mav he hacked right lip to the fllselage. Then the g:lr:lge-action eloors swing open to IT\T:d .iu eigh t.foot sqn:lre cargo opening, and freight rolls aboard with speer] uud case. In another method, a 42 ramp which folds into the plane's interior when not in nvc, is let down from the fllSelage, and vehicles such as a '(hOlllas 9]':-1 t.mk or a 7:; nun halft r.rr k arc ximplv clrivcn into the plane. It woulr] require a iu.rjor engilleering operation to get either unit into .mv other present tvpc cargo craft, This "Iioxcar with \yim;s" is 'i-+ feet in length and has an overall cargo sp:lce of 2, -:;12 cubic feet-onh- 'i 'iO cubic feet less th.m the xt.md.ud X-2 -:; boxcar n-ed 11\' the railroads. - The troop tr.mvport yersion of the e-S2 can scat -+2 ful lv equipped soldiers auc] their fighting n1:\terial. The interior of the cllgo couip.utmcut h:ls folding cuuv.is-tvpc troop henchcs running along the xidc«, while circlllar windows slide open to permit rifle fire. There arc .... Identification silhouettes of the C-S2. sm:t!1 doms within the Clrgo clnor-. for p.uutroopcrs, who can [ump without [c.u of striking fuselage or t.u] nsxctu b!v stmetmes hec1l\se of the hO{}]l1-tail ele- SIgn. An ur-to-around sllppk feature is incorporated in the droppuhlc aerial dclivcrv containers wh icli arc mounted on sbu']darel bomb shackles in the hot- AIR FORCE
;:::::::::::;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=:::::::::=::: iorn of the fuselage .md arc released in the cunvcnt iouu] !)()ndJ b.rv m.u iucr. \\'hen the C-S2 is usecf as an .uuhul.mcc pl.iuc, pmts and \\eh StLlPS for litters arc set np in a double roll' along the center of the plane without interfering with side seating :lIT'lI1gemenh. Scvcntv-fivc clsu,Ilties may he c.uric«], together with three attcnd.mt-. \ Vhcn not in usc, litters arc stowed under the plywood flooring, I n profile, the C-82 looks slightly like an O\'ergr0\\'1 1 "Black \\'idlm," III)\\'ever, its \\ing slxm of 1 ()(J.:;6 fcct- .ilm ost nl;ltching that of the l''h-ing l'"ortress-consideLlhh' dll',nfs the night fighter. \\'ing is full cantilever construction, witl: aluminum alloy and alebd framework and cOlcring, Special flaps and usc of a "drooping aileron" permit quick take-offs with full lo.rdx from short rIm"'a;:s, and gin' the plane an extremely slow bnding speed. The crew's ca lrin is on a deck above the forward end of the cargo compurtment .md provides ro()Jn~', sound-proofed quarters for pilot. copilot and na"igatorradio-operator. l~ntrancT is through a small h;ltch in the floor Ill' mC11lS of a ladder from the cargo area. TIre fusebge is of monoeoquc construction and is built of alebd slu-ct .md formed stringl'ls "ith a nlvwood "Dur.uuolcl" no-.c. The rctTae1:lhle laue]ing gear is motor-operated, with an intricate svxtom of folding strut arms aduptcd 'from the 1\.\1" Short-Stirling bomber permitting hnlf-minutc wheel retraction. Power for the C-82 comes from two Pratt and '''hitne\' R-2S00 series engincs, clch c.rpublc of developing 2,100 hp at take-off, '1\\0 full-feathering, constant speed. l Lunilton Standard threebladed props pull the plane's 2:; gross tons in the air. wh ilc built-in \ying tanks can take the air freighter for about 3, :;00 miles. On the Technique Cover Page The spider-web pattern inside this wiud tunnel at \\'right Field is created hv a nvlon net which aiels in testing airplane spin characteristics, The operator is about to throw into the airstream a 1/20 scale model of a fighter plane with controls set for perform.mcc at a specified level so engineers .md obscrvcrs can studv its spin a nd rec~nTv properties with delicate recording deliccs. The netting tech top ics . . • '!bout aircratl and equipment Conl cmplntcd puvhcrtvpc fighters have led to dcvclopmcn! of :I sprillgtype laLl pult which tosses the pilot out of the pl.mc .md bel 011' the propeller arc in case he has to .ib.mdon .... Dropp.rblc fuel I.mks 1101\' bcing jlttcd to \Iillg imtaJl:Itium of 1'.61 s m:Iy gile these planes extra long range. Complaints from grolllld (TC\\'S on rcmov.rl of spinner C':IPSfrom 1'.38 props .rrc answered with 'I new quick-detachable spin. ncr. "\ fel\' simple opcration-, and the new spinner drops off; prcviouslv, 100 Phillips head scrcw« had to he removed. Because occasional "luckv" hits have cnnscd xcrious damagc to 'propellers rcxult ini; ill Ill'S of .urpl.mc-, a nCI\' tougher dcflcct iou armor is hl'illg utilized for proJl spinners ..... \ high streugth laminated ",lass pb,t ic In;1\ he Il.,ed for molding small two hbded propellers, E\'Cn some of om old experimental air, CLift ;Ire get tin£; a Ilorkc"lt in thi, w.rr, Take the gi;lut Boeing XBl S, which now is llSed 11\' .\'I'C for c:ngo operations in the Cnil,k"lu tl'l';l!er .. , . Sln,I11 cUlergenC'\' sigml Ii:.;hts iu the honlh h'l\ of Bl7s 1101\' tell t hc crcvv nu-mlxr. whcu to pre. pare to hit the silk .. , .. \n old B 1S hom her whicl: participated in initial cxpcri- mcnt , \\ith .mtom.rt ir lanchng' h:ls lx-cu tltted wit h a nell' automatic' pilot .u«l is 11011' heiu£; llSed for tests of the latest "hands off" l:mding svstcm, Spl'cial hiological containers minE; clrv icc nO\I' prO\ ide a mv.u r- of shipping v.u cilll',s ;llIeI scm illS jn templ'ratures lx.loiv freTziu[' .. , . Port.rblcbvnir .mt ir: .md tropic:l hospit.tl sheltcrs' lurvc been de. signed for wouuclcd patients, who arc lxinr; eTal""ted )1\' .ur ami get groullded at .\'I'C xl opovcr points. Shelters iuclude heating or cooling units. (lepending UpOIl clim;ltes to wh ith thel arc sent. Thin. li£;ht. \\cight cas""lil bl.mkct • with tilll electric wire» ill their lining also 'He hclping keep wonl,~led coru fortahle. Thel plugin to am' plane's l'lc:etric';I1 ",te,ll, ... The air l'\';!CmT' wil] E;ct w.mn soups .n«] bcvcr ;1£;l'S hl'ea lISC of a coin pact. ekct ricallvlu-ntcd thcrmo-, ill" leeenth' developed hI \\1-' enginl'er' .... Diffi cilities e"'peril'need bv COlli. bat crews tning to get out of crippled hom hers have led to a series of mockup- \\hich cmhorlv var ious sh;lpes for e,cape hatches and doors. \\'ri"ht Field's Arm.mu-nt Labor.it orv is ? ' planning a unique "torture cham her" for aircraft machine gnns and light cannon. I loused in a 2() hI :;u foot eOlllTetl' hmld. ing, the gnn fire:s tlllollgh ;l tnbl' at a hlckstop of IS inch h:lltleship .irmor. 1m p.ut sln'lshes slllg to pieces .mcl deflects it into .m anuor.d cone shaped container which. after 1.()()().()1I1I rounds, automati callv dumps the used lead for disposal. ... ;\ .speci;J! jig. larger th.n: .mv prcviouslv used. has lxcu deSigned for drop te'>tmg of B.29s. - -' Pilots Alin£; I' ,Ss in the ETO hale a'>ked for nl'\\' ;eat ruvhions. The "bottom" is too !J:nd whcr: wcaring back-type chutes. . , .. \11 1'- ,Cis soon will liav« an improved gnn xwitr-h on the control wheel that enahles all guns .md rockets to he fired with a single trigger. Original cannon switch is to he used for rcleasing hom bs in place of pllSh hili tOil on the homh control panel. ... Sonic B2 ..h h.rvc been fitted with poweroperated 1\"list guns. Studcnts in Link Instrumcnt I'h'inE; and Landing trainers nOI\' 1\ ill h.rv« more iu-tru Inents to fret over. ,\ modified design of the trainers !J:IS added major cngine iuvt rn urcuts to aeCJ""int pilots with their u-c. Red and green I\indshields. called view liniiter« aml-II'ed for blind flight inst ruct ion \\ill be replaced \\'it h or.mgc and blue color com bin;ltiollS which arc eonsidcred more l'ffecti\l'. Te'ts rcccnt lv h.ivc lxcn cOlllj)Jetl'd with fi\(, new h'pes of goggle's wluch arc "lid to gi\c greater field of vi-ion. .\lIlOng those tested was a Russian dC"ligll. .\ phosphorosccu! t.ipc mav be used inside airpLIlIl" to iu.uk hatch\\:l\s .mcl l'xits. ... ]);Illgns in il.rklircd aircraft arc being miniulizl'e1 hy .m cxpcr iuu-nt.il tlreproof f.ihri« for personal clothiug. ;\1 Ion .md tlhlTgla" clot h for cOIniug alpaca fuzz on intelllluli;l!l' fll iug suils IS I)lO\'ill£; highh- uou-combu-. t ihl«, III;{I' -s('l';'e ;IS .m 'Ielded jire pllliector for :lirerCln. . . I,ightwei£;lit elltter' aucl \\Tdge' with spceial fca l unx h;l\'e lx.cu desiglled to aiel (Te\\s ill cllftillg their \\"11 our of 'lIhlllergeel air pl.un, .if tcr el':"h Iallding' III w.itcr. Par;ltroopers :lre heillg supplied with a 11l'\\ '1IIIc1opelliug sllap hook device for t luir IT,nlC p'lral'illlte, .... Coil spring' in ;{ tubular I\Thhing construct ion arc heillg tested 'IS p.uk 0PClllTS in parachute' .md arc prOl'illg supcrior to rubber elastic openers. IT DECEMBER,1944 43
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~J 1 AIR FOftCES * OCTOBER 1944
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Rendezvous Who Is He? Dear Editor:
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[us: ,dlat is tIle AAI'I'DC~ It is
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oads and bridges and military imtal
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Here's how controllers direct the p
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sengcr and courier service in areas
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GET WISE Here are a few of the easi
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Airborne soldiers. shown here durin
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Smoke in background is fruin [up.ui
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It has pronounced step characterist
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TIIC{"II""IIIi; ;lItidc j, till' I/
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OCTOBER,1944 The first thing the a\
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YOUR ENEMY All ;Iirer;!ft fllillg o
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->",i" .""tJnil'et hj/'- By Col. Do
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28 011 BOll~aiIldk is quicklv unloa
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the plane landed, a jccp would driv
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THE PHiliPPINES DISTANCES SHOWN IN
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The economic system of the Philippi
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The AAF's homing pigeons are recogn
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Our aviation engineers had to fight
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---- technique • -- - --- . RUNWA
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High Intensity Controlled Lighting
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Attached to a flyer's ear, the Oxim
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Automatic Pilot Trainer-A new train
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3 5 7 Surprised by the friendliness
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TIM ELY A D V ICE FRO M THE A I R I
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R.6 I:>:CJ: the AAF S helicopter, t
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SS I. You on the left, Buddy, appea
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ever .nrivc at a fir',t ~Iid stut i
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p:rinted on the outvi.lc wrt l: ,ih
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tanks and truck-borne infantry and
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FIGHTER CONTROL (Colltilltled from
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Property of tDe Library ARMY INDtJS
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For the Record I)e:lr h!Jtlll Rende
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he Allie's into German-held of the
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H Combat may make you Lazy By Maj.
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..... -; ... The results of two yea
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Production charts show the disaster
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all key points of the factory's 3-+
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HE Fortresses T wings to the took o
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';:'4"'~' .~~~c ~)'~ ~J ~~~ ~" . "
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'l'h is was a YClr ago, but these a
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Pulling in His Ne-:I:. Reeelit de,c
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When a radio operator makes a mista
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Lifeline to the US,S R BY HERBERT R
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Ten o'clock of a December morning a
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THE MAN WITH THE PRIVATE BREEZE By
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THE AIR WAR IN THE SOUTHWEST PACIFI
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STANDARD FLIGHT INSTRUMENT PANEL E
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It 11c:l!,illg l.ot h sidc
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, , ,CO:-iTI:-iUI:D ]'\o\\', pacbgi
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technique ••• CO]\;Tl:"UED Ne
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INSTRUMENT PANEL (Continued from Pa
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LIFELINE TO THE US S R ( Cout iuucc
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F\lr:RCF'\~CY FOUrp\lr:,\'T luvpcct
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50 COMBAT MAY MAKE YOU LAZY (Contin
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EN of the AAF-including the hundred
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.I In. ]~rhO:S-':cl the'mll-it:IIT
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August 7. Patton kept moving his he
Page 122 and 123: l'Iiavigation Training En Masse. Th
Page 124 and 125: "WE arc not going to bubble over wi
Page 126 and 127: A wood block support; injured legs
Page 128 and 129: Burma. A Japanese light antiaircraf
Page 130: ~ ~,C"= =~=.~7~~ ---,- .... _._. __
Page 134 and 135: HOW ,SHARP ARE YOU? A 'hoto Test of
Page 136 and 137: .. ' Back to the Philippines PART I
Page 138 and 139: Tacloban strip \\";IS not sC'ITicca
Page 140 and 141: All Tile Illftl, \\ ,(("d If iii, ,
Page 142 and 143: :lIe fbttle of Hrit.un. IC\i" intru
Page 144 and 145: Underground. ,'~ group of worried m
Page 146 and 147: volunteers between the agcs of II .
Page 148 and 149: I f By Capt. Greer Williams Air SlI
Page 150 and 151: Flaming debris (If njllI, ])1]]1:ll
Page 152: ground fire the pilot should look f
Page 155 and 156: two weeks: Cincinnati. one week: Pi
Page 157 and 158: At 5.000 fed. the pilot opened the
Page 159 and 160: cardboard bombs on their choice of
Page 161 and 162: turn to Traffic Scction, Crcnicr Fi
Page 163 and 164: Oil refineries arc gooel targets, T
Page 165 and 166: Tile air campaign to choke off fuel
Page 167 and 168: fallen into Allied hands, thus maki
Page 169 and 170: Hamburg i lPolilz IMagdeburg 1 I r
Page 171 and 172: He's the guy who holds the life of
Page 176 and 177: :::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::
Page 178 and 179: 46 V4ba\'s vnong V4itbtbis pictUfe1
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Page 182 and 183: j ._3 Thirteen days after the 13th
Page 184 and 185: THE ABC OF D-DAY When an invasion i
Page 186 and 187: By all AIR F( )RCl-: ()\"t'rsc;/s S
Page 188 and 189: The fighters called for help and th
Page 190 and 191: A jeep, laden with leftover explosi
Page 192 and 193: THE ABC OF D-DAY t Cont inu.xl [r o
Page 194 and 195: By Capt. E. E. Churchill co, isu. A
Page 196 and 197: - ~ --'fftJMlGa ~II.I - , • - '--
Page 198: We're more than 2,300,000 individua
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