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STANDARD FLIGHT INSTRUMENT PANEL E By Col. Thomas J. DuBose Deputy, Asst. Chief of Air Staff, Training ARLY this year, the Am1\' Air Forces adopted one standard arrangement for the grouping of the six basic flight in st rumcnts on the instrument panels of A,\F aircraft. The new arrangement, known as the Standard Flight Instrument Panel, was made official bv Technical Order No. 01-1- 160 dated \ Iarc'h II. 1944. The Standard I'light Instrument Panel has the six basic flight instrumcnts arrangcd in two horizontal rows, one above the other, with three iust rmucntx in each row. In the upper W\V, reading from left tn right as vicwccl bv the pilot, arc the airspeed indicator. the tnrn indicator (dircctional gno), and the flight indicator (£;\TO horizon or artificial horizon }. In the lower row. again reading from left to right, arc the altimeter, the turn and bank iudic.itor. and the rate of climb indirrtor. If, in addition to the six basic flight instr utu cu t s, the cross pointer and the radio compass arc installed in the airplane. tlu-v arc placed one above the other to the left of the two TO\\'S with the cross pointer in the npper position, "'o\\' whv \V;IS it ncccssarv to adopt a stanclarcl .u r.macnicnt for the gronpin£; of these inst rumcnt s? .\nc1. if there \\'as snch a requirement, wliv was this particular arrange, ment Iinullv adopted? As regards the first question, up until this new panel arrangcment \\'as officially adopted there were, in the various aircraft of the .vnuv Air Forces, some ..j 3 different official or c[nasi'offieial arrangements of the flight instruments. At one base it was found that there were four different arrangements in four airplanes of tIle s.unc model operating from the base. Obviouslv, such a condition was cxt rcnrcl ,' llnd:.:~i:-~1~)1c. 36 The Armv Air Forces considers it essential that its' pilots be able to flv on invt rumcnts. Almost cvcrv combat mission, trans, port. or domestic 'erosscountry flight demands skill in instrument flying. Flying on inst nuncnts in modern high pcrfonuancc airplanes demands much of the pilot. Bdore he c.m bec-ome an instnuucnt pilot he must succcssfullv complete a stiff tI:li"il'g cou rxc. Before he c.m become a tru!v c.rp.iblc instrument pilot he must eont.nuc to practice iuvt rmucnt fll,ing if he is to rct ain his skill. For s.ifcrv. cfficicncv. and ccouomv e\'Cnthing possible muvt be' done to simplifv his task. not onlv clurius; the trail:ing period, but thronghont his instru- 111Cllt n~.ill~ career. From the: training angle alone. the efficient mass prod net ion of pilots, able to flv on instrumcnt s. demands st.md.mlizat io» in all phases of instruction. Sneh standardization is imposxiblc without a st.mdurd ar- LnH.;ement of the fligl't iu-f nnucutx. liu.illv, the LIck of uniform itv in inst mmcut p,inels means just one more unncccss.uv complication in the alrc.ulv complex problem of mass production of aircraft. .\s regards the second qucstiou-i-whv the particular arrangement finullv adopted:~the .:vnnv Air I-'cJrccs started workius; on the devclopmcnt of the Standard Fhght Inxtrumcnt Panel uc.irlv !\\'C) years ago. To the office of the Assistant Chief of Air Staff, Training, was given the responsihility of detcrmining [ust what was the most acceptable lay-out for a standard panel and of monitoring the project through to completion, The modern concept of instrument flYing is based on teaching the student to visualize I Airspeed Indicator 2 Turn Indicator 3 Flight Indicator 4 Al t imctcr 5 Turn and Bank Indicator 6 Rate of Climb Indicator 7 Clock 8 Air Temp, Gauge 9 Carburetor Temp, Gauge 10 Radio Compass 1 I Suction Cauge 12 Volt Meter 13 Am meter 14 Localizer Indicator 15 Oil Temp, Cauge 16 Cvlindcr Head Temp, Gauge 17 :\Iagnetie Compass 18 RP\l Xlctcr 19 I\lanifold Pressure Gauge 20 Fuel x Iixturc Gauge the attitude of his nirpl.mc from the instrument readings, By learning to do this, the student mukcx the ncccvsarv corrections from his visual izntion of his airplane's attitude, rather th.iu mcchanicallv movinr; the controls so th.rl the pointers of the instrument dials assume the proper positions for the at tit udc desired. To do this pr oporlv, the stu dent must learn to ut il izc all six of the basic night instruments. The skilled iustrumcut pilot, traiucd in accord.mcc wit l: this COli «cpt. can instnntant-ouslv and nutomnt icallv create from the instrument rCldings a mental picture of his airpl.uic» attitude. '[,his, then, \\as the basis OIl wh ic]: the St.mclarcl Flight Iuxt rumcuf Panel \\':IS developed. For nc.ir!v I S months, the officers of the \ latcricl Cc;mmand and Training Commancl charged wit l. clcvclopuu; the p.mcl con, duttrcl studies and cxpcrimcnt s, iucludiui; cxliaust ivc tests under actual invtrumcut conditions. of v.ir iou-, gronpings of the flight instruments. In c.n rviur; on these studies and tests. the .idvirc :1;](1 :lssist:llll'e of opcrut i;lg uuitx in the ficld were solicitcel and ob t.iincd. Both tr:lining aud operational COlI, sidcrat ions were c.ircfullv weighed, Fiuallv. there was evolved an inst rumcnt :nrangeincut \\'hich seemed to till the hill. \ lcdicII research In' the office of t lIe ,\ir Slllgeon in connection with the tests on tks proposed lavout substantiated its desirahiJit\, from the .t.mdpoint of minil11iz.ing fliglIt Lliigue. This 'Irr:lllgcmcnt \\':IS adopted as the St.md.ml night l nst nuucut Pane!' The major aclv.iutugcs of the standard p.mc] arc: 1. 'I'uc arr'lllgement meets tr:lining requirements in t hnt :111 six b.i-,ic flight inxtrumcuts arc grouped together. 2, The airspeed indicator is dircctlv over the altimeter which is ncr-css.rrv for aeemacv in homhing operations. . 3, The turn indicator (directional gno) is clircctlv over the turn and hank in dic.itor \~'hieh allows for vcrt ical sight, ing bv the pilot and his immediate perception of failure of either instrument, 4. 'lhc airspeed indicator, the altimeter, (Continued on Page 44) AIR FORCE
A MAINTENANCE ROUNDUP PREPARED IN COLLABORATION WITH AIR SERVICE COMMAND AND TECHNIC.~L INSPECTION DIVISION, AIR INSPECTOR'S OFFICE 'A crystal gazing sergeant :II :111,\SC dcpot in J-:1li;Lmd forcs:m th« p,mihilih of sah'a~illi; t lu. hii;hh' SCIISlti\l' 'lILntz cleIllClltS ill 2(1,(!(1I!il"lcl i\l' Ll,ho IT\'SLIIs stor:li;cd for sllipmcllt hIck to the P, S, lie is the proud l)Jo2I1o,stic:ltor of :1 eli1lOdc LI\' IILIChl1lc which vivu.illv tells t lir plccisc fr'C'lIlCIICI of a clIsLII .u«l .rt t hc S;III1C t in«- illdiellcs its :rhi];'h to wit hvt.mr! the tlCIllClldoJlS vibrut ion of a pl.u n- ill fli~ht. Tho clc:nhc:ldcd cl.urvov.mt is T/S1;t. J;mlcs T, )Ohll"l1l of \\'cltherforcL 'lcx.iv, on clut v ill thc rcsc:nch dcp.rrtuunt of thc dcpot's Sii;lLJ! \LlilllclLIIICC Section. who without lxucfit of ou ij.: ho.u d or :lstro]0i;i,:Il aid«, allcvi.rtcd :1 CTitiells]lOILii;C ill thc-«: vit.il I:lclio COlllpollcnts .u«] solved ;1 ticklish problem ill Il'st c'lllipIllCIlt. It SlTlIlS 11"lt t lun- \\';IS red d;lIl~er of 111 a 11\' .-\lIleric:11I pl.mc-, hcilli; i;rollll'lccl for bck of Si~ILIi cquipmcut , :md thc clenLmcls from Ili;hter ;llId bomlx-r u n il x ill 1':II~LIlld rosc to :I four-motored pitch, The .\ir Scrvicc Conuu.uid inn ncdiatt-lv hU';:11I .m ill\l'stig:ltioll 10 clctennillC thc' possihilit\, of injcctilli; IIL'\\ lift- int o "Cl..«, 2()" r.ulio CI\sLds t h.it ~\erl' ;I\\;lilillg dch;nblJolI .md liouor- :Ihlc disc]"ngc, :\clillg ;d'"lg t hc-.c lines. .Vnuv t erl mici.ins sllCcccckcl ill s;J\mg II LlII v \l't'CLIII CT\sLlls from t h« igllOlllill\' of '[Ilict rctin-mcnt. hilt fonllcl tli.it t l«: in-olubl« kcv to the whole plOCCSS \\;lS ;I Icli:lhk IIll'1hod of g:mgillg the cx.ict cOllciitilJ1l of t lic CI\sLds .rf tcr ICact iv.it ion . Llch 1I11it. ill melcr to be clTcc- ";\ l.ikc m inc ;1 cloulilc shot" m.r, he appropriate phrasing under ccrt.un condition«. but pllotogr:lpllicalh' spcakmg it mcrclv iud icutc-. twice :IS m.un m.untcu.mo; misf:lkes, The serge;int whn drC:ll1In! !IP fllis' COCkf:li1 of errors cLiillls that he nllXC'd se\en ingredients of poor pr:lctice in e;lch of the pi\, But don't tmll thc pa;,;c for ;1 peek :It cohulln three llntil :'ou\c prmul tlr;lt he nceels ;,;1:15'0' Pictme A shOll'S a in t iv.lv IIsccl ;lg;lill, \\as rcquirccl to f uuct ion .rt t]IC r.u cr! frc'lllcnc\ origill;llh spccif'cd bv t hc m.muf.rctun-r , .mcl uulcvs this s;lInc frc- 'l"CIIC\, \\':IS m.unt.nucd af tcr ,,1I';lging, the CT\sLII would 1LIn' to be Llppcd Oil tlu: dlcst .n«l pronnunrcrl unfit. It \\;IS nCCC'SS;lll', thereforc, to find out to \\']Llt cxttnt t hc Lld;o (T\'SLlls l"ld been ;lffcctcd bv t lu- rcchm.it ion I)Joccss, hilt ill'lnirics to t lic SLIIcs rcn'aled th.rt 110 iu-t.mt.mcous met lrorl of testIng crvst.ils for ;ICCIll:llc o-rill.rfion \\':IS av.ul.rblc. Filter t l«: t.rlcntcd t cch. III :1 1I1OlIth's t iurc lie' perfected a crvst.il testcr th.it lulped to return ;I high pcrccIILl[;c of former}, ITjcclcd CT\'SLIIs to .u.t iv« dutv. ]-'C\\' np.ur jobs h:ln' f.nlcd since his app:n;ltns h:LS been ill usc. and lip to rcccnf lv he has assist eel in t lu: rc.ut iv.rt ion of :;(1,I!()() (T\'SLl!.S .rt ;I subst.mt i.rl s:l\ing, :;(l,(l()() (T\'Stals cant be \\rollg, .u«] elils for till' m.u.hin« ;lIC hcillg Iccci\l,d from .iircruft rtp.ur dcpols :111 on'] t he world. ,\]ICI,h', hHJ of the machines .irc in opcr.ition in India, Sergc:IlIl JOI"l\OII
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~J 1 AIR FOftCES * OCTOBER 1944
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Rendezvous Who Is He? Dear Editor:
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[us: ,dlat is tIle AAI'I'DC~ It is
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oads and bridges and military imtal
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Here's how controllers direct the p
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sengcr and courier service in areas
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GET WISE Here are a few of the easi
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Airborne soldiers. shown here durin
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Smoke in background is fruin [up.ui
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It has pronounced step characterist
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TIIC{"II""IIIi; ;lItidc j, till' I/
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OCTOBER,1944 The first thing the a\
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YOUR ENEMY All ;Iirer;!ft fllillg o
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->",i" .""tJnil'et hj/'- By Col. Do
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28 011 BOll~aiIldk is quicklv unloa
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the plane landed, a jccp would driv
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THE PHiliPPINES DISTANCES SHOWN IN
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The economic system of the Philippi
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The AAF's homing pigeons are recogn
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Our aviation engineers had to fight
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---- technique • -- - --- . RUNWA
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High Intensity Controlled Lighting
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Attached to a flyer's ear, the Oxim
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Automatic Pilot Trainer-A new train
Page 50 and 51: 3 5 7 Surprised by the friendliness
Page 52 and 53: TIM ELY A D V ICE FRO M THE A I R I
Page 54 and 55: R.6 I:>:CJ: the AAF S helicopter, t
Page 56 and 57: SS I. You on the left, Buddy, appea
Page 58 and 59: ever .nrivc at a fir',t ~Iid stut i
Page 60 and 61: p:rinted on the outvi.lc wrt l: ,ih
Page 62 and 63: tanks and truck-borne infantry and
Page 64 and 65: FIGHTER CONTROL (Colltilltled from
Page 68 and 69: Property of tDe Library ARMY INDtJS
Page 70 and 71: For the Record I)e:lr h!Jtlll Rende
Page 72 and 73: he Allie's into German-held of the
Page 74 and 75: H Combat may make you Lazy By Maj.
Page 76 and 77: ..... -; ... The results of two yea
Page 78 and 79: Production charts show the disaster
Page 80 and 81: all key points of the factory's 3-+
Page 82 and 83: HE Fortresses T wings to the took o
Page 84 and 85: ';:'4"'~' .~~~c ~)'~ ~J ~~~ ~" . "
Page 86 and 87: 'l'h is was a YClr ago, but these a
Page 88 and 89: Pulling in His Ne-:I:. Reeelit de,c
Page 90 and 91: When a radio operator makes a mista
Page 92 and 93: Lifeline to the US,S R BY HERBERT R
Page 94 and 95: Ten o'clock of a December morning a
Page 96 and 97: THE MAN WITH THE PRIVATE BREEZE By
Page 98 and 99: THE AIR WAR IN THE SOUTHWEST PACIFI
Page 102 and 103: It 11c:l!,illg l.ot h sidc
Page 104 and 105: , , ,CO:-iTI:-iUI:D ]'\o\\', pacbgi
Page 106 and 107: technique ••• CO]\;Tl:"UED Ne
Page 108 and 109: INSTRUMENT PANEL (Continued from Pa
Page 110 and 111: LIFELINE TO THE US S R ( Cout iuucc
Page 112 and 113: F\lr:RCF'\~CY FOUrp\lr:,\'T luvpcct
Page 114 and 115: 50 COMBAT MAY MAKE YOU LAZY (Contin
Page 116 and 117: EN of the AAF-including the hundred
Page 118 and 119: .I In. ]~rhO:S-':cl the'mll-it:IIT
Page 120 and 121: August 7. Patton kept moving his he
Page 122 and 123: l'Iiavigation Training En Masse. Th
Page 124 and 125: "WE arc not going to bubble over wi
Page 126 and 127: A wood block support; injured legs
Page 128 and 129: Burma. A Japanese light antiaircraf
Page 130: ~ ~,C"= =~=.~7~~ ---,- .... _._. __
Page 134 and 135: HOW ,SHARP ARE YOU? A 'hoto Test of
Page 136 and 137: .. ' Back to the Philippines PART I
Page 138 and 139: Tacloban strip \\";IS not sC'ITicca
Page 140 and 141: All Tile Illftl, \\ ,(("d If iii, ,
Page 142 and 143: :lIe fbttle of Hrit.un. IC\i" intru
Page 144 and 145: Underground. ,'~ group of worried m
Page 146 and 147: volunteers between the agcs of II .
Page 148 and 149: I f By Capt. Greer Williams Air SlI
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Flaming debris (If njllI, ])1]]1:ll
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ground fire the pilot should look f
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two weeks: Cincinnati. one week: Pi
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At 5.000 fed. the pilot opened the
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cardboard bombs on their choice of
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turn to Traffic Scction, Crcnicr Fi
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Oil refineries arc gooel targets, T
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Tile air campaign to choke off fuel
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fallen into Allied hands, thus maki
Page 169 and 170:
Hamburg i lPolilz IMagdeburg 1 I r
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He's the guy who holds the life of
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46 V4ba\'s vnong V4itbtbis pictUfe1
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j ._3 Thirteen days after the 13th
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THE ABC OF D-DAY When an invasion i
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By all AIR F( )RCl-: ()\"t'rsc;/s S
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The fighters called for help and th
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A jeep, laden with leftover explosi
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THE ABC OF D-DAY t Cont inu.xl [r o
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By Capt. E. E. Churchill co, isu. A
Page 196 and 197:
- ~ --'fftJMlGa ~II.I - , • - '--
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We're more than 2,300,000 individua
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