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272 Cătălin Dumitraș et al. 3.2. Results and Discussion The following results were obtained based on the analysis presented above. The pressure fields at shoulder level were identified for the shoulder without fabric, as presented in Fig. 14. This constitutes a reference base for all models containing the 3D fabrics. From Fig. 14 it results that there is higher pressure field at the back of the shoulder, possibly caused by a suction effect. Fig. 14 – Distribution of pressure fields at shoulder level. The distribution of air velocity at shoulder level is presented in Fig. 15 and 16. High velocity values are identified at the entire shoulder level, rest of the human body these values are lower. That indicates that the turbulences are higher in the shoulder area. Fig. 13 – Air velocity distribution, general view Fig. 14 – Air velocity distribution The use of a 3D fabric with rectangular channels changes the air flow. The velocity distribution is different in comparison to the situation described for the shoulder without fabric. The areas characterized by high air velocity are distanced from the shoulder areas suggested by Figs. 15, 16 and 17.
Fig. 15 – Air velocity distribution for shoulder and 3D fabric – general view Bul. Inst. Polit. Iaşi, t. LVI (LX), f. 2, 2010 273 Fig. 16 – Air velocity distribution for shoulder and 3D fabric – bottom view Fig. 17 – Air velocity distribution for shoulder and 3D fabric – top partial view From Figs. 15-17 it results that the air flow is improved, diminishing the air velocity at shoulder level and implicitly the air turbulences. 4. Conclusions 1. FEA studies concerning protective equipment for cold environments have shown that the air flow at body level presents critical areas where the flow is characterized by pressure fields and turbulences, causing heat loss and discomfort. It is the case of hips, chest and shoulders. 2. One solution for the improvement of the air flow is using fabrics with 3D structure or 3D surface effects. These knitted fabrics are produced on flat knitting machines without any adaptation required. The paper presents two structural variants with 3D effects and 3D architecture – rib fabric with relief effects and sandwich fabrics with complex shapes. The fabrics are characterized and their 3D structure is discussed, emphasizing their advantages in obtaining surface effects that have the potential to control the air flow.
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BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC D
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