Aquatic Zoos - Captive Animals Protection Society

More documents

Recommendations

Info

oth captive born and wild born individuals should in theory be as likely to be missed (although in practice, due to the fact that many big tanks contained tropical reef fish, most of which have never been bred in captivity, more wild-caught animals could be missed, which would reinforce any result that concludes that the percentage of wild-caught animals is high). The second estimation to be made was, for each individual estimated to be present in each public aquarium, its wild-caught or captive-bred origin. This estimation was made through the following procedure: Asking questions of aquarium keepers about the origin of the animals or reading the collection signs or literature (which sometimes do mention it) If no information about the origin of all individuals in a particular collection was obtained with the method described in the point above, for the animals where the origin is not yet known make the following assumptions: Animals that, through bibliographic research, belong to taxa not known to ever being successfully bred in captivity were assumed wild-caught Animals that, through bibliographic research, belong to taxa which on very few occasions it has been reported successful breeding in captivity were assumed wild-caught if no information of their breeding was found in the collection literature (zoological collections tend to publicise the fact they have managed to breed a species almost impossible to breed). Animals that were considered to be easily obtainable as normal by-catch of the local fishery industry, difficult to breed when kept on display (i.e. fry predation due to the keeping of other fish), and that no evidence of organised breeding of any member of their taxon was seen in any public aquarium, were assumed wild-caught. Animals that were considered older than the first time that members of their taxon were reported successfully bred in captivity were assumed wild-caught. Animals from taxa that were seen in nurseries of breeding sections of some chain public aquaria were assumed captive-born for all the public aquaria of the same chain Animals that, through bibliographic research, belong to taxa which are reported to be usually bred either in the public aquarium industry or the pet trade industry were assumed captive-born Animals that, through bibliographic research, their breeding appears to be possible although not common were assumed captive-born if evidence of members of their taxa have been ever bred in any UK public aquaria had been found Animals that belong to taxa that are bred in UK aquaculture farms were assumed captive-born Animals that belong to taxa which is commercially bred in the UK for the pet/garden trade were assumed captive-born All animals belonging to all seahorse, Cichlid, and Cyprinodont taxa were assumed captive-born if no specific information of their wild-caught origin was found All animals belonging to terrestrial taxa were assumed captive-born if no specific information of their wild-caught origin was found Using the method above, it is estimated that the majority of animals kept in UK public aquaria are wildcaught. Indeed, the analysis of the data shows that 79% of the estimated animals present in UK public aquaria in spring 2004 were wild-caught in origin (n= 16,283). 66
Table 14 shows an estimation of the origin of animals kept in UK public aquaria in 2004, per public aquarium. It is estimated that in 45% (n=31) of the UK public aquaria 90% or more of their individual animals are of wild-caught origin, while in 87% of the UK public aquaria half or more of their animals are wild-caught. In fact, no collection keeps less than 20% wild-caught animals, and 16% of the public aquaria has only wild-caught animals. Only one public aquarium (3%) from the sample was seen keeping more than 200 fish and having the majority of them captive born. This is clearly in contrast with the common ‘zoo’ claim that most of the animals of modern zoological collections are captive born, setting public aquaria clearly apart from other collections in this respect, which could explain why they do not belong to any zoo federation. CODE captive bred wild-caught total % wild caught A-FOW04 0 261 261 100% A-LYM16 0 212 212 100% A-OCE56 0 152 152 100% A-SEA32 0 94 94 100% A-BRI02 0 17 17 100% A-ABE52 3 217 220 99% A-ISL24 2 63 65 97% A-THE23 27 692 719 96% A-MAR50 5 110 115 96% A-FOR25 10 167 177 94% A-SEA11 6 89 95 94% A-BLU06 145 1696 1841 92% A-MAC44 75 733 808 91% A-BLA26 52 448 500 90% A-SCO45 112 639 751 85% A-SEA20 102 534 636 84% A-AQU08 170 878 1048 84% A-UND18 253 1271 1524 83% A-SEA53 73 338 411 82% A-SEA33 134 421 555 76% A-NAT41 224 697 921 76% A-BLU03 412 1009 1421 71% A-SEA01 126 290 416 70% A-STA49 148 291 439 66% A-DEE48 274 534 808 66% A-SEA17 159 308 467 66% A-SEA27 462 642 1104 58% A-MAT58 9 8 17 47% A-NAT47 31 12 43 28% A-MAT10 142 52 194 27% A-BOL21 193 59 252 23% Table 14. Frequency of wild-caught and captive-bred individual animals estimated to be kept in each of the UK public aquaria investigated (first column). Last column shows the relative frequency of wild-caught individuals Wood & Dakin (2003) stated that well over 95% of marine aquarium specimens are collected from the wild for the marine hobbyist trade, and this was a cause of concern. The percentage of marine UK public aquarium specimens estimated to be wild born is 89% (n= 13,601), only 6% better than the commercial marine aquarium pet trade, while in theory, as any modern zoological collection, they should only keep captive born specimens. However, counting both marine and freshwater species 29% of the UK public aquaria perform worse than the marine pet trade with respect to this issue with higher percentages than 95%. Other studies have reported that 98% of marine fishes and invertebrates exhibited in the world’s 67
Page 1 and 2:
AQUATIC ZOOS A critical study of UK
Page 3 and 4:
CONSERVATION IN UK PUBLIC AQUARIA -
Page 5 and 6:
It is not just fish and aquatic inv
Page 7 and 8:
METHODS This study used two main me
Page 9 and 10:
Public Aquaria visited, 2004 Rand.n
Page 11 and 12:
UK PUBLIC AQUARIA PROFILE In this c
Page 13 and 14:
It is possible that there are more
Page 15 and 16: 95 Tomato clownfish 9 22 198 96 Ban
Page 17 and 18: 84 Small eyed ray 25 0% 66% 85 Pacu
Page 19 and 20: Exotic versus local taxa kept in UK
Page 21 and 22: 27 Common sunstar 10 Cod 15 28 Cutt
Page 23 and 24: ANIMAL WELFARE IN UK PUBLIC AQUARIA
Page 25 and 26: Stereotypic behaviour, also known a
Page 27 and 28: Figure 7. Regal tang circling in a
Page 29 and 30: These categories have been defined
Page 31 and 32: However, because not all the animal
Page 33 and 34: clownfish and the case of ‘handli
Page 35 and 36: e called ‘handling’ in one otte
Page 37 and 38: Relative frequency of types of fish
Page 39 and 40: column shows the percentage of indi
Page 41 and 42: while performing ITB. If done very
Page 43 and 44: Branchiomyces Cotton wool disease
Page 45 and 46: Figure 20. Examples of evidence of
Page 47 and 48: its nose opening up the same wound
Page 49 and 50: Centre 13 Report 10 Parasitic infec
Page 51 and 52: The common octopus will die if the
Page 53 and 54: 2. Large amounts of food remains pa
Page 55 and 56: Evidence of one starfish having los
Page 57 and 58: CONSERVATION IN UK PUBLIC AQUARIA M
Page 59 and 60: there are obvious differences in sc
Page 61 and 62: Animals in UK public aquaria part o
Page 63 and 64: threatened species is totally wrong
Page 65: Type PA Release back to wild % DO N
Page 69 and 70: Some may say that removing fish fro
Page 71 and 72: The lack of publicity on joint proj
Page 73 and 74: insight. It has been said that the
Page 75 and 76: species than in the past), but they
Page 77 and 78: EDUCATION IN UK PUBLIC AQUARIA Cons
Page 79 and 80: Figure 34. Example of the type of e
Page 81 and 82: Figure 35 shows the averages of per
Page 83 and 84: 7 Beadlet anemone 145 8 Lesser spot
Page 85 and 86: Figure 38. Example of a sign that i
Page 87 and 88: Finding a close up face of a ‘fea
Page 89 and 90: thinking that indeed Nature can be
Page 91 and 92: The criteria to include entries of
Page 93 and 94: EXHIBIT DESIGN IN UK PUBLIC AQUARIA
Page 95 and 96: Sometimes some species may be house
Page 98 and 99: Figure 48 (previous page). Types of
Page 100 and 101: Almost half of the public aquaria (
Page 102 and 103: The fact that in the majority of UK
Page 104 and 105: more taxa, and 1.3% more than 20. T
Page 106 and 107: Figure 60. Examples of dirty and un
Page 108 and 109: Figure 63. One of the ‘futuristic
Page 110 and 111: Appendix 6, 6.11 There must be adeq
Page 112 and 113: educing the ambient temperature. Ba
Page 114 and 115: Figure 69. Sign advising not to tou
Page 116 and 117:
Surely if there are animal welfare
Page 118 and 119:
visit, and therefore in those cases
Page 120 and 121:
It is not only that visitors may di
Page 122 and 123:
CONCLUSIONS SPECIFIC CONCLUSIONS Fo
Page 124 and 125:
Keeping and breeding seahorses in U
Page 126 and 127:
Despite all the pleasing superficia
Page 128 and 129:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson R. C. (1995).
Page 130 and 131:
Broom, D.M. (1991). Assessing welfa
Page 132 and 133:
Kiesh, W. (2000). Aquarium et Mycob
Page 134 and 135:
Scott, G.W.; Hull, S.L. ;Rollinson,
Page 136:
AQUATIC ZOOS: A critical study of U
show all

Aquatic Zoos - Captive Animals Protection Society

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?