Aquatic Zoos - Captive Animals Protection Society

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PHYSICAL HEALTH Despite what public aquarists may say when asked, reproducing in captivity the intricacies of natural aquatic ecosystems is not only a very difficult task, but almost impossible to accomplish with overall success. It is not as simple as to have the water at a particular temperature or salinity. Water chemistry (hardness, nitrates, PH, heavy metals), suspended particles, levels of Oxygen/CO2, parasites, turbulence, plankton, vegetation, preys and predators, symbionts, light (intensity, cycle, spectrum), water pressure, substrate, electric fields, sound, space, shelter, mates, companions, etc. are all variables that that are either difficult to replicate or are difficult to control in a captive environment. In consequence, they are likely to go wrong –at the very least occasionally– making the captive aquatic animals become chronically or acutely ill. There are many types of diseases and health problems that fish and aquatic invertebrates can suffer for a variety of causes. Following are examples of the most common: Environmental diseases Water chemistry problems Acidosis and Alkalosis Osmosis stress and shock PH shock Poisoning Aflatoxic poisoning Ammonia poisoning Chlorine poisoning Metal poisoning Nitrate poisoning Nitrite poisoning Atmospheric gasses problems CO2 problems Gas bubble disease Hypoxia Temperature problems Chilling and overheating Temperature shock Stress and shock Trauma Diet problems Constipation Fatty liver Obesity Malnutrition Vitamin deficiency Pathogenic diseases Viruses Lymphocystis Fish pox Bacteria Aeromonas Fin rot Fish TB (Mycobacterium) Flexibacter Nocardia Pseudomonas Vibrio Fungus Achyla 42
Branchiomyces Cotton wool disease Gill rot Ichthyophonus Saprolegnia Parasites Protozoan Apiosoma Chilodonella Costia Cyclochaeta Epistys Heterosporis Hexamina Ichthyobodo Ichthyophthirius Octomitus Velvet disease Whitespot Cryptocaryon Oodium Metazoan Anchor worm Black spot Camallanus Capillaria Eye fluke Fish leech Fish louse Gill fluke Nematodes Skin flukes Tapeworms Genetic disorders Disease with more than one possible cause Anaemia Dropsy Bubble-eye Tumours Sterility Evidence of physical health problems in UK public aquaria Uncovering the physical health problems in public aquaria is not an easy task. Many animals obviously ill or injured are normally taken out of display –on most occasions in order to treat the animals in isolation tanks where chemicals can be easily administered, or to give them a ‘break’ from the presence of other fish. The ones that are not obviously ill or injured, on the other hand, are difficult to detect –by definition– without the knowledge of their history. And the ones that cannot cope at all just die and disappear from any visitors’ view forever. Nevertheless, there are always some cases that can be found with an observant eye and a very basic knowledge of fish healthcare, and in this study an attempt to quantify these cases was made. The cases that were identified as possibly having health problems (due to the lack of proper diagnostic tools and veterinary experience many of them should be interpreted only as ‘possible’) were detected 43
Page 1 and 2: AQUATIC ZOOS A critical study of UK
Page 3 and 4: CONSERVATION IN UK PUBLIC AQUARIA -
Page 5 and 6: It is not just fish and aquatic inv
Page 7 and 8: METHODS This study used two main me
Page 9 and 10: Public Aquaria visited, 2004 Rand.n
Page 11 and 12: UK PUBLIC AQUARIA PROFILE In this c
Page 13 and 14: It is possible that there are more
Page 15 and 16: 95 Tomato clownfish 9 22 198 96 Ban
Page 17 and 18: 84 Small eyed ray 25 0% 66% 85 Pacu
Page 19 and 20: Exotic versus local taxa kept in UK
Page 21 and 22: 27 Common sunstar 10 Cod 15 28 Cutt
Page 23 and 24: ANIMAL WELFARE IN UK PUBLIC AQUARIA
Page 25 and 26: Stereotypic behaviour, also known a
Page 27 and 28: Figure 7. Regal tang circling in a
Page 29 and 30: These categories have been defined
Page 31 and 32: However, because not all the animal
Page 33 and 34: clownfish and the case of ‘handli
Page 35 and 36: e called ‘handling’ in one otte
Page 37 and 38: Relative frequency of types of fish
Page 39 and 40: column shows the percentage of indi
Page 41: while performing ITB. If done very
Page 45 and 46: Figure 20. Examples of evidence of
Page 47 and 48: its nose opening up the same wound
Page 49 and 50: Centre 13 Report 10 Parasitic infec
Page 51 and 52: The common octopus will die if the
Page 53 and 54: 2. Large amounts of food remains pa
Page 55 and 56: Evidence of one starfish having los
Page 57 and 58: CONSERVATION IN UK PUBLIC AQUARIA M
Page 59 and 60: there are obvious differences in sc
Page 61 and 62: Animals in UK public aquaria part o
Page 63 and 64: threatened species is totally wrong
Page 65 and 66: Type PA Release back to wild % DO N
Page 67 and 68: Table 14 shows an estimation of the
Page 69 and 70: Some may say that removing fish fro
Page 71 and 72: The lack of publicity on joint proj
Page 73 and 74: insight. It has been said that the
Page 75 and 76: species than in the past), but they
Page 77 and 78: EDUCATION IN UK PUBLIC AQUARIA Cons
Page 79 and 80: Figure 34. Example of the type of e
Page 81 and 82: Figure 35 shows the averages of per
Page 83 and 84: 7 Beadlet anemone 145 8 Lesser spot
Page 85 and 86: Figure 38. Example of a sign that i
Page 87 and 88: Finding a close up face of a ‘fea
Page 89 and 90: thinking that indeed Nature can be
Page 91 and 92: The criteria to include entries of
Page 93 and 94:
EXHIBIT DESIGN IN UK PUBLIC AQUARIA
Page 95 and 96:
Sometimes some species may be house
Page 98 and 99:
Figure 48 (previous page). Types of
Page 100 and 101:
Almost half of the public aquaria (
Page 102 and 103:
The fact that in the majority of UK
Page 104 and 105:
more taxa, and 1.3% more than 20. T
Page 106 and 107:
Figure 60. Examples of dirty and un
Page 108 and 109:
Figure 63. One of the ‘futuristic
Page 110 and 111:
Appendix 6, 6.11 There must be adeq
Page 112 and 113:
educing the ambient temperature. Ba
Page 114 and 115:
Figure 69. Sign advising not to tou
Page 116 and 117:
Surely if there are animal welfare
Page 118 and 119:
visit, and therefore in those cases
Page 120 and 121:
It is not only that visitors may di
Page 122 and 123:
CONCLUSIONS SPECIFIC CONCLUSIONS Fo
Page 124 and 125:
Keeping and breeding seahorses in U
Page 126 and 127:
Despite all the pleasing superficia
Page 128 and 129:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson R. C. (1995).
Page 130 and 131:
Broom, D.M. (1991). Assessing welfa
Page 132 and 133:
Kiesh, W. (2000). Aquarium et Mycob
Page 134 and 135:
Scott, G.W.; Hull, S.L. ;Rollinson,
Page 136:
AQUATIC ZOOS: A critical study of U
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Aquatic Zoos - Captive Animals Protection Society

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