SDI Convergence - Nederlandse Commissie voor Geodesie - KNAW

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Hoekstra, R., Winkels R.G.F. and Hupkes, E. (2009). “Reasoning with spatial plans on the semantic web”. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law (ICAIL 2009). IAAIL, ACM Press, June. Human Factors Research Group (1994). SUMI. Software Usability Measurement Inventory Cork: University College. INSPIRE (2008). Work Programme Transposition Phase 2007 - 2009, d.d. 16 mei 2007. Peters, R. and T. van Engers (2004). The legal atlas: Map-based navigation and accessibility of legal knowledge sources, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 3035: 228-236. van de Ven, S., R. Hoekstra, R. Winkels, E. de Maat, and Á. Kollár (2007). MetaVex: Regulation Drafting meets the Semantic Web. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 4884: 27-32. Wilson, F. and R. Peters (2004). “Mapping the law: Knowledge support for business development enquiry”. Proceedings of the eChallenges 2004 Conference, IST Programme, Vienna. Winkels, R., A. Boer, and E. Hupkes (2007). “Legal Atlas: Access to Legal Sources through Maps”. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law (ICAIL 2007). Woudenberg, B., R. Peters and M. Hoogwout (2009). Inspire begint vandaag; Wat de EU-Kaderrichtlijn INSPIRE <strong>voor</strong> provincies gaat betekenen. IOG Geo. Wright (2004a). http://simcity.ea.com/community/events/will_wright_01_08_04.php. Wright (2004b). http://simcity.ea.com/playsimcity_classic.phpor. 74
Power and Privacy: the Use of LBS in Dutch Public Administration Charlotte van Ooijen and Sjaak Nouwt 1 Tilburg Institute for Law, Technology, and Society (TILT), Tilburg University, the Netherlands, C.W.vanOoijen@uvt.nl Abstract There are in the policy fields of traffic management as well as public order and safety in the Netherlands new applications of location-based services (LBS) such as the public transport chip card and the use of mobile phone location data in policing. Combining citizens’ location information and personal data is essential for the provision of LBS. We explored three cases of LBS in Dutch public administration and argue that LBS may affect the balance between the roles citizens can have in their relationship with government: subject, client and citoyen. Consequently, we discuss the concept of privacy in public places and relate this to European case law. It is important for government to be aware of the powerful inherent logic of LBS and how this may shape government-citizen interaction. Keywords: Location-based Services (LBS), public administration, citizenship, privacy. 1. INTRODUCTION “As Dutch citizens we are well taken care of by our state. Just look at our beautiful road infrastructure. Even the tiniest village in the outskirts of the country can be easily reached. Diverse access ways have been constructed into our big cities. As clients of our government we are entitled to use this well-maintained system, at a fair price of course, which is determined by our road tax system. And now the very good news is that a new pricing system is going to be developed which will be even more efficient and better tailored towards the individual situation of every citizen. How is this possible? Luckily, our government is always keen to look at new technological developments and investigate how we, as citizens, may benefit from these. Consequently, innovative policy makers have suggested to implement a satellite-based road pricing system which will be able to tax us based on our actual usage of the Dutch roads. So, we will only pay for the products we use. A more honest and fairly divided system can hardly be imagined, or can it?” This could be the testimonial of a government promoted advertisement for the new Dutch road pricing system which is due to be implemented starting 2011 (Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat, 2008). We would almost be inclined to forget that, as clients of our government, we are not just consumers like in the private market. Citizenship is shaped by and shapes itself through power structures as vested in our democratic institutions. Law, politics and administration as well as the civil society and the media determine the multi-faceted nature of the government-citizen relationship. Consequently, citizenship has to do with constitutional and democratic rights and duties along with mutual dependencies of state and society. 1 From 1985 to February 2009, Sjaak Nouwt was an assistant professor at the Tilburg Institute for Law, Technology, and Society (TILT) of Tilburg University. Currently, he is a policy advisor at the Royal Dutch Medical Association. 75
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SDI Convergence Research, Emerging
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SDI Convergence. Research, Emerging
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An Integrated Framework for the Imp
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Peer Review Board for SDI Convergen
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domain are or may become important
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Services taking advantage of multip
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changes that have taken place in th
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The Potential of a National Atlas a
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tion, the Royal Netherlands Geograp
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challenge for the National Atlas Fo
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experience 'instant satisfaction' u
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data are found offered by the data
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spread of flora and fauna, especial
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Spatial Data Infrastructure of Spai
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Page 36 and 37: 28 Table 1: Mapping between OGC Cap
Page 38 and 39: 30 Figure 4: Online metadata editio
Page 40 and 41: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has been
Page 43 and 44: Public Sector Geo Web Services: Whi
Page 45 and 46: Figure 1: Serving geo-information u
Page 47 and 48: nue. With an increasing number of m
Page 49 and 50: 3.2 Types of business models Malone
Page 51 and 52: Not all revenue models described by
Page 53 and 54: uses this model to finance large-sc
Page 55 and 56: of web service (WMS, WFS/WCS, WIS,
Page 57 and 58: REFERENCES Anderson, C. (2008). Fre
Page 59: INTERVIEWS Jellema, M., DataLand, R
Page 62 and 63: gion, aware of the INSPIRE context,
Page 64 and 65: 3.3 International activities on man
Page 66 and 67: use happens when the final user wil
Page 68 and 69: Geolicences implementation has draw
Page 70 and 71: Spatial Information Council (2008).
Page 72 and 73: make it hard for citizens and civil
Page 74 and 75: 66 Figure 2: Prototype to test navi
Page 76 and 77: ”Member States may limit public a
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Page 80 and 81: cause changes in Dutch and regional
Page 84 and 85: The use of location-based informati
Page 86 and 87: tion which does not measure a perso
Page 88 and 89: important role (Dobson and Fisher,
Page 90 and 91: camera surveillance on a public roa
Page 92 and 93: Furthermore, the Court gave a numbe
Page 94 and 95: ECtHR (2003a). Peck v. The United K
Page 97 and 98: Harmonising and Integrating Two Dom
Page 99 and 100: ing and integrating these two domai
Page 101 and 102: Table 1: Differences in background
Page 103 and 104: Figure 1: Examples of IMGeo data (c
Page 105 and 106: Concept Table 4: Same concept, diff
Page 107 and 108: Some differences are not clear from
Page 109 and 110: Such homogenous classes will also a
Page 111 and 112: BMT classes, which contain all info
Page 113 and 114: phy, both illustrated with UML exam
Page 115 and 116: An Analysis of Technology Choices f
Page 117 and 118: The objectives of this article are
Page 119 and 120: 3. THE COMPARTIMOS REFERENCE MODEL
Page 121 and 122: sufficiently simple to allow repres
Page 123 and 124: same implementation of a geospatial
Page 125 and 126: 5. RESULTS Through the development
Page 127 and 128: Di L., Chen A., Yang W., Liu Y., We
Page 129 and 130: SDI and Metadata Entry and Updating
Page 131 and 132: A critical problem for metadata col
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2.1.8 Functionalities A MET must al
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Collection of related documents Sta
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well as more enhanced tools to impr
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access to geo-referenced databases,
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metadata and spatial data is new an
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Phillips, A. and Williamson, I. P.
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A Prototype Metadata Tool for Land
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data and grid computing infrastruct
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model elements it becomes possible
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Figure 2: Overview of the system co
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1. selection of a model; 2. provisi
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the tool is deployed more widely us
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Chan, T., Beverly C., Ebert, S., Ga
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Implementation of Recent Metadata D
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) definition of a metadata organisa
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3.2 Definition of a metadata schema
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This is just an example of how comp
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6. CONCLUSIONS The Public Administr
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An Integrated Framework for the Imp
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2.1 Six Sigma Six Sigma is one of t
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However, the traditional methods of
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The fifth element for BSC design is
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Table 2: Strengths and weaknesses o
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Camp, R. C. (1989). Benchmarking: T
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Nedovic-Budic, Z., Feeney, M.E.F.,
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The Value Chain Approach to Evaluat
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The definition of assessment strate
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There may be several activities per
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The complexity of work, which was r
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Figure 5: Secondary interface: orga
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on investments. More importantly, i
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Porter, M. (1985). Competitive Adva
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Evaluation of Spatial Information T
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fully digital nationwide spatial da
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satellite imagery, digital vector d
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lic) and the National Mapping Agenc
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- Secondary spatial data available,
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Figure 1: Technical progress of SDI
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Khan, J. (2007). Karachi Master Pla
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Philippines http://www.geoinfo.ait.
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Local Government and SDI - Understa
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Australia, like many developed coun
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Table 1: Structure of the LGA quest
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(p
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Table 3: Results of multiple regres
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The role of local government in bui
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McDougall, K., A. Rajabifard and I.
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Changing Notions of a Spatial Data
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Table 1: Differences between GeoWeb
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The concept of spatially enabled go
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applications field and also in term
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The discussion in the fifth section
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Cooperation - a Key Factor for Sust
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appears at low levels and can seek
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Many of the problems of a non-techn
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4.4 Important aspects As cooperatio
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level’ within and between organis
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Seamless SDI Model - Bridging the G
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tuaries and oceans (Plunkett, 2001)
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Figure 2: Seamless administration s
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Figure 5: Seamless platform. A seam
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4.2 Standards SDI must be based on
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One more concern linked to the esta
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structures that not only do not yet
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The RRR Toolbox: a Conceptual Model
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curring in the present must not com
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databases and web mapping services.
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Principles, Institutional Principle
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The commonalities between SDIs and
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Mooney, J. D. and Grant, D. M. (199
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Building SDI Bridges for Catchment
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approaches. TCM is a holistic appro
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hierarchy namely; the umbrella view
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tions and practices in South Africa
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Figure 2: Conceptual framework: App
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In the Murray Darling Basin, there
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REFERENCES Australian Bureau of Sta
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Rajabifard, A., M.-E.F. Feeney and
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