SDI Convergence - Nederlandse Commissie voor Geodesie - KNAW

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Peer Review Board for SDI Convergence: Research, Emerging Trends, and Critical Assessment Dr. Bastiaan van Loenen, Prof. Jaap Besemer, Prof.Dr. Jaap Zevenbergen, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands, Editors Dr. Alesandro Annoni, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Italy Dr. Arnold Bregt, Wageningen University, the Netherlands Dr. Gilberto Câmara, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espacias, Brazil Dr. George Cho, University of Canberra, Australia Dr. Nicholas Chrisman, GEOIDE Network, Québec, Canada Dr. David Coleman, University of New Brunswick, Canada Dr. Max. Craglia, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Italy Dr. Joep Crompvoets, Katholic University Leuven, Belgium Dr. A.R. Dasgupta, Bhaskaracharya Institute for Space Application and Geoinformatics, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Gujarat, India Dr. Yola Georgiadou, ITC, the Netherlands Dr. Francis Harvey, University of Minnesota, USA Dr. Angela Ionita, Romanian Academy Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Romania Dr. Olajide Kufoniyi, Regional Centre for Training in Aerospace Survey, Nigeria Dr. Werner Kuhn, University of Münster, Germany Dr. R Siva Kumar, Department of Science & Technology, Government of India, India Dr. Ian Masser, Emeritus Professor, United Kingdom Dr. Martien Molenaar, ITC, the Netherlands Dr. Harlan Onsrud, The University of Maine, USA Dr. Zorica Nedovi–Budi, University of Illinois @ Urbana-Champaign, USA Dr. Abbas Rajabifard, University of Melbourne, Australia Dr. Bheshem Ramlal, University of West Indies, Trinidad Dr. Carl Reed, Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), USA Dr. Robin Smith, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Italy Dr. Carmelle J. Terborgh (Côté), ESRI Dr. Mathew Warnest, MISAust, Australia viii
Spatial Data Infrastructure Convergence Bastiaan van Loenen, Jaap Besemer and Jaap Zevenbergen Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands {b.vanloenen, j.w.j.besemer, j.a.zevenbergen}@tudelft.nl Spatial data infrastructures (SDIs), and their underlying geographic information technologies, play a critical role in allowing governments, local communities, non-government organisations, the commercial sector, the academic community and common people to make progress in addressing many of the worlds most pressing problems. The approaches in building spatial data infrastructures within and among nations are in many respects converging. Not only SDIs are converging, also many developments in society stimulate convergence of SDIs. Geographic information (GI) is special because it refers in one way or another to a location relative to the earth. Other information can be linked to GI, for example, health care information, telecommunications, financial information, and traffic information. This specialty has not changed. However, the landscape of geo-information processing has. Where previously only public parties collected, provided and used geo-information, today this is done by almost everybody, varying from professional commercial data and service providers to traditional providers in the public sector, and (volunteered) user generated content providers. The last are often regular citizens that upload pictures on Google Earth, update the route in their navigation software or the public transportation route planner. This has resulted in geographic information rich societies in many places around the globe where accessibility, coverage, accuracy, and timeliness has never been as high. The sector has seen a development from private editors of printed atlases meeting the needs of the 1950s customer to the 2009 atlases and APIs which can be accessed anywhere at any time. Similar to the world outside GI (see the replacement of Encyclopedia Britannica by Wikipedia forcing Brittanica to move towards Britannica 2.0), the major publishers of printed atlases are replaced by companies originating from outside the traditional mapping sector (see Microsoft, Nokia, Google) satisfying the GI needs of customers, but this time digital and online, and sometimes even real-time. Traditional users of GI such as engineering companies are still there, but the end-user role is now dominated by ICT-companies. Not only GI-software and data providers are converging (e.g., TomTom and TeleAtlas) also providers of services outside the geo-domain are now converging with geopartners (e.g., Nokia and NavTeq). We have moved from traditional geographic data acquisition by surveyors, aerial imagery and professional bureaus using GPS, to location information collection through non-geo techniques such as mobile telephone networks, wireless telecommunication networks, and radio frequency identification networks. This resulted in convergence of geographic information with other domains, all contributing to the geographic information component of the information infrastructure. Also globalisation makes that SDIs do not stop at the national border. Increasingly national SDIs adhere to or consider the international arena. New domains are now fuelled with geographic information. Well-known examples are geographic information use in organisations like the United Nations and the Worldbank, but also the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Greenpeace, WWF, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, and parties operating in the national security 1
Page 1: SDI Convergence Research, Emerging
Page 4 and 5: SDI Convergence. Research, Emerging
Page 6 and 7: An Integrated Framework for the Imp
Page 10 and 11: domain are or may become important
Page 12 and 13: Services taking advantage of multip
Page 14 and 15: changes that have taken place in th
Page 17 and 18: The Potential of a National Atlas a
Page 19 and 20: tion, the Royal Netherlands Geograp
Page 21 and 22: challenge for the National Atlas Fo
Page 23 and 24: experience 'instant satisfaction' u
Page 25 and 26: data are found offered by the data
Page 27: spread of flora and fauna, especial
Page 30 and 31: Spatial Data Infrastructure of Spai
Page 32 and 33: ecords managed through the services
Page 34 and 35: esult of applying GUI production ru
Page 36 and 37: 28 Table 1: Mapping between OGC Cap
Page 38 and 39: 30 Figure 4: Online metadata editio
Page 40 and 41: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has been
Page 43 and 44: Public Sector Geo Web Services: Whi
Page 45 and 46: Figure 1: Serving geo-information u
Page 47 and 48: nue. With an increasing number of m
Page 49 and 50: 3.2 Types of business models Malone
Page 51 and 52: Not all revenue models described by
Page 53 and 54: uses this model to finance large-sc
Page 55 and 56: of web service (WMS, WFS/WCS, WIS,
Page 57 and 58: REFERENCES Anderson, C. (2008). Fre
Page 59:
INTERVIEWS Jellema, M., DataLand, R
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gion, aware of the INSPIRE context,
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3.3 International activities on man
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use happens when the final user wil
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Geolicences implementation has draw
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Spatial Information Council (2008).
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make it hard for citizens and civil
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66 Figure 2: Prototype to test navi
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”Member States may limit public a
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sor is dragged further into the pro
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cause changes in Dutch and regional
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Hoekstra, R., Winkels R.G.F. and Hu
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The use of location-based informati
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tion which does not measure a perso
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important role (Dobson and Fisher,
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camera surveillance on a public roa
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Furthermore, the Court gave a numbe
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ECtHR (2003a). Peck v. The United K
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Harmonising and Integrating Two Dom
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ing and integrating these two domai
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Table 1: Differences in background
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Figure 1: Examples of IMGeo data (c
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Concept Table 4: Same concept, diff
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Some differences are not clear from
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Such homogenous classes will also a
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BMT classes, which contain all info
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phy, both illustrated with UML exam
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An Analysis of Technology Choices f
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The objectives of this article are
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3. THE COMPARTIMOS REFERENCE MODEL
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sufficiently simple to allow repres
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same implementation of a geospatial
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5. RESULTS Through the development
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Di L., Chen A., Yang W., Liu Y., We
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SDI and Metadata Entry and Updating
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A critical problem for metadata col
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2.1.8 Functionalities A MET must al
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Collection of related documents Sta
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well as more enhanced tools to impr
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access to geo-referenced databases,
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metadata and spatial data is new an
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Phillips, A. and Williamson, I. P.
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A Prototype Metadata Tool for Land
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data and grid computing infrastruct
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model elements it becomes possible
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Figure 2: Overview of the system co
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1. selection of a model; 2. provisi
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the tool is deployed more widely us
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Chan, T., Beverly C., Ebert, S., Ga
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Implementation of Recent Metadata D
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) definition of a metadata organisa
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3.2 Definition of a metadata schema
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This is just an example of how comp
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6. CONCLUSIONS The Public Administr
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An Integrated Framework for the Imp
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2.1 Six Sigma Six Sigma is one of t
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However, the traditional methods of
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The fifth element for BSC design is
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Table 2: Strengths and weaknesses o
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Camp, R. C. (1989). Benchmarking: T
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Nedovic-Budic, Z., Feeney, M.E.F.,
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The Value Chain Approach to Evaluat
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The definition of assessment strate
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There may be several activities per
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The complexity of work, which was r
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Figure 5: Secondary interface: orga
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on investments. More importantly, i
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Porter, M. (1985). Competitive Adva
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Evaluation of Spatial Information T
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fully digital nationwide spatial da
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satellite imagery, digital vector d
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lic) and the National Mapping Agenc
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- Secondary spatial data available,
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Figure 1: Technical progress of SDI
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Khan, J. (2007). Karachi Master Pla
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Philippines http://www.geoinfo.ait.
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Local Government and SDI - Understa
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Australia, like many developed coun
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Table 1: Structure of the LGA quest
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(p
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Table 3: Results of multiple regres
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The role of local government in bui
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McDougall, K., A. Rajabifard and I.
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Changing Notions of a Spatial Data
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Table 1: Differences between GeoWeb
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The concept of spatially enabled go
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applications field and also in term
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The discussion in the fifth section
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Cooperation - a Key Factor for Sust
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appears at low levels and can seek
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Many of the problems of a non-techn
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4.4 Important aspects As cooperatio
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level’ within and between organis
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Seamless SDI Model - Bridging the G
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tuaries and oceans (Plunkett, 2001)
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Figure 2: Seamless administration s
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Figure 5: Seamless platform. A seam
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4.2 Standards SDI must be based on
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One more concern linked to the esta
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structures that not only do not yet
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The RRR Toolbox: a Conceptual Model
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curring in the present must not com
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databases and web mapping services.
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Principles, Institutional Principle
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The commonalities between SDIs and
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Mooney, J. D. and Grant, D. M. (199
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Building SDI Bridges for Catchment
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approaches. TCM is a holistic appro
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hierarchy namely; the umbrella view
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tions and practices in South Africa
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Figure 2: Conceptual framework: App
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In the Murray Darling Basin, there
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REFERENCES Australian Bureau of Sta
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Rajabifard, A., M.-E.F. Feeney and
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SDI Convergence - Nederlandse Commissie voor Geodesie - KNAW

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