SDI Convergence - Nederlandse Commissie voor Geodesie - KNAW

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5. Hybrid models: These are models showing some of the characteristics of the models described above. Below some of the more common varieties are described. a. Enticement model: A part of the content is provided free of charge as a lure to entice the user. Revenue is raised from sale of premium content or other related services. This is one of the oldest revenue models first introduced by King Gilette to create a market for his disposable razor blades (Anderson, 2008). Often cross-subsidising is employed, i.e. content is offered for free and revenue is raised from sale of related products such as merchandising (e.g. free mobile phones with revenue from phone calls/text messages; songs downloadable for free and revenue is raised from sale of concert tickets and/or merchandising). 44 b. Community model: The viability of the community model is based on user loyalty. Users invest both time and emotions to produce a communal service. Revenue can be raised by sale of ancillary products and services or by donations; or revenue may be tied to contextual advertising and subscriptions for premium services. The best-known example of a Community is Wikipedia. An example of a GI-community is OpenStreetMap (OSM), a project whereby volunteers go out with GPS units to produce open source street maps for distribution free of charge. OSM operates in many countries on six continents. Some private geo companies have donated cartographic information or money to OSM as well in return for their data or as a platform for innovative applications (http:// www.opengeodata.org/?p=223). In Germany, the OSM data were used for the development of a 3D Geodata Infrastructure as part of the research project 'Geodata Infrastructure 3D' (GIM, 2009). The private sector uses frequently virtual communities to involve users in the developmental and evaluation phases of services as the users provide useful feedback and ensure quality control. c. Street performer protocol: A protocol popular in the creative domain and with software developers. Under this protocol, a producer will release a work (e.g. a book or software application) into the public domain after a certain amount of money has been received in a trust fund. Interested parties pay their donations to this trust fund, which is managed by a publisher. When the work is released on time, both the producer and the publisher are paid from the trust fund. If the work is not released on time, the publisher repays the donors. In some variations, the product is commercially released on the market rather than into the public domain. The producer will repay a return on investment to the donors when the product makes a profit. This protocol is very dependant on the reputation of the producer. This protocol would also be suitable to screened-off web services whereby the users are known in advance. Once the participants have donated their share of development costs and expected operational costs, the service would then be available to the participants to use. d. Combination model: Combinations of the above models are quite often employed, e.g. combining the Royalty Model with a start-up fee. The UK Ordnance Survey uses this model for VARs. Another possible combination would the Enticement Model combined with the Subscription Model, e.g. giving away a small sample of the Cadastral Map to consumers. The Dutch Large Scale Base Map combines the Subscription Model with the Utility Model as well as offering a user right for the entire dataset for a one-off fee. Another Model is the Data-For-Data model whereby different public sector organisations participate in a joint program, with or without paying an upfront contribution. They donate their data into this program to produce large-scale geo-information. In return, the organisations receive user rights for this large-scale geo-information, Norge Digitalt in Norway
uses this model to finance large-scale datasets. The Data-For-Data Model can be combined with the Street Performer Model if a participant donates money instead of data. 4.3 Summary of revenue models Table 4 provides a summary of the various revenue models, their advantages and disadvantages and their suitability to various web services. Table 4: Revenue models with pros, cons, and their suitability to web services. Model Advantages Disadvantages Suitable for Subscription Model - Certainty of regular revenue - Adaptable to users - Lock-in of users - Suitable for click-through licences Usage Model - User-pay system, only pay for actual usage - Suitable for ad hoc users - Suitable for click-through licences Royalty Model - Suitable for experimentation / innovation platform - Low accessibility - May generate long term indirect revenue for VA products Free Model - Low accessibility - Indirect revenue (better informed citizen, more effective policy) - May generate long term indirect revenue for VA products - Suitable for click-through licences (if still required) Hybrid Models - Community Model - Enticement Model - Street Performer Model - User is closely involved (feedback, quality control) - Improvement of service / user friendliness - Encourages experimentation / innovation platform - Lures potential users - Lock-in of users - Financing service is done upfront - Unlimited use for donors / participants - Not popular with consumers - Only suitable for specialised data that is required frequently - Only suitable when access is more important than possession - Need mechanisms to deal with small payments - Pricing may be prohibitive for large quantities - Pricing mechanism complex when combined with other web services - Uncertainty of revenue (amount, time) - Must monitor progress of experimenters - No revenue from consumers - Nor suitable for clickthrough licences - No direct or immediate revenue - May be in breach with national Fair Trade Legislation - No direct or immediate revenue (unless combined with another model) - No direct or immediate revenue (unless combined with another model) - Donors / participants must be known and willing to donate in advance - Dependant on good reputation of producer - WMS - WFS / WCS - DS - WMS - WFS / WCS - DS - WMS - WFS / WCS - DS - WMS - WFS / WCS - DS - WMS - WFS / WCS - DS - WMS - DS - WMS - WFS / WCS - DS 45
Page 1: SDI Convergence Research, Emerging
Page 4 and 5: SDI Convergence. Research, Emerging
Page 6 and 7: An Integrated Framework for the Imp
Page 8 and 9: Peer Review Board for SDI Convergen
Page 10 and 11: domain are or may become important
Page 12 and 13: Services taking advantage of multip
Page 14 and 15: changes that have taken place in th
Page 17 and 18: The Potential of a National Atlas a
Page 19 and 20: tion, the Royal Netherlands Geograp
Page 21 and 22: challenge for the National Atlas Fo
Page 23 and 24: experience 'instant satisfaction' u
Page 25 and 26: data are found offered by the data
Page 27: spread of flora and fauna, especial
Page 30 and 31: Spatial Data Infrastructure of Spai
Page 32 and 33: ecords managed through the services
Page 34 and 35: esult of applying GUI production ru
Page 36 and 37: 28 Table 1: Mapping between OGC Cap
Page 38 and 39: 30 Figure 4: Online metadata editio
Page 40 and 41: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has been
Page 43 and 44: Public Sector Geo Web Services: Whi
Page 45 and 46: Figure 1: Serving geo-information u
Page 47 and 48: nue. With an increasing number of m
Page 49 and 50: 3.2 Types of business models Malone
Page 51: Not all revenue models described by
Page 55 and 56: of web service (WMS, WFS/WCS, WIS,
Page 57 and 58: REFERENCES Anderson, C. (2008). Fre
Page 59: INTERVIEWS Jellema, M., DataLand, R
Page 62 and 63: gion, aware of the INSPIRE context,
Page 64 and 65: 3.3 International activities on man
Page 66 and 67: use happens when the final user wil
Page 68 and 69: Geolicences implementation has draw
Page 70 and 71: Spatial Information Council (2008).
Page 72 and 73: make it hard for citizens and civil
Page 74 and 75: 66 Figure 2: Prototype to test navi
Page 76 and 77: ”Member States may limit public a
Page 78 and 79: sor is dragged further into the pro
Page 80 and 81: cause changes in Dutch and regional
Page 82 and 83: Hoekstra, R., Winkels R.G.F. and Hu
Page 84 and 85: The use of location-based informati
Page 86 and 87: tion which does not measure a perso
Page 88 and 89: important role (Dobson and Fisher,
Page 90 and 91: camera surveillance on a public roa
Page 92 and 93: Furthermore, the Court gave a numbe
Page 94 and 95: ECtHR (2003a). Peck v. The United K
Page 97 and 98: Harmonising and Integrating Two Dom
Page 99 and 100: ing and integrating these two domai
Page 101 and 102: Table 1: Differences in background
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Figure 1: Examples of IMGeo data (c
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Concept Table 4: Same concept, diff
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Some differences are not clear from
Page 109 and 110:
Such homogenous classes will also a
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BMT classes, which contain all info
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phy, both illustrated with UML exam
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An Analysis of Technology Choices f
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The objectives of this article are
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3. THE COMPARTIMOS REFERENCE MODEL
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sufficiently simple to allow repres
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same implementation of a geospatial
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5. RESULTS Through the development
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Di L., Chen A., Yang W., Liu Y., We
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SDI and Metadata Entry and Updating
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A critical problem for metadata col
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2.1.8 Functionalities A MET must al
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Collection of related documents Sta
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well as more enhanced tools to impr
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access to geo-referenced databases,
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metadata and spatial data is new an
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Phillips, A. and Williamson, I. P.
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A Prototype Metadata Tool for Land
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data and grid computing infrastruct
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model elements it becomes possible
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Figure 2: Overview of the system co
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1. selection of a model; 2. provisi
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the tool is deployed more widely us
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Chan, T., Beverly C., Ebert, S., Ga
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Implementation of Recent Metadata D
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) definition of a metadata organisa
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3.2 Definition of a metadata schema
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This is just an example of how comp
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6. CONCLUSIONS The Public Administr
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An Integrated Framework for the Imp
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2.1 Six Sigma Six Sigma is one of t
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However, the traditional methods of
Page 175 and 176:
The fifth element for BSC design is
Page 177 and 178:
Table 2: Strengths and weaknesses o
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Camp, R. C. (1989). Benchmarking: T
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Nedovic-Budic, Z., Feeney, M.E.F.,
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The Value Chain Approach to Evaluat
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The definition of assessment strate
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There may be several activities per
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The complexity of work, which was r
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Figure 5: Secondary interface: orga
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on investments. More importantly, i
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Porter, M. (1985). Competitive Adva
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Evaluation of Spatial Information T
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fully digital nationwide spatial da
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satellite imagery, digital vector d
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lic) and the National Mapping Agenc
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- Secondary spatial data available,
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Figure 1: Technical progress of SDI
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Khan, J. (2007). Karachi Master Pla
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Philippines http://www.geoinfo.ait.
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Local Government and SDI - Understa
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Australia, like many developed coun
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Table 1: Structure of the LGA quest
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(p
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Table 3: Results of multiple regres
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The role of local government in bui
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McDougall, K., A. Rajabifard and I.
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Changing Notions of a Spatial Data
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Table 1: Differences between GeoWeb
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The concept of spatially enabled go
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applications field and also in term
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The discussion in the fifth section
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Cooperation - a Key Factor for Sust
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appears at low levels and can seek
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Many of the problems of a non-techn
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4.4 Important aspects As cooperatio
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level’ within and between organis
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Seamless SDI Model - Bridging the G
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tuaries and oceans (Plunkett, 2001)
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Figure 2: Seamless administration s
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Figure 5: Seamless platform. A seam
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4.2 Standards SDI must be based on
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One more concern linked to the esta
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structures that not only do not yet
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The RRR Toolbox: a Conceptual Model
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curring in the present must not com
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databases and web mapping services.
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Principles, Institutional Principle
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The commonalities between SDIs and
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Mooney, J. D. and Grant, D. M. (199
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Building SDI Bridges for Catchment
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approaches. TCM is a holistic appro
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hierarchy namely; the umbrella view
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tions and practices in South Africa
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Figure 2: Conceptual framework: App
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In the Murray Darling Basin, there
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REFERENCES Australian Bureau of Sta
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Rajabifard, A., M.-E.F. Feeney and
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