SDI Convergence - Nederlandse Commissie voor Geodesie - KNAW

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The OGC/TC 211 implementation specifications have deficiencies particularly in relation to manipulating marine data types which typically have 3 or 4 dimensional components (e.g. latitude, longitude, depth, and/or time). For instance, based on the Australian marine SDI activities, it was difficult to deal with the time dimension in OGC Web Map Services (Finney, 2007). A lack of reference implementation for combinations of specific standards is problematic for communities that need to implement these international standards. 4.5 People Developing an agreed interoperable framework requires organisational collaboration and a clear use case and applications addressing interoperability cross borders and cross sectors (land-marine) scenarios. An overarching framework is supporting data policies, data access, data specifications (datum, feature catalogue) and standard implementation. An international workshop for land and marine integration in March 2007 identified the need for a single body to support land-marine integration for the region to keep the land and marine communities working together was noted (http://www.eurosdr.net). However, many issues and challenges could be overcome through better coordination arrangements and existence of a single management authority or forum for collaborative planning, and deficient legislation. More information about seamless SDI is required to have a better understanding and knowledge about SDI among different institutions and organisations and there should be proper regulation to enforce that all spatial data providers should involve in and contribute to the development of a seamless SDI. 5. CHALLENGES IN CREATING A SEAMLESS SDI MODEL In order to create a seamless SDI across terrestrial and marine environments and jurisdictions, it is important to recognise and accept that building and maintaining an SDI is not easy, even for well-developed states. It is a dynamic and complex process at different levels of government and requires research and collaboration with academia and private industry. Sustainable development requires an integrated spatial data system which provides built and natural environmental datasets that are available to the public. The integration of spatial data at national level encounters several problems either of technical, institutional or policy nature. 5.1 Technical Issues Spatial data may come from various sources or data providers. Each data provider has its policies and methods of managing spatial data. Often, land and marine data products are incompatible in terms of scale, projection, datum and format (Gillespie et al., 2000). Several technical issues that should be taken into consideration when integrating spatial data from various data sources are: differences in spatial reference system (horizontal datum, vertical datum, and coordinate system), storage format, scale of data source, feature or object definition (feature catalogue), spatial data quality due to the differences of resolution or data acquisition method and finally differences in spatial data modelling (geometry, features name, attributes, field type, topology) (Syafi’l, 2006). In the MOTIIVE project these problems were also recognised by coastal managers in Europe regarding data. They added the lack of metadata and correspondingly difficulties to discover data (see http://www.motiive.net). 248
One more concern linked to the establishment of seamless SDI is the issue of a national shoreline. As the fundamental boundary for so many applications and studies, the lack of a consistently defined shoreline has frustrated coastal zone managers, planners, and scientists for many years. Different representations of the coastline in marine and land datasets leads to data overlaps while most of the applications require a single seamless layer with no duplication of common features. Table 1 shows an example of the differences on several aspects of two main data sources (Topographic Map and Nautical Chart) of Australia that should be considered when integrating land and marine spatial data. The lack of standardisation and guidance for data and metadata and associated publishing protocols is the main problem of the above differences. Each organisation creates spatial data for its own purposes using their own technical specification without considering that the data may be shared or distributed to other communities. Table 1: Different aspects of land and marine spatial data integration. Item Topographic Map Nautical Chart Coastline - Mean Sea Level (MSL) which is determined by modelling the topography - Local Astronomic Tide (LAT) Horizontal Datum - GDA94 - GDA94 - WGS84 - WGS84 - AGD66 Vertical Datum - AHD (Australian Height Datum or - Mean Sea Level (MSL) for land ele- Mean Sea Level) for land elevavationstions. - Chart Datum for depth - no depth information - information: LAT, ISLW Projection system - Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM). - Mercator Digital Storage Format - Various format (DWG, ARC, - Digital Nautical Charts: Raster(TIFF, SHP, Hardcopy ) ECW) - Electronic Navigation Chart: DIGI- TAL - S-57 Version 3.1 - Nautical Chart: Digital and Non digital - Raster HCRF V2 / GEOTIFF V1 (not to be used for navigation), Hardcopy Printed Charts - Bathymetric Map: Digital and Non digital-ASCII, Hardcopy - Printed maps Scale - Systematically (1 to 10K, 25K, - Not Systematically (range from large 50K, 100K, 250K) scale to small scale) 5.2 Institutional Issues There are several non-technical issues that should be overcome to develop a seamless SDI. The coastal zone is difficult to manage due a complex array of legislative and institutional arrangements varying from local to global levels. Furthermore, there is currently confusion about the management of the land-sea interface. This shows, for example, in Australia where local governments manage land to High Water Mark (HWM), and state governments manage the marine environment from the Low Water Mark (LWM). This means that there are no overlapping arrangements in place to enable efficient coastal zone management. There is also a strip of land between the two boundaries which is not within a management jurisdiction at all (Binns and Williamson, 2003). 249
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SDI Convergence Research, Emerging
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SDI Convergence. Research, Emerging
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An Integrated Framework for the Imp
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Peer Review Board for SDI Convergen
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domain are or may become important
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Services taking advantage of multip
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changes that have taken place in th
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The Potential of a National Atlas a
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tion, the Royal Netherlands Geograp
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challenge for the National Atlas Fo
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experience 'instant satisfaction' u
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data are found offered by the data
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spread of flora and fauna, especial
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Spatial Data Infrastructure of Spai
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ecords managed through the services
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esult of applying GUI production ru
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28 Table 1: Mapping between OGC Cap
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30 Figure 4: Online metadata editio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has been
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Public Sector Geo Web Services: Whi
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Figure 1: Serving geo-information u
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nue. With an increasing number of m
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3.2 Types of business models Malone
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Not all revenue models described by
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uses this model to finance large-sc
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of web service (WMS, WFS/WCS, WIS,
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REFERENCES Anderson, C. (2008). Fre
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INTERVIEWS Jellema, M., DataLand, R
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gion, aware of the INSPIRE context,
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3.3 International activities on man
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use happens when the final user wil
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Geolicences implementation has draw
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Spatial Information Council (2008).
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make it hard for citizens and civil
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66 Figure 2: Prototype to test navi
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”Member States may limit public a
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sor is dragged further into the pro
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cause changes in Dutch and regional
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Hoekstra, R., Winkels R.G.F. and Hu
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The use of location-based informati
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tion which does not measure a perso
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important role (Dobson and Fisher,
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camera surveillance on a public roa
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Furthermore, the Court gave a numbe
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ECtHR (2003a). Peck v. The United K
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Harmonising and Integrating Two Dom
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ing and integrating these two domai
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Table 1: Differences in background
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Figure 1: Examples of IMGeo data (c
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Concept Table 4: Same concept, diff
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Some differences are not clear from
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Such homogenous classes will also a
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BMT classes, which contain all info
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phy, both illustrated with UML exam
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An Analysis of Technology Choices f
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The objectives of this article are
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3. THE COMPARTIMOS REFERENCE MODEL
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sufficiently simple to allow repres
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same implementation of a geospatial
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5. RESULTS Through the development
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Di L., Chen A., Yang W., Liu Y., We
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SDI and Metadata Entry and Updating
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A critical problem for metadata col
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2.1.8 Functionalities A MET must al
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Collection of related documents Sta
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well as more enhanced tools to impr
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access to geo-referenced databases,
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metadata and spatial data is new an
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Phillips, A. and Williamson, I. P.
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A Prototype Metadata Tool for Land
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data and grid computing infrastruct
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model elements it becomes possible
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Figure 2: Overview of the system co
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1. selection of a model; 2. provisi
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the tool is deployed more widely us
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Chan, T., Beverly C., Ebert, S., Ga
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Implementation of Recent Metadata D
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) definition of a metadata organisa
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3.2 Definition of a metadata schema
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This is just an example of how comp
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6. CONCLUSIONS The Public Administr
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An Integrated Framework for the Imp
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2.1 Six Sigma Six Sigma is one of t
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However, the traditional methods of
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The fifth element for BSC design is
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Table 2: Strengths and weaknesses o
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Camp, R. C. (1989). Benchmarking: T
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Nedovic-Budic, Z., Feeney, M.E.F.,
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The Value Chain Approach to Evaluat
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The definition of assessment strate
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There may be several activities per
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The complexity of work, which was r
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Figure 5: Secondary interface: orga
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on investments. More importantly, i
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Porter, M. (1985). Competitive Adva
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Evaluation of Spatial Information T
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fully digital nationwide spatial da
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satellite imagery, digital vector d
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lic) and the National Mapping Agenc
Page 205 and 206: - Secondary spatial data available,
Page 207 and 208: Figure 1: Technical progress of SDI
Page 209 and 210: Khan, J. (2007). Karachi Master Pla
Page 211 and 212: Philippines http://www.geoinfo.ait.
Page 213 and 214: Local Government and SDI - Understa
Page 215 and 216: Australia, like many developed coun
Page 217 and 218: Table 1: Structure of the LGA quest
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Page 221 and 222: Table 3: Results of multiple regres
Page 223 and 224: The role of local government in bui
Page 225 and 226: McDougall, K., A. Rajabifard and I.
Page 227 and 228: Changing Notions of a Spatial Data
Page 229 and 230: Table 1: Differences between GeoWeb
Page 231 and 232: The concept of spatially enabled go
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Page 235 and 236: The discussion in the fifth section
Page 237 and 238: Cooperation - a Key Factor for Sust
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Page 241 and 242: Many of the problems of a non-techn
Page 243 and 244: 4.4 Important aspects As cooperatio
Page 245 and 246: level’ within and between organis
Page 247 and 248: Seamless SDI Model - Bridging the G
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Page 251 and 252: Figure 2: Seamless administration s
Page 253 and 254: Figure 5: Seamless platform. A seam
Page 255: 4.2 Standards SDI must be based on
Page 259 and 260: structures that not only do not yet
Page 261 and 262: The RRR Toolbox: a Conceptual Model
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Page 267 and 268: Principles, Institutional Principle
Page 269 and 270: The commonalities between SDIs and
Page 271 and 272: Mooney, J. D. and Grant, D. M. (199
Page 273 and 274: Building SDI Bridges for Catchment
Page 275 and 276: approaches. TCM is a holistic appro
Page 277 and 278: hierarchy namely; the umbrella view
Page 279 and 280: tions and practices in South Africa
Page 281 and 282: Figure 2: Conceptual framework: App
Page 283 and 284: In the Murray Darling Basin, there
Page 285 and 286: REFERENCES Australian Bureau of Sta
Page 287: Rajabifard, A., M.-E.F. Feeney and
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SDI Convergence - Nederlandse Commissie voor Geodesie - KNAW

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