SDI Convergence - Nederlandse Commissie voor Geodesie - KNAW

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to play a larger part in the development of spatial information policy for the Department as a whole. The Victorian Spatial Information Strategy for 2004 to 2007 (VSIS) differed from its predecessor in several important ways. The VGIS strategies had focussed largely on issues of management and custodianship associated with the eight fundamental data sets that are the core of the State’s SDI, but the VSIS was much broader in scope and presented a whole of industry approach rather than a governmental model. The implementation of the VSIS and the preparation of the latest strategy for 2008-2010 have been overseen by the whole of industry body, the Victorian Spatial Council, that was set up in 2004. Its membership includes representatives drawn from state government (3), local government (2), federal government (1), academia (2), the professions (2) and the private sector (2). An independent chairman of the Council has been appointed by the Secretary of the State Department of Sustainability and Environment. The experiences of Victoria indicate that a combination of internal and external factors affects the evolution of SDIs over time. Internally, those involved participate in a process of learning by doing that takes account of the experiences of earlier stages of SDI implementation. Externally, important changes in the nature of the SDI may be a consequence of the restructuring of other activities within government as a whole. The interaction between these two strands will govern the trajectory of SDI development. 6. SOME CHALLENGES FACING SDI IMPLEMENTATION SDIs have attracted a lot of attention from governments all over the world over the last ten years. This raises the inevitable question as to how far they will be able to deliver the promised benefits over time. Bregt and Crompvoets (2004) have argued that some SDIs may have already raised unrealistic expectations and their benefits that are not proven. These are likely to attract few stakeholders and can be classified as ‘hype’. In contrast, the successful ‘hit’ SDIs will be those that have developed in response to realistic expectations and can deliver proven benefits. Most or all the relevant stakeholders are likely to be involved in such SDIs. In practice, as the discussion in section 3 of this article shows, SDI outcomes are likely to be much more complex in practice because of the nature of the implementation processes. The discussion of multi level governance in section 4 of this article suggests that successful SDI implementation will be heavily dependent upon the extent to which sub national agencies are actively involved. The challenges that arise at the sub national level are highlighted in the findings of the Advanced Regional SDIs workshop that was organised by the Joint Research Centre last year (Craglia and Campagna, 2009) and are the central focus of attention in the current ESDInet+ project that is funded by the European Commission (www.esdinetplus.eu). The findings of these and other studies suggest that effective SDI implementation is often facilitated in countries such as Australia and Germany where many important administrative responsibilities are devolved to the state level and established institutions already exist at this level for policy making and implementation. However, it should also be noted that the information infrastructures that come into being at this level are often different in many respects from those at the national level (De Man, 2007) and also that these fall essentially into the type 1 governance category. Consequently, further challenges may have to be overcome in these situations in order to respond to the needs of type 2 governance agencies. 226
The discussion in the fifth section of this article considers another of the dilemmas facing those involved in SDI implementation: i.e. the challenges presented by both internal and external organisational changes during the course of SDI implementation. To be successful SDIs must be sustainable over long periods of time. The current INSPIRE road map, for example, covers the period up to May 2019 (www.inspire.jrc.ec. europa.eu/). As a result the SDIs that are most likely to succeed will be those that meet the three sets of conditions originally identified by Campbell and Masser (1995, pp. 45- 48) for effective GIS implementation. These are 1) a consistent strategy that identifies the evolving needs of users and takes account of the changing resources and values of the participants, 2) a commitment to and participation in the implementation of the SDI by groups and individuals from both type 1 and 2 types of governance structures and 3) an ability to cope with all kinds of change. REFERENCES Bregt, A., and J. Crompvoets (2004). Spatial data infrastructures: hype or hit? Proceedings of GSDI 8, Cairo, at http://www.gsdi.org. Butler, D. (2006). The web-wide world. Nature, 439(7078): 776-8. Campbell, H. and I. Masser (1995). GIS and organisations: how effective are GIS in practice? London: Taylor and Francis. Craglia, M. and M. Campagna (2009). Advanced regional spatial data infrastructures in Europe, Ispra: Joint Research Centre Institute for Environment and Sustainability. Craglia, M., M. F. Goodchild, A. Annoni, G. Camara, M. Gould, W. Kuhn, D. Mark, I. Masser, D. Maguire, S. Liang and E. Parsons (2008). Next generation Digital Earth: a position paper from the Vespucci initiative for the advancement of geographic information science, International Journal of Spatial Data Infrastructures Research, 3: 146-167. Crompvoets, J., A. Bregt, A. Rajabifard and I.P. Williamson (2004). Assessing worldwide developments of national spatial data clearinghouses. International Journal of Geographic Information Science, 18(1): 1-25. De Man, E. (2007). Beyond spatial data infrastructures there are no SDIs – so what, International Journal of Spatial Data Infrastructure Research, 2: 1-23. Department of Sustainability and Environment, (2008). Victorian Spatial Information Strategy 2008-2010, Melbourne: Department of Sustainability and Environment. Executive Office of the President (1994). Coordinating geographic data acquisition and access, the National Spatial Data Infrastructure, Executive Order 12906, Federal Register, 59: 17671-17674. Gore, A. (1998). The Digital Earth: understanding our planet in the 21 st century, Australian Surveyor, 43(2): 89-91. Hooghe, L., and G. Marks (2003). Unravelling the central state, but how? Types of multi level governance, American Political Science Review, 97(2): 233-243. Maguire, D. (2005). GeoWeb 2.0: implications for ESDI, Proceedings of the 12 th EC-GI- GIS Workshop, Innsbruck, Austria. (http://www.ec-gis.org/Workshops/12ec-gis/). Masser, I. (1999). All shapes and sizes: the first generation of National Spatial Data Infrastructures, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 13(1): 67-84. 227
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SDI Convergence Research, Emerging
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SDI Convergence. Research, Emerging
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An Integrated Framework for the Imp
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Peer Review Board for SDI Convergen
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domain are or may become important
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Services taking advantage of multip
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changes that have taken place in th
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The Potential of a National Atlas a
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tion, the Royal Netherlands Geograp
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challenge for the National Atlas Fo
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experience 'instant satisfaction' u
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data are found offered by the data
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spread of flora and fauna, especial
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Spatial Data Infrastructure of Spai
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ecords managed through the services
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esult of applying GUI production ru
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28 Table 1: Mapping between OGC Cap
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30 Figure 4: Online metadata editio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has been
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Public Sector Geo Web Services: Whi
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Figure 1: Serving geo-information u
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nue. With an increasing number of m
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3.2 Types of business models Malone
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Not all revenue models described by
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uses this model to finance large-sc
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of web service (WMS, WFS/WCS, WIS,
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REFERENCES Anderson, C. (2008). Fre
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INTERVIEWS Jellema, M., DataLand, R
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gion, aware of the INSPIRE context,
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3.3 International activities on man
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use happens when the final user wil
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Geolicences implementation has draw
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Spatial Information Council (2008).
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make it hard for citizens and civil
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66 Figure 2: Prototype to test navi
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”Member States may limit public a
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sor is dragged further into the pro
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cause changes in Dutch and regional
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Hoekstra, R., Winkels R.G.F. and Hu
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The use of location-based informati
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tion which does not measure a perso
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important role (Dobson and Fisher,
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camera surveillance on a public roa
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Furthermore, the Court gave a numbe
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ECtHR (2003a). Peck v. The United K
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Harmonising and Integrating Two Dom
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ing and integrating these two domai
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Table 1: Differences in background
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Figure 1: Examples of IMGeo data (c
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Concept Table 4: Same concept, diff
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Some differences are not clear from
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Such homogenous classes will also a
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BMT classes, which contain all info
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phy, both illustrated with UML exam
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An Analysis of Technology Choices f
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The objectives of this article are
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3. THE COMPARTIMOS REFERENCE MODEL
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sufficiently simple to allow repres
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same implementation of a geospatial
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5. RESULTS Through the development
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Di L., Chen A., Yang W., Liu Y., We
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SDI and Metadata Entry and Updating
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A critical problem for metadata col
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2.1.8 Functionalities A MET must al
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Collection of related documents Sta
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well as more enhanced tools to impr
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access to geo-referenced databases,
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metadata and spatial data is new an
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Phillips, A. and Williamson, I. P.
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A Prototype Metadata Tool for Land
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data and grid computing infrastruct
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model elements it becomes possible
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Figure 2: Overview of the system co
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1. selection of a model; 2. provisi
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the tool is deployed more widely us
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Chan, T., Beverly C., Ebert, S., Ga
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Implementation of Recent Metadata D
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) definition of a metadata organisa
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3.2 Definition of a metadata schema
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This is just an example of how comp
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6. CONCLUSIONS The Public Administr
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An Integrated Framework for the Imp
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2.1 Six Sigma Six Sigma is one of t
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However, the traditional methods of
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The fifth element for BSC design is
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Table 2: Strengths and weaknesses o
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Camp, R. C. (1989). Benchmarking: T
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Nedovic-Budic, Z., Feeney, M.E.F.,
Page 183 and 184: The Value Chain Approach to Evaluat
Page 185 and 186: The definition of assessment strate
Page 187 and 188: There may be several activities per
Page 189 and 190: The complexity of work, which was r
Page 191 and 192: Figure 5: Secondary interface: orga
Page 193 and 194: on investments. More importantly, i
Page 195 and 196: Porter, M. (1985). Competitive Adva
Page 197 and 198: Evaluation of Spatial Information T
Page 199 and 200: fully digital nationwide spatial da
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Page 203 and 204: lic) and the National Mapping Agenc
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Page 207 and 208: Figure 1: Technical progress of SDI
Page 209 and 210: Khan, J. (2007). Karachi Master Pla
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Page 213 and 214: Local Government and SDI - Understa
Page 215 and 216: Australia, like many developed coun
Page 217 and 218: Table 1: Structure of the LGA quest
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Page 221 and 222: Table 3: Results of multiple regres
Page 223 and 224: The role of local government in bui
Page 225 and 226: McDougall, K., A. Rajabifard and I.
Page 227 and 228: Changing Notions of a Spatial Data
Page 229 and 230: Table 1: Differences between GeoWeb
Page 231 and 232: The concept of spatially enabled go
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Page 237 and 238: Cooperation - a Key Factor for Sust
Page 239 and 240: appears at low levels and can seek
Page 241 and 242: Many of the problems of a non-techn
Page 243 and 244: 4.4 Important aspects As cooperatio
Page 245 and 246: level’ within and between organis
Page 247 and 248: Seamless SDI Model - Bridging the G
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Page 251 and 252: Figure 2: Seamless administration s
Page 253 and 254: Figure 5: Seamless platform. A seam
Page 255 and 256: 4.2 Standards SDI must be based on
Page 257 and 258: One more concern linked to the esta
Page 259 and 260: structures that not only do not yet
Page 261 and 262: The RRR Toolbox: a Conceptual Model
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Page 267 and 268: Principles, Institutional Principle
Page 269 and 270: The commonalities between SDIs and
Page 271 and 272: Mooney, J. D. and Grant, D. M. (199
Page 273 and 274: Building SDI Bridges for Catchment
Page 275 and 276: approaches. TCM is a holistic appro
Page 277 and 278: hierarchy namely; the umbrella view
Page 279 and 280: tions and practices in South Africa
Page 281 and 282: Figure 2: Conceptual framework: App
Page 283 and 284: In the Murray Darling Basin, there
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REFERENCES Australian Bureau of Sta
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Rajabifard, A., M.-E.F. Feeney and
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