SDI Convergence - Nederlandse Commissie voor Geodesie - KNAW

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Warnest, M., A. Rajabifard and I.P. Williamson (2005). "A collaborative approach to building national SDI in federated state systems: case study of Australia", Proceedings of GSDI-8, 16-21 April 2005, Cario, Egypt. Wehn de Montalvo, U. (2001). "Strategies for SDI implementation: a survey of national experiences", Proceedings of 5th Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Conference, 21-25 May, 2001, Cartagena de Indias, Columbia. Wehn de Montalvo, U. (2003). Mapping the determinants of spatial data sharing, Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. Williamson, I.P. and J.W. Blackburn (1985). "Land information systems in Australasia: lessons and experiences", Proceedings of 1985 AURISA National Conference (URPIS 13), Adelaide, SA. pp. 263-77. 218
Changing Notions of a Spatial Data Infrastructure Ian Masser Town End House, Taddington, Buxton SK17 9UF, England ian.masser@yahoo.co.uk Abstract This article examines some of the changes that have taken place in the notion of a spatial data infrastructure (SDI) over the last 15 years. The discussion is divided into five parts. The first of these considers the impacts of innovations in communications and information technology during this period on the nature of SDIs. The second examines the changes that have taken place in the conceptualisation of SDIs while the third discusses the changing nature of SDI implementation in the context of the concepts of multi level governance that have been developed by political scientists. Underlying this discussion is the realisation that SDI development and implementation is very much a social process of learning by doing. This process is explored in the fourth section of the article with reference to the experience of the State of Victoria in Australia. The concluding section of the article considers the challenges facing SDI implementation and identifies a number of dilemmas that have yet to be resolved. Keywords: Spatial data infrastructure (SDI), SDI implementation, multi level governance, learning by doing. 1. INTRODUCTION The term 'National Spatial Data Infrastructure' was first used in a paper presented by John McLaughlin at the 1991 Canadian Conference on Geographic Information Systems entitled 'Towards a national spatial data infrastructure' (McLaughlin, 1991). The ideas contained in this paper were subsequently developed by the United States National Research Council's Mapping Science Committee in their report on 'Toward a coordinated spatial data infrastructure for the nation' (National Research Council, 1993). This recommended that effective national policies, strategies, and organisational structures should be established for the integration of national spatial data collection, use and distribution. These concepts were expanded and developed during the following year in the Executive Order 12906 signed by President Clinton entitled ‘Coordinating Geographic Data Acquisition and Access: the National Spatial Data Infrastructure’ (Executive Office of the President, 1994). The Executive Order significantly raised overall awareness of the need for governmental strategies that facilitate geospatial data collection, management and use not only among Federal agencies in the United States, but also nationally and internationally (Masser, 2005). Since then the number of SDI initiatives has increased dramatically in all parts of the world to the extent that Crompvoets et al.’s (2004) work on the development of clearinghouses suggests that as many as half the world’s countries were considering SDI related projects. These figures must be treated with some caution as they do not necessarily imply that all these countries are actively engaged in SDI formulation or implementation. It is also likely that many of them may be engaged in some aspects of SDI development without necessarily committing themselves to a comprehensive SDI 219
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SDI Convergence Research, Emerging
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SDI Convergence. Research, Emerging
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An Integrated Framework for the Imp
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Peer Review Board for SDI Convergen
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domain are or may become important
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Services taking advantage of multip
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changes that have taken place in th
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The Potential of a National Atlas a
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tion, the Royal Netherlands Geograp
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challenge for the National Atlas Fo
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experience 'instant satisfaction' u
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data are found offered by the data
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spread of flora and fauna, especial
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Spatial Data Infrastructure of Spai
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ecords managed through the services
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esult of applying GUI production ru
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28 Table 1: Mapping between OGC Cap
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30 Figure 4: Online metadata editio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has been
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Public Sector Geo Web Services: Whi
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Figure 1: Serving geo-information u
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nue. With an increasing number of m
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3.2 Types of business models Malone
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Not all revenue models described by
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uses this model to finance large-sc
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of web service (WMS, WFS/WCS, WIS,
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REFERENCES Anderson, C. (2008). Fre
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INTERVIEWS Jellema, M., DataLand, R
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gion, aware of the INSPIRE context,
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3.3 International activities on man
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use happens when the final user wil
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Geolicences implementation has draw
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Spatial Information Council (2008).
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make it hard for citizens and civil
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66 Figure 2: Prototype to test navi
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”Member States may limit public a
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sor is dragged further into the pro
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cause changes in Dutch and regional
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Hoekstra, R., Winkels R.G.F. and Hu
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The use of location-based informati
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tion which does not measure a perso
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important role (Dobson and Fisher,
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camera surveillance on a public roa
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Furthermore, the Court gave a numbe
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ECtHR (2003a). Peck v. The United K
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Harmonising and Integrating Two Dom
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ing and integrating these two domai
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Table 1: Differences in background
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Figure 1: Examples of IMGeo data (c
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Concept Table 4: Same concept, diff
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Some differences are not clear from
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Such homogenous classes will also a
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BMT classes, which contain all info
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phy, both illustrated with UML exam
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An Analysis of Technology Choices f
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The objectives of this article are
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3. THE COMPARTIMOS REFERENCE MODEL
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sufficiently simple to allow repres
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same implementation of a geospatial
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5. RESULTS Through the development
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Di L., Chen A., Yang W., Liu Y., We
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SDI and Metadata Entry and Updating
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A critical problem for metadata col
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2.1.8 Functionalities A MET must al
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Collection of related documents Sta
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well as more enhanced tools to impr
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access to geo-referenced databases,
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metadata and spatial data is new an
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Phillips, A. and Williamson, I. P.
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A Prototype Metadata Tool for Land
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data and grid computing infrastruct
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model elements it becomes possible
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Figure 2: Overview of the system co
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1. selection of a model; 2. provisi
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the tool is deployed more widely us
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Chan, T., Beverly C., Ebert, S., Ga
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Implementation of Recent Metadata D
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) definition of a metadata organisa
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3.2 Definition of a metadata schema
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This is just an example of how comp
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6. CONCLUSIONS The Public Administr
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An Integrated Framework for the Imp
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2.1 Six Sigma Six Sigma is one of t
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However, the traditional methods of
Page 175 and 176: The fifth element for BSC design is
Page 177 and 178: Table 2: Strengths and weaknesses o
Page 179 and 180: Camp, R. C. (1989). Benchmarking: T
Page 181 and 182: Nedovic-Budic, Z., Feeney, M.E.F.,
Page 183 and 184: The Value Chain Approach to Evaluat
Page 185 and 186: The definition of assessment strate
Page 187 and 188: There may be several activities per
Page 189 and 190: The complexity of work, which was r
Page 191 and 192: Figure 5: Secondary interface: orga
Page 193 and 194: on investments. More importantly, i
Page 195 and 196: Porter, M. (1985). Competitive Adva
Page 197 and 198: Evaluation of Spatial Information T
Page 199 and 200: fully digital nationwide spatial da
Page 201 and 202: satellite imagery, digital vector d
Page 203 and 204: lic) and the National Mapping Agenc
Page 205 and 206: - Secondary spatial data available,
Page 207 and 208: Figure 1: Technical progress of SDI
Page 209 and 210: Khan, J. (2007). Karachi Master Pla
Page 211 and 212: Philippines http://www.geoinfo.ait.
Page 213 and 214: Local Government and SDI - Understa
Page 215 and 216: Australia, like many developed coun
Page 217 and 218: Table 1: Structure of the LGA quest
Page 219 and 220: (p
Page 221 and 222: Table 3: Results of multiple regres
Page 223 and 224: The role of local government in bui
Page 225: McDougall, K., A. Rajabifard and I.
Page 229 and 230: Table 1: Differences between GeoWeb
Page 231 and 232: The concept of spatially enabled go
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Page 235 and 236: The discussion in the fifth section
Page 237 and 238: Cooperation - a Key Factor for Sust
Page 239 and 240: appears at low levels and can seek
Page 241 and 242: Many of the problems of a non-techn
Page 243 and 244: 4.4 Important aspects As cooperatio
Page 245 and 246: level’ within and between organis
Page 247 and 248: Seamless SDI Model - Bridging the G
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Page 251 and 252: Figure 2: Seamless administration s
Page 253 and 254: Figure 5: Seamless platform. A seam
Page 255 and 256: 4.2 Standards SDI must be based on
Page 257 and 258: One more concern linked to the esta
Page 259 and 260: structures that not only do not yet
Page 261 and 262: The RRR Toolbox: a Conceptual Model
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Page 265 and 266: databases and web mapping services.
Page 267 and 268: Principles, Institutional Principle
Page 269 and 270: The commonalities between SDIs and
Page 271 and 272: Mooney, J. D. and Grant, D. M. (199
Page 273 and 274: Building SDI Bridges for Catchment
Page 275 and 276: approaches. TCM is a holistic appro
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hierarchy namely; the umbrella view
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tions and practices in South Africa
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Figure 2: Conceptual framework: App
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In the Murray Darling Basin, there
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REFERENCES Australian Bureau of Sta
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Rajabifard, A., M.-E.F. Feeney and
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