SDI Convergence - Nederlandse Commissie voor Geodesie - KNAW

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5. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THEORY AND PRACTICE This analysis of local governments examined their capacity, characteristics and outcomes of the data sharing partnerships in the states of Queensland, Victoria and Tasmania. A number of significant trends and differences were identified amongst the variables and across the three states. The initial analysis of the questionnaire data has identified a number of important characteristics of local governments including their capacity across a number of the identified SDI component areas, existing preferences for collaboration and their level of satisfaction with the existing data sharing partnerships. The organisational analysis identified that the ICT capacity of LGAs was significantly better than expected and management support for GIS was generally satisfactory. Policies on access and pricing are not well developed in local government, as small staff numbers and other activities take priority. It is therefore important that state government agencies continue to lead and support LGAs to develop their policy frameworks. LGAs appear more likely to adopt or mimic the state government policies on access and pricing, although this has not been proven conclusively. The findings from the factor analysis underscore the key motivations for sharing of data, particularly at the local government level. LGAs are very tightly resourced and highly business driven. Therefore, the linkage of data sharing initiatives to the business processes of LGAs is more likely to result in more successful and sustainable outcomes. The research also indicates that policies at that state and local level should be aligned where possible to ensure that there is minimal conflict. Local governments are more likely to follow the lead of state agencies on policy development due to their limited capacity to develop their own specific spatial data access and pricing policies. Often, LGAs are at the cutting edge of spatial data access and provision through the use of the internet and web mapping. Because of the closeness of LGAs to their customers, they see immediate and significant benefits through providing information access to the local community. Information access facilitates better service and evidence indicates that it reduces the number of general enquiries. Organisational support and leadership were also rated highly and agree with previous theoretical and empirical research. Local government data is increasingly available over the web and indications are that it will be a strong driver for facilitating business and reducing the number of over-thecounter enquiries for LGAs. The level of completeness of core data sets was very high for most local governments which should provide an excellent basis for exchanging digital data. Standards and metadata were identified as issues that will continue to demand attention and strategies to improve compliance in these areas. Integration of data across the LGAs is well advanced, but full interoperability is still some way off. 6. CONCLUSIONS Spatial data is widely utilised across all levels of government, business and the general community. The objectives of SDI initiatives are to create, maintain and disseminate spatial data for the benefit of society. However, the co-operation and exchange of information has continued to be problematic with detrimental impacts on government business and areas such as emergency services. This research has found that local governments have mature spatial data holdings and the ICT infrastructure to facilitate SDI development through the wider sharing of data. 214
The role of local government in building and developing SDI at the local level is critical. Although the local government environment is complex, a number of important trends have emerged from this research. Firstly, LGAs have a strong focus on meeting their business needs and, therefore, SDI development should be considered as a significant business enabler. Secondly, LGA capacity to develop information policy frameworks is often limited, so it is essential that strong and positive information policy is provided and disseminated at the state level. Finally, local government must be viewed as an equal partner in SDI development to engender trust and facilitate data sharing on an equitable basis. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions from the various local government authorities in Queensland, Victoria and Tasmania who responded to the survey and each of the state government agencies who help facilitate the distribution of the questionnaires. REFERENCES Abel, D.J., V.J. Gaede, K.L. Taylor and X. Zhou (1999). SMART: Towards Spatial Internet Marketplaces, Geomatica, 3(2): 141-64. Bomberger, D. (1983). "Local government's use of computer graphics: current and future applications to benefit communities." Proceedings of 11th Australian Conference on Urban and regional Information Systems, 22-25 November, 1983, Brisbane. pp. 11-18. Brace, N., R. Kemp and R. Snelgar (2006). SPSS for Psychologists, 3rd ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Budic, Z.D. (1994). Effectiveness of geographic information systems in local planning, Journal of the American Planning Association, 60(2): 244-63. Budic, Z.D. and D.R. Godschalk (1994). Implementation and management effectiveness in adoption of GIS technology in local governments, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 18(5): 285-304. Campbell, H. (1993). "GIS implementation in British local government", in I Masser and HJ Onsrud (Eds). Diffusion and Use of Geographic Information Technologies. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic publishers, pp. 117-46. Craglia, M. and P. Signoretta (2000). From global to local: the development of local geographic information strategies in the United Kingdom, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 27(5): 777-88. Crompvoets, J., A. Bregt, A. Rajabifard and I.P. Williamson (2004). Assessing worldwide developments of national spatial data clearinghouses, International Journal of Geographic Information Science, 18(1): 1-25. Cushing, W., L.W. Parish and C.J. Warren (1975). "Local government finance in Australia: Towards a uniform information system", Proceedings of URPIS 3, 27-28 November 1975, Newcastle, pp. 1-21. Dangermond, J. and C. Brown (2003). GIS: infrastructure underpinnings for the National Map, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 69(10): 1159-64. 215
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SDI Convergence Research, Emerging
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SDI Convergence. Research, Emerging
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An Integrated Framework for the Imp
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Peer Review Board for SDI Convergen
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domain are or may become important
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Services taking advantage of multip
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changes that have taken place in th
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The Potential of a National Atlas a
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tion, the Royal Netherlands Geograp
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challenge for the National Atlas Fo
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experience 'instant satisfaction' u
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data are found offered by the data
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spread of flora and fauna, especial
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Spatial Data Infrastructure of Spai
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ecords managed through the services
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esult of applying GUI production ru
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28 Table 1: Mapping between OGC Cap
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30 Figure 4: Online metadata editio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has been
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Public Sector Geo Web Services: Whi
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Figure 1: Serving geo-information u
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nue. With an increasing number of m
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3.2 Types of business models Malone
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Not all revenue models described by
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uses this model to finance large-sc
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of web service (WMS, WFS/WCS, WIS,
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REFERENCES Anderson, C. (2008). Fre
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INTERVIEWS Jellema, M., DataLand, R
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gion, aware of the INSPIRE context,
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3.3 International activities on man
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use happens when the final user wil
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Geolicences implementation has draw
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Spatial Information Council (2008).
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make it hard for citizens and civil
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66 Figure 2: Prototype to test navi
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”Member States may limit public a
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sor is dragged further into the pro
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cause changes in Dutch and regional
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Hoekstra, R., Winkels R.G.F. and Hu
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The use of location-based informati
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tion which does not measure a perso
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important role (Dobson and Fisher,
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camera surveillance on a public roa
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Furthermore, the Court gave a numbe
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ECtHR (2003a). Peck v. The United K
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Harmonising and Integrating Two Dom
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ing and integrating these two domai
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Table 1: Differences in background
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Figure 1: Examples of IMGeo data (c
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Concept Table 4: Same concept, diff
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Some differences are not clear from
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Such homogenous classes will also a
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BMT classes, which contain all info
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phy, both illustrated with UML exam
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An Analysis of Technology Choices f
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The objectives of this article are
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3. THE COMPARTIMOS REFERENCE MODEL
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sufficiently simple to allow repres
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same implementation of a geospatial
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5. RESULTS Through the development
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Di L., Chen A., Yang W., Liu Y., We
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SDI and Metadata Entry and Updating
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A critical problem for metadata col
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2.1.8 Functionalities A MET must al
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Collection of related documents Sta
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well as more enhanced tools to impr
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access to geo-referenced databases,
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metadata and spatial data is new an
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Phillips, A. and Williamson, I. P.
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A Prototype Metadata Tool for Land
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data and grid computing infrastruct
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model elements it becomes possible
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Figure 2: Overview of the system co
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1. selection of a model; 2. provisi
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the tool is deployed more widely us
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Chan, T., Beverly C., Ebert, S., Ga
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Implementation of Recent Metadata D
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) definition of a metadata organisa
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3.2 Definition of a metadata schema
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This is just an example of how comp
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6. CONCLUSIONS The Public Administr
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An Integrated Framework for the Imp
Page 171 and 172: 2.1 Six Sigma Six Sigma is one of t
Page 173 and 174: However, the traditional methods of
Page 175 and 176: The fifth element for BSC design is
Page 177 and 178: Table 2: Strengths and weaknesses o
Page 179 and 180: Camp, R. C. (1989). Benchmarking: T
Page 181 and 182: Nedovic-Budic, Z., Feeney, M.E.F.,
Page 183 and 184: The Value Chain Approach to Evaluat
Page 185 and 186: The definition of assessment strate
Page 187 and 188: There may be several activities per
Page 189 and 190: The complexity of work, which was r
Page 191 and 192: Figure 5: Secondary interface: orga
Page 193 and 194: on investments. More importantly, i
Page 195 and 196: Porter, M. (1985). Competitive Adva
Page 197 and 198: Evaluation of Spatial Information T
Page 199 and 200: fully digital nationwide spatial da
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Page 207 and 208: Figure 1: Technical progress of SDI
Page 209 and 210: Khan, J. (2007). Karachi Master Pla
Page 211 and 212: Philippines http://www.geoinfo.ait.
Page 213 and 214: Local Government and SDI - Understa
Page 215 and 216: Australia, like many developed coun
Page 217 and 218: Table 1: Structure of the LGA quest
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Page 221: Table 3: Results of multiple regres
Page 225 and 226: McDougall, K., A. Rajabifard and I.
Page 227 and 228: Changing Notions of a Spatial Data
Page 229 and 230: Table 1: Differences between GeoWeb
Page 231 and 232: The concept of spatially enabled go
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Page 235 and 236: The discussion in the fifth section
Page 237 and 238: Cooperation - a Key Factor for Sust
Page 239 and 240: appears at low levels and can seek
Page 241 and 242: Many of the problems of a non-techn
Page 243 and 244: 4.4 Important aspects As cooperatio
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Page 247 and 248: Seamless SDI Model - Bridging the G
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Page 253 and 254: Figure 5: Seamless platform. A seam
Page 255 and 256: 4.2 Standards SDI must be based on
Page 257 and 258: One more concern linked to the esta
Page 259 and 260: structures that not only do not yet
Page 261 and 262: The RRR Toolbox: a Conceptual Model
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Page 267 and 268: Principles, Institutional Principle
Page 269 and 270: The commonalities between SDIs and
Page 271 and 272: Mooney, J. D. and Grant, D. M. (199
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Building SDI Bridges for Catchment
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approaches. TCM is a holistic appro
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hierarchy namely; the umbrella view
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tions and practices in South Africa
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Figure 2: Conceptual framework: App
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In the Murray Darling Basin, there
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REFERENCES Australian Bureau of Sta
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Rajabifard, A., M.-E.F. Feeney and
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SDI Convergence - Nederlandse Commissie voor Geodesie - KNAW

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