SDI Convergence - Nederlandse Commissie voor Geodesie - KNAW

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to explore appropriate services for the individual users needs. The Los Angeles government publishes a collection of interactive maps containing information on traffic, parcels, flooding, city services, leisure, among other information. 3. ANALYSIS OF SEARCH RESULTS 3.1 Valuation method for results classification From the internet investigation a wide range of different development stages of spatial data handling in the examined countries and their associated mega cites emerged. Obviously this is determined by large deviations in terms of social, economic and political conditions of different countries and cities. The most striking fact is that many larger cities of the southern hemisphere are located in developing countries where obviously the most unfavourable conditions are given which hinder the building of a working SDI. In the given inhomogeneous context the definition of global comparison criteria seems to be difficult. Thus, formal criteria were defined to set an objective evaluation framework. The main focus of the evaluation concentrates on the technical part of spatial data processing while omitting the institutional and legislative SDI aspects. The evaluation framework consists of five categories which are designed to classify all investigated items. The purpose of the used classification is to reflect the requirements to be met by a working SDI. That is why the items of content planning, of content provision and of content accessibility are addressed separately. The list of items not only addresses the mega cities themselves but also their home countries, because a city is part of a country and, therefore, is assumed to be part of the NSDI of its home country, as well. The five categories of the evaluation framework were defined as described in detail in the following section. If, for whatever reason, little information on an item could be found on the web, the corresponding item was marked with ‘SDI development status unknown’. If initial activities towards SDI development were observed the status ‘SDI master plan available’ was given. Further definition of the classification schema differentiates primary from secondary spatial data. Primary spatial data are original data, like survey data, data with limited need of interpretation like water bodies or boundaries, which are obtained without analysis or less interpretation. Secondary data are thematic data which are derived from the analysis of primary data, statistical data collection and/or image interpretation. This differentiation is in accordance with the GSDI Cookbook (Nebert, 2004), with the guidelines of the European INSPIRE initiative and with the Australian Spatial Data Infrastructure (http://www.anzlic.org.au/policies.html) which all define primary data in terms of ‘Fundamental Data’ or similarly ’Global -’, ‘National -’, ‘Framework -’, ‘Base -’ , ‘Reference -’, and ‘Core Data'. Even if the requirements concerning spatial information are considerably different at national and urban level, the overall differentiation in ‘Primary spatial data available’ and ‘Secondary spatial data available’ provides for a common basis for classification. Another important finding of the internet investigation was the fact that the process of SDI development in many of the searched countries and cities currently is in the stage of digital data production. However, the captured data often are not yet available via a Geoportal or a similar distributed web application. To reflect this finding the classification schema differentiates between spatial data availability and ‘Spatial data accessible’. Therefore, the final classification schema consists of five categories: – SDI development status unknown; – SDI master plan available; – Primary spatial data available; 196
– Secondary spatial data available, and – Spatial data accessible. 3.2 Application of spatial information technology in the home countries of mega cities The progress of spatial data handling in the home countries of mega cities in terms of the internet investigation results shows a large diversity (Table 1). Some countries like Russia or Nigeria are just at the beginning of developing an NSDI, while other countries are at the stage of producing primary data (e.g. Iran, Pakistan) and secondary data (e.g. China, Japan). It also can be shown, that the progress in developing an NSDI is well-advanced in Europe and Pan-America and India, where users already have access to spatial data via distributed web applications. Table 1: Application of SDI in the home countries of mega cities. SDI development status unknown SDI master plan available Primary spatial data available Secondary spatial data available Spatial data accessibility available Argentina Bangladesh Brazil China Egypt France Indonesia India Iran Japan South Korea Mexico Nigeria Pakistan Philippines Russia Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States 3.3 Application of spatial information technology in the world’s mega cities The internet investigation of the status of SDI in the mega cities proved to be more difficult than for the counties hosting mega cities because less publication does exist concerning the related items. In both cases, sometimes the analysis has to rely on older publications found on the web which, although describing the planned SDI activities at the date of publication may not necessarily represent the most current development status. Moreover, some of the cities only provide information in their national language, which, due to lack of language ability of the authors, in some cases could not be analysed. Particularly with regard to the search results obtained for Japan we can not exclude that relevant information is available elsewhere. A general restriction concerns the fact that there is no guarantee that information not covered by the search is provided by any smaller local organisations. 197
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SDI Convergence Research, Emerging
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SDI Convergence. Research, Emerging
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An Integrated Framework for the Imp
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Peer Review Board for SDI Convergen
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domain are or may become important
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Services taking advantage of multip
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changes that have taken place in th
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The Potential of a National Atlas a
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tion, the Royal Netherlands Geograp
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challenge for the National Atlas Fo
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experience 'instant satisfaction' u
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data are found offered by the data
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spread of flora and fauna, especial
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Spatial Data Infrastructure of Spai
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ecords managed through the services
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esult of applying GUI production ru
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28 Table 1: Mapping between OGC Cap
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30 Figure 4: Online metadata editio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has been
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Public Sector Geo Web Services: Whi
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Figure 1: Serving geo-information u
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nue. With an increasing number of m
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3.2 Types of business models Malone
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Not all revenue models described by
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uses this model to finance large-sc
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of web service (WMS, WFS/WCS, WIS,
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REFERENCES Anderson, C. (2008). Fre
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INTERVIEWS Jellema, M., DataLand, R
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gion, aware of the INSPIRE context,
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3.3 International activities on man
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use happens when the final user wil
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Geolicences implementation has draw
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Spatial Information Council (2008).
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make it hard for citizens and civil
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66 Figure 2: Prototype to test navi
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”Member States may limit public a
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sor is dragged further into the pro
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cause changes in Dutch and regional
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Hoekstra, R., Winkels R.G.F. and Hu
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The use of location-based informati
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tion which does not measure a perso
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important role (Dobson and Fisher,
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camera surveillance on a public roa
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Furthermore, the Court gave a numbe
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ECtHR (2003a). Peck v. The United K
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Harmonising and Integrating Two Dom
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ing and integrating these two domai
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Table 1: Differences in background
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Figure 1: Examples of IMGeo data (c
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Concept Table 4: Same concept, diff
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Some differences are not clear from
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Such homogenous classes will also a
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BMT classes, which contain all info
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phy, both illustrated with UML exam
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An Analysis of Technology Choices f
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The objectives of this article are
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3. THE COMPARTIMOS REFERENCE MODEL
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sufficiently simple to allow repres
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same implementation of a geospatial
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5. RESULTS Through the development
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Di L., Chen A., Yang W., Liu Y., We
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SDI and Metadata Entry and Updating
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A critical problem for metadata col
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2.1.8 Functionalities A MET must al
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Collection of related documents Sta
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well as more enhanced tools to impr
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access to geo-referenced databases,
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metadata and spatial data is new an
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Phillips, A. and Williamson, I. P.
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A Prototype Metadata Tool for Land
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data and grid computing infrastruct
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model elements it becomes possible
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Figure 2: Overview of the system co
Page 153 and 154: 1. selection of a model; 2. provisi
Page 155 and 156: the tool is deployed more widely us
Page 157 and 158: Chan, T., Beverly C., Ebert, S., Ga
Page 159 and 160: Implementation of Recent Metadata D
Page 161 and 162: ) definition of a metadata organisa
Page 163 and 164: 3.2 Definition of a metadata schema
Page 165 and 166: This is just an example of how comp
Page 167 and 168: 6. CONCLUSIONS The Public Administr
Page 169 and 170: An Integrated Framework for the Imp
Page 171 and 172: 2.1 Six Sigma Six Sigma is one of t
Page 173 and 174: However, the traditional methods of
Page 175 and 176: The fifth element for BSC design is
Page 177 and 178: Table 2: Strengths and weaknesses o
Page 179 and 180: Camp, R. C. (1989). Benchmarking: T
Page 181 and 182: Nedovic-Budic, Z., Feeney, M.E.F.,
Page 183 and 184: The Value Chain Approach to Evaluat
Page 185 and 186: The definition of assessment strate
Page 187 and 188: There may be several activities per
Page 189 and 190: The complexity of work, which was r
Page 191 and 192: Figure 5: Secondary interface: orga
Page 193 and 194: on investments. More importantly, i
Page 195 and 196: Porter, M. (1985). Competitive Adva
Page 197 and 198: Evaluation of Spatial Information T
Page 199 and 200: fully digital nationwide spatial da
Page 201 and 202: satellite imagery, digital vector d
Page 203: lic) and the National Mapping Agenc
Page 207 and 208: Figure 1: Technical progress of SDI
Page 209 and 210: Khan, J. (2007). Karachi Master Pla
Page 211 and 212: Philippines http://www.geoinfo.ait.
Page 213 and 214: Local Government and SDI - Understa
Page 215 and 216: Australia, like many developed coun
Page 217 and 218: Table 1: Structure of the LGA quest
Page 219 and 220: (p
Page 221 and 222: Table 3: Results of multiple regres
Page 223 and 224: The role of local government in bui
Page 225 and 226: McDougall, K., A. Rajabifard and I.
Page 227 and 228: Changing Notions of a Spatial Data
Page 229 and 230: Table 1: Differences between GeoWeb
Page 231 and 232: The concept of spatially enabled go
Page 233 and 234: applications field and also in term
Page 235 and 236: The discussion in the fifth section
Page 237 and 238: Cooperation - a Key Factor for Sust
Page 239 and 240: appears at low levels and can seek
Page 241 and 242: Many of the problems of a non-techn
Page 243 and 244: 4.4 Important aspects As cooperatio
Page 245 and 246: level’ within and between organis
Page 247 and 248: Seamless SDI Model - Bridging the G
Page 249 and 250: tuaries and oceans (Plunkett, 2001)
Page 251 and 252: Figure 2: Seamless administration s
Page 253 and 254: Figure 5: Seamless platform. A seam
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4.2 Standards SDI must be based on
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One more concern linked to the esta
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structures that not only do not yet
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The RRR Toolbox: a Conceptual Model
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curring in the present must not com
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databases and web mapping services.
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Principles, Institutional Principle
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The commonalities between SDIs and
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Mooney, J. D. and Grant, D. M. (199
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Building SDI Bridges for Catchment
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approaches. TCM is a holistic appro
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hierarchy namely; the umbrella view
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tions and practices in South Africa
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Figure 2: Conceptual framework: App
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In the Murray Darling Basin, there
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REFERENCES Australian Bureau of Sta
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Rajabifard, A., M.-E.F. Feeney and
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SDI Convergence - Nederlandse Commissie voor Geodesie - KNAW

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