SDI Convergence - Nederlandse Commissie voor Geodesie - KNAW

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equired to know which properties the potential buyers consider significant and the extent to which these properties are valued (Krek, 2002). The commercial sector of GI has often identifiable monetary value for its producers and vendors, but difficulties arise when considering the public sector, for which GI also has a direct and indirect social value. The public sector value is problematic to quantify due to the countless uses and social objectives, which can be aimed at the same GI data or services (Longhorn and Blakemore, 2008). Moreover, GI is supposed to be valuable not only for the data owner or user, but also for society as a whole. 3.2. The value chain The multi-stage processes of modifying GI from its original form to create new derived products are particularly important when assessing the value GI has to an economy. Porter (1985) defined the concept of the value chain for classic production, expressing that activities within the organisations add value to the services and products that they create and distribute. This set of value-adding activities is defined the value chain. The concept of value chain is also used in the context of supply chain management to describe the added-value flow, which provides the revenue stream for each stage of the supply chain (Cox, 1999). In the context of GI, the value chain relates to the set of value-adding operations undertaken by one or more producers, to transform GI (datasets or analogue maps) to the final product (Krek and Frank, 2000). Assessing the GI value chain entails many variables, the foremost being that GI is not a standard economic good as it is often not possible or reasonable to restrict any person’s use of the information (non-excludible). Thus, the same dataset may be used repeatedly and new products can easily be created by forming different combinations of datasets. Furthermore, as a public good, GI is defined as “non-rivalrous” by Krek and Frank (2000): one person’s use of that information does not limit the amount of the good available for consumption by others (Samuelson, 1954; Krek and Frank, 2000). These characteristics of GI data were emphasized by the spread of the Internet and the resulting democratisation of GI. To manage this, organizations frequently face enforcement costs, including cost of protecting rights, policing and enforcing agreements (Krek, 2003). Value is created step-by-step along the chain, even if most of the costs are incurred during the initial data collection (Krek and Frank, 2000). This initial cost represents a high percentage of the total cost of producing a dataset, a usual characteristic of information goods (Shapiro and Varian, 1999), which is due to a high cost of labour while capturing or measuring the data from the data sources, as well as the cost of data transformation, analysis, and modification. The high cost of data collection seems to justify high prices for data at the first stages of the value chain. Moreover, exchanging GI involves transaction cost. Transaction costs consist of cost of searching for the information about the possible data sellers or producers and cost of contact the possible providers. They include measurement cost (the cost of measuring the valuable attributes of that which is being exchanged) and enforcement cost (the cost of protecting and enforcing the property rights) (North, 1997; Krek, 2003). As transaction costs are not often transparent, they are difficult to measure. Moreover, they were completely ignored by neoclassical economic models, which are thus not easily applicable to GI (Krek, 2003). 178
There may be several activities performed at each stage of the value chain, and more than one type of value chain may apply. Having defined the value chain for a product or service, the organisation can assign costs to the activities along the chain. The value chain concept has been extended to the information sector by a range of proposals for an information value chain. As reported from Longhorn and Blakemore (2008), many authors have proposed different information value chains stemming from different points of view (Kaplinsky and Morris, 2001; Phillips, 2001; Spataro and Crow, 2002; Oelschlager, 2004). A value chain dedicated to GI has still not been defined, since a high number of variables and factors are related to the production and dissemination of GI: context, attributes, timeliness, quality, accuracy, provenance, history (when data was collected, validated, and updated), among others (Longhorn and Blakemore, 2008). 4. THE ECOGEO PROJECT 4.1. Geomatics in Quebec: a brief overview The use of geomatic technologies in Quebec’s public and private sectors has expanded substantially over the past twenty years, in terms of the on-line application of GI technologies to new sectors such as insurance, banking, public health, transportation, and emergency services. The government of Quebec is the most extensive user and producer of GI in Quebec and has consistently supported, directly and indirectly, policies and practices of innovation on the global scene of geomatics (website 1). To support the development of geomatics within government Ministries and Organisations (M/O), Quebec established an interdepartmental coordination infrastructure called Geomatic Plan of the Government of Quebec (PGGQ) in 1988. The PGGQ has contributed to the development of geomatic applications within the M/O by publishing four reports. The first was completed in 2000-2001. In 2005, the Council of Ministers requested that the Ministry of Natural Resources and Fauna undertake a study to develop a model to guide the cooperative M/O production and distribution of free on-line GI by 2010. This initiative follows existing initiatives such as Ontario’s Land Information Ontario (website 2) and the federal GeoGratis portal (website 3) provided by Natural Resources Canada (NRCan). In 2007, the Ministry for the Economic Development of Quebec (MDEIE) recognised the geomatic sector as one of the poles of excellence of Quebec, within the framework of the governmental program ACCORD, which is aimed at financially supporting the sectors of economic activities of excellence in the greater metropolitan regions of Quebec and Montreal. Therefore, the geomatic sector of Quebec constitutes a relevant test sector to develop a new approach for the evaluation of GI. 4.2. Origins and goals of the EcoGeo project In 2000, the Treasure Council of the Government of Quebec asked the General Direction of Geographic Information (DGIG) of the Ministry of Natural Resources (MRNF) to evaluate the economic benefits of a provincial map for the entirety of Quebec society. In this context, the EcoGeo project started in 2004. Its main goal was establishing an economic evaluation model of the geomatic sector in Quebec. 179
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SDI Convergence Research, Emerging
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SDI Convergence. Research, Emerging
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An Integrated Framework for the Imp
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Peer Review Board for SDI Convergen
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domain are or may become important
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Services taking advantage of multip
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changes that have taken place in th
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The Potential of a National Atlas a
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tion, the Royal Netherlands Geograp
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challenge for the National Atlas Fo
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experience 'instant satisfaction' u
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data are found offered by the data
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spread of flora and fauna, especial
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Spatial Data Infrastructure of Spai
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ecords managed through the services
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esult of applying GUI production ru
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28 Table 1: Mapping between OGC Cap
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30 Figure 4: Online metadata editio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has been
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Public Sector Geo Web Services: Whi
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Figure 1: Serving geo-information u
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nue. With an increasing number of m
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3.2 Types of business models Malone
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Not all revenue models described by
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uses this model to finance large-sc
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of web service (WMS, WFS/WCS, WIS,
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REFERENCES Anderson, C. (2008). Fre
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INTERVIEWS Jellema, M., DataLand, R
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gion, aware of the INSPIRE context,
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3.3 International activities on man
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use happens when the final user wil
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Geolicences implementation has draw
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Spatial Information Council (2008).
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make it hard for citizens and civil
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66 Figure 2: Prototype to test navi
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”Member States may limit public a
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sor is dragged further into the pro
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cause changes in Dutch and regional
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Hoekstra, R., Winkels R.G.F. and Hu
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The use of location-based informati
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tion which does not measure a perso
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important role (Dobson and Fisher,
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camera surveillance on a public roa
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Furthermore, the Court gave a numbe
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ECtHR (2003a). Peck v. The United K
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Harmonising and Integrating Two Dom
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ing and integrating these two domai
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Table 1: Differences in background
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Figure 1: Examples of IMGeo data (c
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Concept Table 4: Same concept, diff
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Some differences are not clear from
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Such homogenous classes will also a
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BMT classes, which contain all info
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phy, both illustrated with UML exam
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An Analysis of Technology Choices f
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The objectives of this article are
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3. THE COMPARTIMOS REFERENCE MODEL
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sufficiently simple to allow repres
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same implementation of a geospatial
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5. RESULTS Through the development
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Di L., Chen A., Yang W., Liu Y., We
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SDI and Metadata Entry and Updating
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A critical problem for metadata col
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2.1.8 Functionalities A MET must al
Page 135 and 136: Collection of related documents Sta
Page 137 and 138: well as more enhanced tools to impr
Page 139 and 140: access to geo-referenced databases,
Page 141 and 142: metadata and spatial data is new an
Page 143 and 144: Phillips, A. and Williamson, I. P.
Page 145 and 146: A Prototype Metadata Tool for Land
Page 147 and 148: data and grid computing infrastruct
Page 149 and 150: model elements it becomes possible
Page 151 and 152: Figure 2: Overview of the system co
Page 153 and 154: 1. selection of a model; 2. provisi
Page 155 and 156: the tool is deployed more widely us
Page 157 and 158: Chan, T., Beverly C., Ebert, S., Ga
Page 159 and 160: Implementation of Recent Metadata D
Page 161 and 162: ) definition of a metadata organisa
Page 163 and 164: 3.2 Definition of a metadata schema
Page 165 and 166: This is just an example of how comp
Page 167 and 168: 6. CONCLUSIONS The Public Administr
Page 169 and 170: An Integrated Framework for the Imp
Page 171 and 172: 2.1 Six Sigma Six Sigma is one of t
Page 173 and 174: However, the traditional methods of
Page 175 and 176: The fifth element for BSC design is
Page 177 and 178: Table 2: Strengths and weaknesses o
Page 179 and 180: Camp, R. C. (1989). Benchmarking: T
Page 181 and 182: Nedovic-Budic, Z., Feeney, M.E.F.,
Page 183 and 184: The Value Chain Approach to Evaluat
Page 185: The definition of assessment strate
Page 189 and 190: The complexity of work, which was r
Page 191 and 192: Figure 5: Secondary interface: orga
Page 193 and 194: on investments. More importantly, i
Page 195 and 196: Porter, M. (1985). Competitive Adva
Page 197 and 198: Evaluation of Spatial Information T
Page 199 and 200: fully digital nationwide spatial da
Page 201 and 202: satellite imagery, digital vector d
Page 203 and 204: lic) and the National Mapping Agenc
Page 205 and 206: - Secondary spatial data available,
Page 207 and 208: Figure 1: Technical progress of SDI
Page 209 and 210: Khan, J. (2007). Karachi Master Pla
Page 211 and 212: Philippines http://www.geoinfo.ait.
Page 213 and 214: Local Government and SDI - Understa
Page 215 and 216: Australia, like many developed coun
Page 217 and 218: Table 1: Structure of the LGA quest
Page 219 and 220: (p
Page 221 and 222: Table 3: Results of multiple regres
Page 223 and 224: The role of local government in bui
Page 225 and 226: McDougall, K., A. Rajabifard and I.
Page 227 and 228: Changing Notions of a Spatial Data
Page 229 and 230: Table 1: Differences between GeoWeb
Page 231 and 232: The concept of spatially enabled go
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Page 235 and 236: The discussion in the fifth section
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Cooperation - a Key Factor for Sust
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appears at low levels and can seek
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Many of the problems of a non-techn
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4.4 Important aspects As cooperatio
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level’ within and between organis
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Seamless SDI Model - Bridging the G
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tuaries and oceans (Plunkett, 2001)
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Figure 2: Seamless administration s
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Figure 5: Seamless platform. A seam
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4.2 Standards SDI must be based on
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One more concern linked to the esta
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structures that not only do not yet
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The RRR Toolbox: a Conceptual Model
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curring in the present must not com
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databases and web mapping services.
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Principles, Institutional Principle
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The commonalities between SDIs and
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Mooney, J. D. and Grant, D. M. (199
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Building SDI Bridges for Catchment
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approaches. TCM is a holistic appro
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hierarchy namely; the umbrella view
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tions and practices in South Africa
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Figure 2: Conceptual framework: App
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In the Murray Darling Basin, there
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REFERENCES Australian Bureau of Sta
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Rajabifard, A., M.-E.F. Feeney and
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