SDI Convergence - Nederlandse Commissie voor Geodesie - KNAW

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132 Category Criteria Technical Standards User Interface Functionalities Table 4: Assessment result for Geonetwork. Web based development technology Yes Database technology and access Yes Robust Code Yes Easy Deployment Yes Open source or Freeware software Yes ISO 19115 support Yes ISO 19139 compliant XML metadata Yes Dublin Core Yes Similarity to common software Yes Intuitive navigation logic Yes Intuitive interface enabling easy creation and editing of metadata records Yes Contact reuse Yes Automatic Update No Record duplication Yes Search tools Yes Edit tools Yes Import and export tools Yes Format Conversion Yes Print Friendly layout No Help facility Yes Multi level access Yes the functions. This is often caused by pressure to develop systems based on technicians’ expectations instead of overall non-professionals’ needs. For instance, overall observation of five clients with MetaD user interface showed the tool was simply understood with them. The clients did not have too many difficulties with understanding instructions, manipulating parts, or interpreting functionalities. Another example was the user interface testing with CatMEdit, which did not uncover difficulties with learning operating and navigating in software for five clients and entering and editing metadata was a simple process, but it still seemed that CatMEdit needed improvement. With a large community supporting development of Geonetwork, clients can easily find information and assistance if needed. Geonetwork opensource enjoyed a user friendly interface to search and manage Metadata. A comprehensive metadata editor also supported its popularity among the five clients. The web based catalogue application and the integrated InterMap interactive map client application made it very attractive for clients. The tool is easy to learn and operate. As illustrated in Tables 2, 3 and 4, none of the tools has an integrated approach to handle spatial data and metadata together in a seamless database. Integration of
metadata and spatial data is new and enables the spatial data to carry their own metadata description with them. The next section discusses the significance of an integrated method for managing spatial data and its metadata together. 4. METADATA INTEGRATION-SIGNIFICANCE AND INNOVATION The research in metadata integration should focus on utilise metadata standards and developments in order to combine metadata and spatial data within an integrated package, so that the process of updating or creating spatial data and metadata – where feasible – becomes one process rather than two. This approach distinguishes between already existing spatial data models, which have to be extended. If common metadata-spatial data sets exist, the concept of views allows metadata and spatial data to be extracted according to various standards and published in an OGC compliant registry. This aligns with the OGC Open Services Framework which is based on a publish-find-bind architecture. This creates flexibility and interoperability. Tools developed to both integrate spatial data and metadata and to automate the process of updating metadata would be used widely within the spatial data sector. Some elements of metadata obviously cannot be automatically updated. These would not be stored in an integrated fashion with the spatial data. Only those metadata elements that can be automatically updated would be integrated with the spatial data. This will save producers of data both time and money associated with the updating of metadata records, and will also aid data users who require up to date metadata to be delivered with data for their use. Research undertaken within ETH Zurich University in conjunction has examined the possibilities of integrating metadata and spatial data and creating an automated process (Najar et al., 2007). This initial research lays the ground work for the development of appropriate metadata management tools, applications and models which will directly aid the development of the integrated approach for managing and automatic updating spatial metadata. 5. CONCLUSION Many national and international issues concerned with land management, environmental sustainability, water and disaster management can be addressed by having the ability to find and access high quality spatial data within <strong>SDI</strong>s. The ability to find and access the appropriate information relies on having up-to-date metadata. However, current metadata models, application and standards are complex and very difficult to handle, often with missing or incomplete metadata. It is also viewed as an overhead and extra cost by organisations. The key criteria for supporting flexible metadata applications are those of technical requirement, compliance with international standards, user friendly interface and availability of necessary functions for handling metadata records. Ensuring proper development technology together with efficient database technology to support access and maintain metadata records have been identified as critical factors within the technical criteria. Meanwhile, robust coded open source METs will be more efficient as the metadata standards evolve. Consequently, a metadata entry tool must be sufficiently flexible to address the changes to metadata standards over time and to allow users to create and extend a standard to satisfy organisational and local needs. Finally, the 133
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SDI Convergence Research, Emerging
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SDI Convergence. Research, Emerging
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An Integrated Framework for the Imp
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Peer Review Board for SDI Convergen
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domain are or may become important
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Services taking advantage of multip
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changes that have taken place in th
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The Potential of a National Atlas a
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tion, the Royal Netherlands Geograp
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challenge for the National Atlas Fo
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experience 'instant satisfaction' u
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data are found offered by the data
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spread of flora and fauna, especial
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Spatial Data Infrastructure of Spai
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ecords managed through the services
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esult of applying GUI production ru
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28 Table 1: Mapping between OGC Cap
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30 Figure 4: Online metadata editio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has been
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Public Sector Geo Web Services: Whi
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Figure 1: Serving geo-information u
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nue. With an increasing number of m
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3.2 Types of business models Malone
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Not all revenue models described by
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uses this model to finance large-sc
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of web service (WMS, WFS/WCS, WIS,
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REFERENCES Anderson, C. (2008). Fre
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INTERVIEWS Jellema, M., DataLand, R
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gion, aware of the INSPIRE context,
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3.3 International activities on man
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use happens when the final user wil
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Geolicences implementation has draw
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Spatial Information Council (2008).
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make it hard for citizens and civil
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66 Figure 2: Prototype to test navi
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”Member States may limit public a
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sor is dragged further into the pro
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cause changes in Dutch and regional
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Hoekstra, R., Winkels R.G.F. and Hu
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The use of location-based informati
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tion which does not measure a perso
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important role (Dobson and Fisher,
Page 90 and 91: camera surveillance on a public roa
Page 92 and 93: Furthermore, the Court gave a numbe
Page 94 and 95: ECtHR (2003a). Peck v. The United K
Page 97 and 98: Harmonising and Integrating Two Dom
Page 99 and 100: ing and integrating these two domai
Page 101 and 102: Table 1: Differences in background
Page 103 and 104: Figure 1: Examples of IMGeo data (c
Page 105 and 106: Concept Table 4: Same concept, diff
Page 107 and 108: Some differences are not clear from
Page 109 and 110: Such homogenous classes will also a
Page 111 and 112: BMT classes, which contain all info
Page 113 and 114: phy, both illustrated with UML exam
Page 115 and 116: An Analysis of Technology Choices f
Page 117 and 118: The objectives of this article are
Page 119 and 120: 3. THE COMPARTIMOS REFERENCE MODEL
Page 121 and 122: sufficiently simple to allow repres
Page 123 and 124: same implementation of a geospatial
Page 125 and 126: 5. RESULTS Through the development
Page 127 and 128: Di L., Chen A., Yang W., Liu Y., We
Page 129 and 130: SDI and Metadata Entry and Updating
Page 131 and 132: A critical problem for metadata col
Page 133 and 134: 2.1.8 Functionalities A MET must al
Page 135 and 136: Collection of related documents Sta
Page 137 and 138: well as more enhanced tools to impr
Page 139: access to geo-referenced databases,
Page 143 and 144: Phillips, A. and Williamson, I. P.
Page 145 and 146: A Prototype Metadata Tool for Land
Page 147 and 148: data and grid computing infrastruct
Page 149 and 150: model elements it becomes possible
Page 151 and 152: Figure 2: Overview of the system co
Page 153 and 154: 1. selection of a model; 2. provisi
Page 155 and 156: the tool is deployed more widely us
Page 157 and 158: Chan, T., Beverly C., Ebert, S., Ga
Page 159 and 160: Implementation of Recent Metadata D
Page 161 and 162: ) definition of a metadata organisa
Page 163 and 164: 3.2 Definition of a metadata schema
Page 165 and 166: This is just an example of how comp
Page 167 and 168: 6. CONCLUSIONS The Public Administr
Page 169 and 170: An Integrated Framework for the Imp
Page 171 and 172: 2.1 Six Sigma Six Sigma is one of t
Page 173 and 174: However, the traditional methods of
Page 175 and 176: The fifth element for BSC design is
Page 177 and 178: Table 2: Strengths and weaknesses o
Page 179 and 180: Camp, R. C. (1989). Benchmarking: T
Page 181 and 182: Nedovic-Budic, Z., Feeney, M.E.F.,
Page 183 and 184: The Value Chain Approach to Evaluat
Page 185 and 186: The definition of assessment strate
Page 187 and 188: There may be several activities per
Page 189 and 190: The complexity of work, which was r
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Figure 5: Secondary interface: orga
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on investments. More importantly, i
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Porter, M. (1985). Competitive Adva
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Evaluation of Spatial Information T
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fully digital nationwide spatial da
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satellite imagery, digital vector d
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lic) and the National Mapping Agenc
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- Secondary spatial data available,
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Figure 1: Technical progress of SDI
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Khan, J. (2007). Karachi Master Pla
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Philippines http://www.geoinfo.ait.
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Local Government and SDI - Understa
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Australia, like many developed coun
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Table 1: Structure of the LGA quest
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(p
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Table 3: Results of multiple regres
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The role of local government in bui
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McDougall, K., A. Rajabifard and I.
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Changing Notions of a Spatial Data
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Table 1: Differences between GeoWeb
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The concept of spatially enabled go
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applications field and also in term
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The discussion in the fifth section
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Cooperation - a Key Factor for Sust
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appears at low levels and can seek
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Many of the problems of a non-techn
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4.4 Important aspects As cooperatio
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level’ within and between organis
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Seamless SDI Model - Bridging the G
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tuaries and oceans (Plunkett, 2001)
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Figure 2: Seamless administration s
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Figure 5: Seamless platform. A seam
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4.2 Standards SDI must be based on
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One more concern linked to the esta
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structures that not only do not yet
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The RRR Toolbox: a Conceptual Model
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curring in the present must not com
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databases and web mapping services.
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Principles, Institutional Principle
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The commonalities between SDIs and
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Mooney, J. D. and Grant, D. M. (199
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Building SDI Bridges for Catchment
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approaches. TCM is a holistic appro
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hierarchy namely; the umbrella view
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tions and practices in South Africa
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Figure 2: Conceptual framework: App
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In the Murray Darling Basin, there
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REFERENCES Australian Bureau of Sta
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Rajabifard, A., M.-E.F. Feeney and
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