SDI Convergence - Nederlandse Commissie voor Geodesie - KNAW

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the identification, the extent, the quality, the spatial and temporal schema, spatial reference, and distribution of digital geographic data …”. Metadata are according to ISO/TC211: “applicable to the cataloguing of datasets, clearinghouse activities, and the full description of datasets.” Consistent description of the content and use of spatial data requires standards to define which attributes are needed and the structure of a metadata schema or model. This means that metadata can be used both for human interpretation of data sets, and computer processing and utilisation in search engines. Different countries and jurisdictions are building many extensive and expensive spatial data systems in which access to up-to-date metadata is vital to delivering high quality spatial data services to their vast areas (Crompvoets et al., 2004). Meanwhile, by increasing distribution of spatial data over the Internet, the demand for spatial metadata to describe spatial data is growing in the networked environment. However, current metadata models are often complex and very difficult to handle. The creation and maintenance of spatial metadata is also seen as an expensive overhead by the spatial data industry (Philips et al., 1998; Najar et al., 2007). Meanwhile, an integrated model for metadata and spatial datasets will benefit the spatial data industry in general, as well as all industries that increasingly utilise spatial data in their day-to-day tasks. This will enable metadata to be maintained dynamically in a way that addresses the more real-time requirements of people and organisations that use spatial data. This article aims at discussing the significance of an integrated approach for handling spatial metadata by combining spatial data and metadata in a seamless approach. The methodology used in this article is based on assessing a number of metadata applications in order to reveal the importance of integrated approach. The article is based an ongoing research by authors on the automation of spatial metadata update process. The article first develops a number of important criteria in coding, developing, installing and exploiting the metadata entry tool. It then reviews and assesses a number of existing metadata entry tools. Based on the result of the assessment, the article presents a discussion on the importance of having an integrated system for both spatial data and metadata. 2. METADATA COLLECTION AND METADATA ENTRY TOOLS Typically, metadata is collected after the spatial data itself, through lengthy, complex efforts. Metadata for spatial data sets is often missing or incomplete and is acquired in heterogeneous ways. Metadata is usually collected and stored separately to the actual data set it relates to, and is often managed by people with a limited knowledge of its value. Separation of storage creates two independent data sets that must be managed and updated - spatial data and metadata. These are often redundant and inconsistent. Thus, the reliability of spatial data and the extent it can be used are often unclear. The spatial industry has already identified the major factors about metadata collection and developed a number of applications to manage it. Crucial questions when developing a metadata entry tools are: How can the process of entering metadata be automated for the users? What functionalities should a metadata entry tool provide?, and How can the metadata collection process be facilitated? 122
A critical problem for metadata collection applications is flexibility. A metadata application must be sufficiently flexible to cope with changes to metadata standards over time and to allow users to extend a standard to cope with local requirements (Waugh, 1998). Also, a key component of supporting flexible metadata applications is user friendliness which can facilitate metadata entry and update. Overall, the challenge of developing a right metadata entry tool (MET) lies in the structured arrangement of a substantial number of different disciplines and the examination of a large number of factors and issues that are discussed below. In order to develop a MET, this article categorised the criteria into four main groups including technical requirement, compliance with international standards, user friendly interface and finally availability of necessary functions for handling metadata records. 2.1 Technical requirements Consideration of technical criteria includes ensuring proper technology development with easy deployment and an efficient database technology to support accessing and maintaining metadata. Technical criteria also should consider the outlay of a MET with a low cost and low risk. 2.1.1 Development technology There are generally two options for the development of a MET: (1) standalone and (2) web based. As an entry tool a MET is not necessarily required to be a web based application. However, for integration in online search engines, spatial clearinghouses, web base spatial libraries and web mapping systems, a web based development technology will have a better position comparing standalone technologies. Also using a web based technology the tool can be available any time and any where for different range of users. Meanwhile, the Web places some specific constraints on the development of METs such as the ability to deal with a variety of protocols and formats (e.g. graphics) and programming tasks; performance in terms of speed and size of communication; safety; platform independence; protection of intellectual property; and the basic ability to deal with other Web tools and languages. The web based approach can be helpful for integration of spatial data and metadata which are distributed over the network. 2.1.2 Database Connection Technology Database Connection Technology provides the connection between a MET and a spatial metadata database. The connection means a link having a formal and published definition for communication in order to record, edit and retrieve metadata. This definition identifies the interface that MET must use to issue query and receive database content through the link. In this regard, when choosing a MET, the first consideration is the type of databases that the metadata is stored in. Based on the type of database technology, a proper connection technology can be chosen. For instance, Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) and Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) are important technologies as they are available on many disparate platforms and they provide common interfaces to several different database products (Shekhar and Chawla, 2003). More importantly for the 123
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SDI Convergence Research, Emerging
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SDI Convergence. Research, Emerging
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An Integrated Framework for the Imp
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Peer Review Board for SDI Convergen
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domain are or may become important
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Services taking advantage of multip
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changes that have taken place in th
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The Potential of a National Atlas a
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tion, the Royal Netherlands Geograp
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challenge for the National Atlas Fo
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experience 'instant satisfaction' u
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data are found offered by the data
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spread of flora and fauna, especial
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Spatial Data Infrastructure of Spai
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ecords managed through the services
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esult of applying GUI production ru
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28 Table 1: Mapping between OGC Cap
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30 Figure 4: Online metadata editio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has been
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Public Sector Geo Web Services: Whi
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Figure 1: Serving geo-information u
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nue. With an increasing number of m
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3.2 Types of business models Malone
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Not all revenue models described by
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uses this model to finance large-sc
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of web service (WMS, WFS/WCS, WIS,
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REFERENCES Anderson, C. (2008). Fre
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INTERVIEWS Jellema, M., DataLand, R
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gion, aware of the INSPIRE context,
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3.3 International activities on man
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use happens when the final user wil
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Geolicences implementation has draw
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Spatial Information Council (2008).
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make it hard for citizens and civil
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66 Figure 2: Prototype to test navi
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”Member States may limit public a
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sor is dragged further into the pro
Page 80 and 81: cause changes in Dutch and regional
Page 82 and 83: Hoekstra, R., Winkels R.G.F. and Hu
Page 84 and 85: The use of location-based informati
Page 86 and 87: tion which does not measure a perso
Page 88 and 89: important role (Dobson and Fisher,
Page 90 and 91: camera surveillance on a public roa
Page 92 and 93: Furthermore, the Court gave a numbe
Page 94 and 95: ECtHR (2003a). Peck v. The United K
Page 97 and 98: Harmonising and Integrating Two Dom
Page 99 and 100: ing and integrating these two domai
Page 101 and 102: Table 1: Differences in background
Page 103 and 104: Figure 1: Examples of IMGeo data (c
Page 105 and 106: Concept Table 4: Same concept, diff
Page 107 and 108: Some differences are not clear from
Page 109 and 110: Such homogenous classes will also a
Page 111 and 112: BMT classes, which contain all info
Page 113 and 114: phy, both illustrated with UML exam
Page 115 and 116: An Analysis of Technology Choices f
Page 117 and 118: The objectives of this article are
Page 119 and 120: 3. THE COMPARTIMOS REFERENCE MODEL
Page 121 and 122: sufficiently simple to allow repres
Page 123 and 124: same implementation of a geospatial
Page 125 and 126: 5. RESULTS Through the development
Page 127 and 128: Di L., Chen A., Yang W., Liu Y., We
Page 129: SDI and Metadata Entry and Updating
Page 133 and 134: 2.1.8 Functionalities A MET must al
Page 135 and 136: Collection of related documents Sta
Page 137 and 138: well as more enhanced tools to impr
Page 139 and 140: access to geo-referenced databases,
Page 141 and 142: metadata and spatial data is new an
Page 143 and 144: Phillips, A. and Williamson, I. P.
Page 145 and 146: A Prototype Metadata Tool for Land
Page 147 and 148: data and grid computing infrastruct
Page 149 and 150: model elements it becomes possible
Page 151 and 152: Figure 2: Overview of the system co
Page 153 and 154: 1. selection of a model; 2. provisi
Page 155 and 156: the tool is deployed more widely us
Page 157 and 158: Chan, T., Beverly C., Ebert, S., Ga
Page 159 and 160: Implementation of Recent Metadata D
Page 161 and 162: ) definition of a metadata organisa
Page 163 and 164: 3.2 Definition of a metadata schema
Page 165 and 166: This is just an example of how comp
Page 167 and 168: 6. CONCLUSIONS The Public Administr
Page 169 and 170: An Integrated Framework for the Imp
Page 171 and 172: 2.1 Six Sigma Six Sigma is one of t
Page 173 and 174: However, the traditional methods of
Page 175 and 176: The fifth element for BSC design is
Page 177 and 178: Table 2: Strengths and weaknesses o
Page 179 and 180: Camp, R. C. (1989). Benchmarking: T
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Nedovic-Budic, Z., Feeney, M.E.F.,
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The Value Chain Approach to Evaluat
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The definition of assessment strate
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There may be several activities per
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The complexity of work, which was r
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Figure 5: Secondary interface: orga
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on investments. More importantly, i
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Porter, M. (1985). Competitive Adva
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Evaluation of Spatial Information T
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fully digital nationwide spatial da
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satellite imagery, digital vector d
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lic) and the National Mapping Agenc
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- Secondary spatial data available,
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Figure 1: Technical progress of SDI
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Khan, J. (2007). Karachi Master Pla
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Philippines http://www.geoinfo.ait.
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Local Government and SDI - Understa
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Australia, like many developed coun
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Table 1: Structure of the LGA quest
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(p
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Table 3: Results of multiple regres
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The role of local government in bui
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McDougall, K., A. Rajabifard and I.
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Changing Notions of a Spatial Data
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Table 1: Differences between GeoWeb
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The concept of spatially enabled go
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applications field and also in term
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The discussion in the fifth section
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Cooperation - a Key Factor for Sust
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appears at low levels and can seek
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Many of the problems of a non-techn
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4.4 Important aspects As cooperatio
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level’ within and between organis
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Seamless SDI Model - Bridging the G
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tuaries and oceans (Plunkett, 2001)
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Figure 2: Seamless administration s
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Figure 5: Seamless platform. A seam
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4.2 Standards SDI must be based on
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One more concern linked to the esta
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structures that not only do not yet
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The RRR Toolbox: a Conceptual Model
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curring in the present must not com
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databases and web mapping services.
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Principles, Institutional Principle
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The commonalities between SDIs and
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Mooney, J. D. and Grant, D. M. (199
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Building SDI Bridges for Catchment
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approaches. TCM is a holistic appro
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hierarchy namely; the umbrella view
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tions and practices in South Africa
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Figure 2: Conceptual framework: App
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In the Murray Darling Basin, there
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REFERENCES Australian Bureau of Sta
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Rajabifard, A., M.-E.F. Feeney and
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SDI Convergence - Nederlandse Commissie voor Geodesie - KNAW

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