SDI Convergence - Nederlandse Commissie voor Geodesie - KNAW

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6. CONCLUSION We presented a scenario that describes for the first time how data grids can solve the problem of sharing address data in an SDI. Our approach is both a novel application for data grids as well as a novel technology in SDI environments, and thus improves the understanding of the requirements and issues related to applying grid technology in SDIs. We presented the computational viewpoint of the Compartimos reference model and analysed technology choices for individual Compartimos objects. From this analysis it is evident that collaboration on standards between the grid and SDI communities is imperative. Our analysis advances the understanding of the requirements for, and the use of, the data grid approach in a specific application domain, namely address data in an SDI. Thus, the article sheds light on a future technological solution that could overcome some of the data sharing impediments that are experienced in SDIs today, and it discusses research that will support the vision of an address data grid for in an SDI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The work reported in this article is partially supported by a THRIP project funded by the South African Department of Trade and Industry (dti) and AfriGIS. REFERENCES Aalders H.J.G.L. (2005). An introduction to spatial metadata standards in the world, in Moellering H., Aalders H.J.G.L. and Crane A. (eds.). World Spatial Metadata standards, Oxford, United Kingdom: Elsevier. Aloisio G., Cafaro M., Conte D., Tiore S., Epicoco I., Marra G.P., Quarta G. (2005a). “A Grid-Enabled Web Map Server, International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing (ITCC'05) - Volume I, pp. 298-303. Aloisio G., Cafaro M., Fiore S., Wuarta G. (2005b). “A grid-based architecture for earth observation data access”, 2005 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, March 13-17 2005, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA. Aydin G., Sayar A., Gadgil H., Aktas M., Fox G.C., Ko S., Bulut H. and Pierce M.E. (2008). Building and applying geographical information system Grids, Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, 20(14): 1653-1695. Brodeur J. (2004). “Interoperability of Geographic Information: A Communication - Based Prototype”, Proceedings of The 8th World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics (SCI 2004), Orlando, Florida, pp 327-332. Coetzee S. and Bishop J. (2008). Address databases for national SDI: Comparing the novel data grid approach to data harvesting and federated databases, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 26 September 2008, available online ahead of print edition at http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/tf/13658816. html. Coetzee S., Cooper A.K., Lind M., McCart Wells M., Yurman S.W., Wells E., Griffiths N. and Nicholson M.J.L. (2008). “Towards an international address standard”, GSDI-10 Conference, Trinidad and Tobago, 25 – 29 February 2008. Craglia M., Goodchild M.F., Annoni A., Camara G., Gould M., Kuhn W., Mark D., Masser I., Maguire D., Liang S. and Parsons E. (2008), Next-Generation Digital Earth, a position paper from the Vespucci Initiative for the advancement of Geographic Information Science, International Journal of Spatial Data Infrastructures Research, 3: 146-167. 118
Di L., Chen A., Yang W., Liu Y., Wei Y., Mehrotra P., Hu C., Williams D. (2008). The development of a geospatial data Grid by integrating OGC web services with Globus-based Grid technology, Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, 20(14): 1617-1635. Fahey D. and Finch F. (2006). GeoDirectory Technical Guide. An Post GeoDirectory Limited, at: http://www.geodirectory.ie/Downloads.aspx. Foster I., Kesselman C., Nick J.M. and Tuecke S. (2002). The Physiology of the Grid: An Open Grid Services Architecture for Distributed Systems Integration, at: http://forge.gridforum.org/sf/go/doc13483?nav=1. Foster I., Kesselman C. and Tuecke S. (2001). The Anatomy of the Grid – enabling scalable virtual organizations, International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications, 15(3): 200-222. Goodchild M.F. (2008). “Spatial accuracy 2.0”, Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Spatial Accuracy Assessment in Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool: World Academic Union, pp. 1-7. Goodenough D.G., Hao C., Liping D., Aimin G., Yaxing W., Dyk A., and Hobart G. (2007). “Grid-enabled OGC environment for EO data and services in support of Canada’s forest applications”, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium 2007 (IGARSS 2007), 23-28 July, pp. 4773-4776. Hua L., De-ren L., Xin-yan Z. (2005). “Large volume spatial data management based on grid computing”, Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS '05), 25-29 July. ISO 15836:2003 (2003). Information and documentation - The Dublin Core metadata element set, International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland. ISO 19112:2003 (2003). Geographic information – Spatial referencing by geographic identifiers, International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland. ISO 19115:2003 (2003). Geographic information - Metadata, International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland. ISO 19119:2005 (2005). Geographic information - Services, International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland. ISO 19139:2007 (2007). Geographic information - Metadata - XML Schema Language, International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland. ISO 19142 (draft) (2008). Geographic information - Web Feature Service, International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland. ISO/IEC 10746:1998 (1998). Information technology - Open Distributed Processing - Reference Model, International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland. Koutroumpas M. and Higgins C. (2008). “A Pipeline Processing Approach to GIS”, 11th AGILE International Conference on Geographic Information Science 2008, Girona. Spain. Levoleger K. and Corbin C. (Ed.) (2005). Survey of European National Addressing as of May 2005, European Umbrella Organisation for Geographic Information (EU- ROGI), at: http://eurog.vbnprep.com/POOLED/DOCUMENTS/a101730/EUROGI _Address_Survey_Resp_V3Final.pdf. Nicholson M (2007). “The address: improving public service delivery”, 45th Annual URISA Conference, 20-23 August 2007, Washington DC, USA. 119
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SDI Convergence Research, Emerging
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SDI Convergence. Research, Emerging
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An Integrated Framework for the Imp
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Peer Review Board for SDI Convergen
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domain are or may become important
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Services taking advantage of multip
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changes that have taken place in th
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The Potential of a National Atlas a
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tion, the Royal Netherlands Geograp
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challenge for the National Atlas Fo
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experience 'instant satisfaction' u
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data are found offered by the data
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spread of flora and fauna, especial
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Spatial Data Infrastructure of Spai
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ecords managed through the services
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esult of applying GUI production ru
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28 Table 1: Mapping between OGC Cap
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30 Figure 4: Online metadata editio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has been
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Public Sector Geo Web Services: Whi
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Figure 1: Serving geo-information u
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nue. With an increasing number of m
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3.2 Types of business models Malone
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Not all revenue models described by
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uses this model to finance large-sc
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of web service (WMS, WFS/WCS, WIS,
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REFERENCES Anderson, C. (2008). Fre
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INTERVIEWS Jellema, M., DataLand, R
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gion, aware of the INSPIRE context,
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3.3 International activities on man
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use happens when the final user wil
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Geolicences implementation has draw
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Spatial Information Council (2008).
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make it hard for citizens and civil
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66 Figure 2: Prototype to test navi
Page 76 and 77: ”Member States may limit public a
Page 78 and 79: sor is dragged further into the pro
Page 80 and 81: cause changes in Dutch and regional
Page 82 and 83: Hoekstra, R., Winkels R.G.F. and Hu
Page 84 and 85: The use of location-based informati
Page 86 and 87: tion which does not measure a perso
Page 88 and 89: important role (Dobson and Fisher,
Page 90 and 91: camera surveillance on a public roa
Page 92 and 93: Furthermore, the Court gave a numbe
Page 94 and 95: ECtHR (2003a). Peck v. The United K
Page 97 and 98: Harmonising and Integrating Two Dom
Page 99 and 100: ing and integrating these two domai
Page 101 and 102: Table 1: Differences in background
Page 103 and 104: Figure 1: Examples of IMGeo data (c
Page 105 and 106: Concept Table 4: Same concept, diff
Page 107 and 108: Some differences are not clear from
Page 109 and 110: Such homogenous classes will also a
Page 111 and 112: BMT classes, which contain all info
Page 113 and 114: phy, both illustrated with UML exam
Page 115 and 116: An Analysis of Technology Choices f
Page 117 and 118: The objectives of this article are
Page 119 and 120: 3. THE COMPARTIMOS REFERENCE MODEL
Page 121 and 122: sufficiently simple to allow repres
Page 123 and 124: same implementation of a geospatial
Page 125: 5. RESULTS Through the development
Page 129 and 130: SDI and Metadata Entry and Updating
Page 131 and 132: A critical problem for metadata col
Page 133 and 134: 2.1.8 Functionalities A MET must al
Page 135 and 136: Collection of related documents Sta
Page 137 and 138: well as more enhanced tools to impr
Page 139 and 140: access to geo-referenced databases,
Page 141 and 142: metadata and spatial data is new an
Page 143 and 144: Phillips, A. and Williamson, I. P.
Page 145 and 146: A Prototype Metadata Tool for Land
Page 147 and 148: data and grid computing infrastruct
Page 149 and 150: model elements it becomes possible
Page 151 and 152: Figure 2: Overview of the system co
Page 153 and 154: 1. selection of a model; 2. provisi
Page 155 and 156: the tool is deployed more widely us
Page 157 and 158: Chan, T., Beverly C., Ebert, S., Ga
Page 159 and 160: Implementation of Recent Metadata D
Page 161 and 162: ) definition of a metadata organisa
Page 163 and 164: 3.2 Definition of a metadata schema
Page 165 and 166: This is just an example of how comp
Page 167 and 168: 6. CONCLUSIONS The Public Administr
Page 169 and 170: An Integrated Framework for the Imp
Page 171 and 172: 2.1 Six Sigma Six Sigma is one of t
Page 173 and 174: However, the traditional methods of
Page 175 and 176: The fifth element for BSC design is
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Table 2: Strengths and weaknesses o
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Camp, R. C. (1989). Benchmarking: T
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Nedovic-Budic, Z., Feeney, M.E.F.,
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The Value Chain Approach to Evaluat
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The definition of assessment strate
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There may be several activities per
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The complexity of work, which was r
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Figure 5: Secondary interface: orga
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on investments. More importantly, i
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Porter, M. (1985). Competitive Adva
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Evaluation of Spatial Information T
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fully digital nationwide spatial da
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satellite imagery, digital vector d
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lic) and the National Mapping Agenc
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- Secondary spatial data available,
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Figure 1: Technical progress of SDI
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Khan, J. (2007). Karachi Master Pla
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Philippines http://www.geoinfo.ait.
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Local Government and SDI - Understa
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Australia, like many developed coun
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Table 1: Structure of the LGA quest
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(p
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Table 3: Results of multiple regres
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The role of local government in bui
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McDougall, K., A. Rajabifard and I.
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Changing Notions of a Spatial Data
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Table 1: Differences between GeoWeb
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The concept of spatially enabled go
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applications field and also in term
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The discussion in the fifth section
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Cooperation - a Key Factor for Sust
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appears at low levels and can seek
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Many of the problems of a non-techn
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4.4 Important aspects As cooperatio
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level’ within and between organis
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Seamless SDI Model - Bridging the G
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tuaries and oceans (Plunkett, 2001)
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Figure 2: Seamless administration s
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Figure 5: Seamless platform. A seam
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4.2 Standards SDI must be based on
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One more concern linked to the esta
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structures that not only do not yet
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The RRR Toolbox: a Conceptual Model
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curring in the present must not com
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databases and web mapping services.
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Principles, Institutional Principle
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The commonalities between SDIs and
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Mooney, J. D. and Grant, D. M. (199
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Building SDI Bridges for Catchment
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approaches. TCM is a holistic appro
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hierarchy namely; the umbrella view
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tions and practices in South Africa
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Figure 2: Conceptual framework: App
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In the Murray Darling Basin, there
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REFERENCES Australian Bureau of Sta
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Rajabifard, A., M.-E.F. Feeney and
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