Historic%20Yorkshire

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18 LEEDS BEFORE THE CONQUEST. There was a sound of clashing arms before the arrival of foreign invaders. The Britons were ever carrying on an intestine warfare, which was but exchanged for a divided and futile conflict with the veteran legions of Rome. The Brigantes held out for more than a century after the first arrival of the invaders, but once fallen, they became submissive subjects, and Leeds was made a station of the conquerors. There have at various times been discovered considerable Roman remains. There was a castrum or entrenched camp on the hill lying between Charles Street and High Street, and called " Wall-flatt." Across the Aire was a trajectus, not far from where stands its more modern successor. Leeds was, as we should expect, " on the high-road," or rather on one of the great Roman roads, which (passing from Tadcaster to Manchester) layin a part ofits course a little to the east ofBriggate. Leedsparticipated,doubtless, in the prosperity which prevailed over the land during a greater part of the Roman supremacy, and in an equal degree in the tribulation which followed the Roman departure. At a period about 308 years after the birth of Christ, the Imperial empire began to be hemmed in by her barbarian foes, and the Britons, feeling the growing weaknessof their masters,made several attempts to throw off their yoke. At a battle in 326 the Romans suffered a signal defeat, and in 440 they had retired to concentrate against the Goths, leaving Britain and the Britons to the Picts and Scots, who poured down from their northern strongholds, and speedily had the effete population at their mercy. These, calling in the aid of the formidable Saxons, found their friends their direst enemies, for after repellingthe Caledonians, the Saxons turned their victorious arms against those they came to help,and in time drove them to the remotest parts of the island, leaving but a few bare names to show that ever such a people lived. This was not performed without a protracted struggle. The ancient ferocious spirit of the Britons which remained unbroken after nearly five
LEEDS BEFORE THE CONQUEST. 19 centuries of Roman dominance,ever and anon gathered itselftogether for the repulse ofthe Saxons,and numerous are the accounts of their success. Hengist, one of the great chiefs of the invaders, was slain at Conisbrough by Ambrosius the Briton, who also defeated twice his two sons at York. Leeds was a part of the old district of Elmete, and it is said that here, long after the country generally was subdued, an indomitable little kingdom held out. But eventuallynumbers prevailed, the great Arthur was dead, and Britain became Angle-land, the Angles being the most powerful of the Saxon tribes. Leeds now assumes a new character. A new derivation is found for it, namely,Loides, either fromLoid, a people, or Loidi, its first Saxon possessor (according to Bede), and we find the familiar names of to-day were coined during this period. Briggate is the Saxon for Bridgegate, Kirkgate is the Church-gate, Swinegate is Saxon, Allerton is the " town of alder trees,'' Cottingley is the " house in the meadow," Farnleyis the "field of ferns," Gledhowis " Hawk-hill," Kirkstall is the " place of the church," Skelton is the "water town," and so on to an almost limitless extent. Another notable instance is Osmundthorpe, the thorpe or village of Osmund; this was formerly written Ossenthorpe,and in the Doomsday Book it stands Ossethorp. Here was the " Villa Regia " of Oswy, the King's Village, where he built a palaceand held his court. There are several localnames which are evidence of this. Coney-shaw is " King's Wood," and Coney-garthis " King's Field." This Oswy was he who defeated the Pagan Penda. Penda was the King of Mercia, and cherished up to old age the most inveterate hatred of the Christian religion,and this was increased towards the Northumbrians, for his son Peada, on a visit to that part of the country, had, by influence of the beautiful daughter ofOswy,beenledto abandonPaganism for the " White Christ." Penda, haughty and sanguinary at the age of eighty as ever in his youth, prepared to invade Deira and Bernicia (united under the title of
Page 7: Historic Yorkshire.
Page 10 and 11: PRINTEDBY TRED. R. SPARK, "EX,RF.SS
Page 13: CONTENTS. Chapter. I. Alfred, King
Page 16 and 17: 2 ALFRED, KING OF NORTHUMBRIA. nort
Page 18 and 19: 4 ALFRED, KING OF NORTHUMBRIA. his
Page 20 and 21: 6 ALFRED,KING OF NORTHUMBRIA. fosse
Page 22 and 23: CHAPTER II. THE STORY OF ST. JOHN O
Page 24 and 25: 10 ST. JOHN OF BEVERLEY. up the exc
Page 26 and 27: 12 ST. JOHN OF BEVERLEY. milefrom t
Page 28 and 29: 14 ST. JOHN OF BEVERLEY. discrete m
Page 30 and 31: 16 ST. JOHN OF BEVERLEY. beneath th
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Page 38 and 39: 24 LEEDS UNDER THE NORMANS. This ch
Page 40 and 41: 26 LEEDS UNDER THE NORMANS. compani
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Page 44 and 45: Chapter V, THE JEWISH MASSACRE AT Y
Page 46 and 47: 32 JEWISH MASSACRE AT YORK can enab
Page 48 and 49: 34 JEWISH MASSACRE AT YORK. the lik
Page 50 and 51: Chapter VI. MYSTERY PLAYS IN YORKSH
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Page 60 and 61: 46 BOLTON ABBEY. The original situa
Page 62 and 63: 48 BOLTON ABBEY. Alice gave the Can
Page 64 and 65: 50 BOLTON ABBEY. Nor did she fear i
Page 66 and 67: Chapter VIII. BLACK-EACED CLIFFORD.
Page 68 and 69: 54 BLACK-FACED CLIFFORD. Duke of Yo
Page 70 and 71: 56 BLACK-FACED CLIFFORD. His career
Page 72 and 73: Chapter IX. THE SHEPHERD LORD. But
Page 74 and 75: 60 THE SHEPHERD LORD. the safety of
Page 76 and 77: 62 THE SHEPHERD LORD. The Shepherd
Page 78 and 79: 64 HENRY THE III.'s CHRISTMAS AT YO
Page 80 and 81: 66 HENRY THE IIL's CHRISTMAS AT YOR
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68 HENRY THE III.'s CHRISTMAS AT YO
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70 THE TRAGIC STORY OF THE ELLANDS.
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Chapter xii. THE FALL AND DEATH OF
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78 THE FALL AND DEATH OF RICHARDII.
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80 THE FALL AND DEATH OF RICHARD II
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82 THE FALL AND DEATH OF RICHARDII.
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84 THE STORY OF YORK CASTLE. took t
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86 THE STORY OF YORK CASTLE. and ye
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88 THE STORY OF YORK CASTLE. threat
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90 THE STORY OF YORK CASTLE. distur
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92 THE STORY OF YORK CASTLE. suffer
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94 THE STORY OF YORK CASTLE. " had
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96 THE STORY OF YORK CASTLE. upon w
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98 THE BATTLE OF THE STANDARD. We f
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100 THE BATTLE OF THE STANDARD. who
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Chapter XV. THE BATTLE OF WAKEFIELD
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104 THE BATTLE OF WAKEFIELD. the La
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106 THE BATTLE OF WAKEFIELD. the Ca
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Chapter XVI. THE BATTLE OF TOWTON,
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110 THE BATTLE OF TOWTON. their qui
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112 THE BATTLE OF TOWTON. death-blo
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114 THE BATTLE OF MARSTON MOOR. The
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116 THE BATTLE OF MARSTON MOOR. att
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CHAPTER XVIII. THE STORY OF A TAX O
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120 THE STORY OF A TAX. surprising
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122 THE STORY OF A TAX. those who s
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CHAPTER XIX. CATHOLIC PERSECUTION.
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126 CATHOLIC PERSECUTION. At a late
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128 CATHOLIC PERSECUTION. on his wa
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CHAPTER XX. THE STORY OF PONTEFRACT
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132 THE STORY OF PONTEFRACT CASTLE.
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140 BEVERLEY SANCTUARY. to a church
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142 BEVERLEY SANCTUARY. another tow
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144 BEVERLEY SANCTUARY. masons,2; d
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CHAPTER XXII. DEATH OF THE DUKE OF
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148 DEATH OF THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM
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CHAPTER XXIII. EUGENE ARAM, THE YOR
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156 EUGENE ARAM. who wanted them fo
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158 EUGENE ARAM. sharply, which had
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160 EUGENE ARAM. bones ? " In concl
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Chapter XXIV. HISTORY OF THE YORKSH
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164 YORKSHIRE RESURRECTION MEN. ope
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166 YORKSHIRE RESURRECTION MEN. the
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168 YORKSHIRE RESURRECTION MEN. one
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170 THE LUDDITE RIOTS. in spreading
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172 THE LUDDITE RIOTS. the mastersa
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174 THE LUDDITE RIOTS. two troops o
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Chapter XXVI. ECHOES OF OLD LEEDS.
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178 ECHOES OF OLD LEEDS. property,a
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180 ECHOES OF OLD LEEDS. greatquant
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182 ECHOES OF OLD LEEDS. Lane. In17
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CHAPTER xxvii. THE BISHOP BLAIZE FE
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186 THE BISHOP BLAIZE FESTIVAL. has
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188 THE BISHOP BLAIZE FESTIVAL. Mr.
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190 THE BISHOP BLAIZE FESTIVAL. but
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192 THE PRESS-GANG IN YORKSHIRE. Th
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194 THE PRESS-GANG IN YORKSHIRE. Mr
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196 THE PRESS-GANG IN YORKSHIRE. in
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198 PAGE. Black-faced Clifford, see
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200 PAGE. Laid on a hurdle and drag
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202 INDEX. PAGE. Nevison, highwayma
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204 PAGE. Vaughan, Sir Thomas 133 V
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