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140 Decision making under uncertainty<br />

After further questioning he is also able to say that he is<br />

indifferent between options C and D below:<br />

C: A production run which will certainly yield a profit of $0 but<br />

which is also certain to disappoint no customers.<br />

D: A production run which will have a 0.6 probability of a<br />

profit of $40 000 with no customers disappointed and a 0.4<br />

probability of a profit of $0 with 5000 customers disappointed.<br />

(i) Determine whether the manufacturer should choose the<br />

large- or small-scale production run in order to maximize<br />

his expected utility.<br />

(ii) Interpret the expected utilities which you obtained in<br />

part (i).<br />

(d) Would the Simple Multi-attribute Rating Technique (SMART)<br />

have offered a better way of tackling the pottery manufacturer’s<br />

problem?<br />

References<br />

1. Von Neumann, J. and Morgenstern, O. (1944) The Theory of Games and<br />

Economic Behavior, Princeton <strong>University</strong> Press.<br />

2. Ronen, B., Pliskin, J. S. and Feldman, S. (1984) Balancing the Failure Modes<br />

in the Electronic Circuit of a Cardiac Pacemaker: A Decision Analysis,<br />

Journal of the Operational Research Society, 35, No. 5, 379–387.<br />

3. French, S. (1988) Decision Theory: An Introduction to the Mathematics of Rationality,<br />

Ellis Horwood, Chichester.<br />

4. Farquahar, P. H. (1984) Utility Assessment Methods, Management Science,<br />

30, No. 11, 1283–1300.<br />

5. Hershey, J. C., Kunreuther, H. C. and Schoemaker, P. J. H. (1982) Sources of<br />

Bias in Assessment Procedures for Utility Functions, Management Science,<br />

28, No. 8, 936–954.<br />

6. Thaler, R. H. (1983) Illusions and Mirages in Public Policy, in H. R. Arkes<br />

andK.R.Hammond(eds)Judgment and Decision Making, Cambridge <strong>University</strong><br />

Press, Cambridge.<br />

7. Tversky, A. and Kahneman, D. (1981) The Framing of Decisions and the<br />

Psychology of Choice, Science, 211, 30 January, 453–458.<br />

8. Johnson, E. J. and Schkade, D. A. (1989) Bias in Utility Assessments: Further<br />

Evidence and Explanations, Management Science, 35, No. 4, 406–424.<br />

9. Corner, J. L. and Corner, P. D. (1995) Characteristics of Decisions in Decision<br />

Analysis Practice, Journal of the Operational Research Society, 46, 304–314.<br />

10. Tocher, K. D. (1977) Planning Systems, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal<br />

Society of London, A287, 425–441.

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