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controlled by the IAUTOP parameter in namelist REC and are illustrated in Fig- ure 11-15. All “smart” aiming options are time dependent; i.e., the number of aim points can change over the year if the image changes. II.F-I. Single Aim Point (IAUTOP=l)-This is the simplest of all aiming options. All heliostats are pointed at the center (when viewed from the heliostat surface) of the receiver (Figure 11-15(A)). This option <strong>prod</strong>uces the maximum flux on the receiver. II. F-2. One-Dimensional “Smart ”Aiming (IA UTOP=l)-The heliostat images are spread out along the “height” of the receiver or aperture until the spillage starts to increase. As seen in Figure II-l5(B), the smaller images of the inner (or best focused) heliostats can be spread out over more aim points than the larger images of the outer (or less well focused) heliostats. This option reduces both the peak flux and the flux gradients on the receiver. This is the “smart” aiming option to use with external receivers (IREC=O) and with cavity or flat plate receivers of elliptical shape (IREC=l or 3). Since the size of the images from the heliostats can change with time, the one-dimensional smart aiming also changes with time, so that both the number and position of the aimpoints may change. II. F-9. Two-Dimensional “Smart” Aiming (Rectangular Cavity Apertures or Flat Plates Only, IA UTOP=2)-This option is similar to IAUTOP=l except that the images are spread out in two dimensions as shown in Figure II-l5(C). This results in even smaller peak fluxes than IAUTOP=l. However, this option should only be used with rectangular cavity apertures (IREC=2) or rectangular flat plates (IREC=4). If used with elliptical receivers the spillage will increase. Furthermore, if used with external cylinders much of the flux will be incident on the receiver at grazing angles where the absorption is poor, and the flux normal to the receiver (as calculated by DELSOL) will not be representative of the actual peak flux that could be incident on a single tube of the receiver. II.F-4. Single Aim Point at the Lower Part of the Receiver (IAUTOP=$)-The heliostats are aimed as close to the bottom of the receiver as is possible without increasing spillage significantly as shown in Figure 11-15(d). The aimpoints will vary somewhat with time as the heliostat image sizes vary, so that spillage re- mains relatively constant. There are several reasons <strong>for</strong> considering this strategy. First, if the fluid enters from the bottom of the receiver the peak fluxes will occur near the colder (and presumably stronger) end of the piping. The penalty is increased radiation and convection losses in real life, since the average receiver tem- perature is increased. However, if the fluid enters from the top of the receiver the radiation and convection losses are minimized, but the peak flux occurs near the hot end of the tube. Typically, peak fluxes will be close to those levels resulting from the single aimpoint strategy (IAUTOP=l). II.F-5. One-Dimensional Aiming at the Lower Part of the Receiver (IA UTOP=4)-Similar to IAUTOP=3 except that the images are spread out along the bottom of the receiver, as shown in Figure II-l5(E). This option should 54
0 IMAGE FROM INNER HELIOSTAT (A) IAUTOP = 0 (C) IAUTOP = 2 (E) IAUTOP = 4 Figure 11-15. Aiming Options. 0 IMAGE FROM OUTER HELIOSTAT (B) IAUTOP = 1 (F) IAUTOP = 5 NAX (K, L) = 3 NAY (K, L) = 2 55
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- SANDIA REPORT SAND86-8018 Unlimit
Page 3: SAND 86-8018 Unlimited Release Prin
Page 6 and 7: ' The computer code which this repo
Page 9 and 10: I. Introduction CONTENTS A. Differe
Page 11 and 12: 1. More Accurate Images from Canted
Page 13: VII. Comparison of DELSOL, MIRVAL,
Page 16 and 17: 111-1 Insolation Models 111-2 Atmos
Page 19 and 20: A USER’S MANUAL FOR DELSOLS: A CO
Page 21 and 22: owing, blocking, atmospheric attenu
Page 23: The fourth major enhancement in DEL
Page 26 and 27: W- 26 S ? Jr RECEIVER NORMAL COORDI
Page 28 and 29: ZONE FlEL 180" Figure 11-3. Surroun
Page 30 and 31: 30 ZONE 60 Figure 11-4. Method of Z
Page 32 and 33: Figure 11-5. North-only Field (INOR
Page 34 and 35: 34 N' Figure 11-6. Code Defined Fie
Page 36 and 37: 36 Figure 11-7. Schematic Diagram o
Page 38 and 39: -SLEW (1)- Figure 11-8. Example of
Page 40 and 41: Figure 11-9. Radial Stagger Arrange
Page 42 and 43: Note that when IDENS=l or 2 the azi
Page 44 and 45: J1.D. Heliostats Either rectangular
Page 46 and 47: Given that heliostats will be mass
Page 48 and 49: (A) FLAT REFLECTED RAY FROM (B) FOC
Page 50 and 51: IROUND = 0 WM = 9.91 (m) HM = 9.93
Page 52 and 53: That is, the aperture is always loc
Page 56 and 57: only be used with rectangular cavit
Page 58 and 59: grid of points on the DELSOL assume
Page 60 and 61: W E Figure 11-17. Flux Points on a
Page 62 and 63: flux point grid defined during syst
Page 64 and 65: To see whether this problem is occu
Page 66 and 67: Cal cul ati onal Day 1 2 3 4 5 Tabl
Page 68 and 69: 1II.B-I. Position 01 the Sun-The su
Page 70 and 71: where SO is given by Equation (1II.
Page 72 and 73: c 0 w V c LL .r a 0 0 0 0 0 s /s 0
Page 74 and 75: 1II.C. Field Performance Calculatio
Page 76 and 77: 1II.F. Flux Density and SDillane Th
Page 78 and 79: III. G-1. Atmospheric Attenuation:
Page 80 and 81: eceiver) or with aperture area (cav
Page 82 and 83: In other words, PLOST,R is the same
Page 84 and 85: Following the approach in the previ
Page 86 and 87: 86 - - - LLLLLL www CLee o m 4 I i
Page 88 and 89: This approximate method of calculat
Page 90 and 91: RECEIVER STARTUP WEATHER SUN PARASI
Page 92 and 93: 111.1. Relationship Between Perform
Page 95 and 96: IV. System Optimization Calculation
Page 97 and 98: power and annual energy. Section 11
Page 99 and 100: , . IV.A-7. Calculation of Annual E
Page 101 and 102: . production. When each design powe
Page 103 and 104: large enough fraction of total capi
Page 105 and 106:
_____ Table IV-2. Design Parameters
Page 107 and 108:
DELSOL will examine NUMHTW (520) eq
Page 109 and 110:
The final step of cavity receiver o
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. furthermore, that the assumed tur
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point in the NMXFLX(1) array (I=l,
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, flux level. DELSOL determines the
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optimum for any power level is 13.
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I V. System Costs and Economics Whi
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for meteorological equipment. The d
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0 co I I I 0 co J 0 c\! c, 0 3 Ln 0
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w/2 x RWCAV W/2 x RWCAV IN (180. -
Page 127 and 128:
S M ~ , = ~ solar F multiple for re
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nSTOR is determined from an assumed
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CTK,REF (CSTREF) = $9.70 x loG VTK,
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XHE,A = scaling exponent. ni is cal
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. CCFIXED = 2.OE6 +'0.14 x DCC + 0.
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(V.B - 6) The discount rate rDIS is
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VI. Program Flow DELSOL can be used
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.I c to reach a certain design powe
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an optimum storage size based on en
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I Read i n N + K t x ] ITAPE=O or 1
Page 147 and 148:
Read in System Definition from File
Page 149 and 150:
. TABLE VI-2 OUTPIJT FROM OPTIMIZAT
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) Power level specific for detailed
Page 153 and 154:
V1.B. DescriDtion of Subroutines in
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C cy c: C C
Page 157 and 158:
L C c C c C c: C c C C c C C C c: c
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C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
Page 162 and 163:
At the time of the comparisons MIRV
Page 164 and 165:
164 n m W * ? 0 F F 0 ( z W /M W) X
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166 Phase 1; CDRL Item 2, Pilot Pla
Page 168 and 169:
168 43. Vittitoe, C. N. et al., “
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since the values have been already
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Title Card $BASIC$ $FIELD$ $HSTAT$
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IPROB NYEAR HRDEL UDAY UTIME NUAZ N
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TDESP PLAT ALT INSOL SOLCON IWEATH
Page 178 and 179:
REFTIM REFSOL ASTART IATM ATMl ATM2
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IHPR NLAND XTOWER YTOWER (I= 1 ,NLA
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182 1 1-40 2 1-10 11-20 3 1-10 11-2
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SIGTX SIGTY ICANT NCANTX NCANTY HCA
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THT TOWL TOWD IREC W H RRECL IAUTOP
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For cavities or flat plates, the fo
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NXFLX FAZMIN FAZMAX 190 AZMF (North
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NMXFLXY) identifies the exact point
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REFPRL FSP FEP EFFSTR PF SMULT IP H
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IHOPT NUMTHT THTST THTEND NUMREC WS
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SMULT IPLFL(1) (I=l ,NUMOPT) IPROPT
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CH CL CWR CWDR CWDA ITHT CTOWl CTOW
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ICHE CHEREF PHEREF XHEP APHREF PPHR
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CKNREF PKNREF XKN 204 Sodium-to-sal
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TC TR FDEBT RDEBT ROE IDEP NDEP NYO
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The next set of cards is read at th
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value of insolation from the specif
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For optimizing cavity depth, the IO
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For the final detailed performance
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from that specified during the opti
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Sample Problem 4 - User Defined Fie
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GLOSSARY Absorber: The portion of t
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Heat Exchanger: A component in whic
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Receiver System Efficiency: The rat
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Variable AEVMAX AEVREF AFDC ALP(I)
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Variable H H20 HCANT HM HPANL HRDEL
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Variable PARL7,PARLI) PARL9,PARLlO
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Variable W WEATH WEND WM WPANL WST
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Analysis Review and Critique 6503 8
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Martin Marietta Aerospace P.O. Box
Page 239:
Stone and Webster Engineering Corpo
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