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Given that heliostats will be mass produced and assembled, it is assumed in DELSOL that the error sources are essentially the same for each heliostat re- gardless of field location. Hence, the user supplies as input the magnitude of the sources of error (e.g., motor inaccuracies, surface distortions), and the code cal- culates the time and field dependent effects of these sources. (This is identical to the approach in MIRVAL and HELIOS (References 1, 2, 5).) The sources of heliostat errors can be grouped into three types according to the variable used to describe the error distribution. Each type produces different qualitative and quantitative effects on the position and profile of the heliostat image. The code assumes that the errors have normal probability distributions char- acterized by standard deviations in two perpendicular directions. The three error groups, typical sources, and the coordinate systems in which they are defined are listed in Table 11-2. The default values are also included, and are consistent with a fairly accurate, high reflectivity mirror such as a Second Generation Heliostat (Reference 13). 1I.D-2. Focusing and Cunting-The finite size of the sun, the heliostat performance errors, and the size of the heliostat all determine the size of the image produced by a heliostat on the receiver, as illustrated in Figure II-lZ(A). Reduc- ing the contribution of the heliostat size can lead to a smaller image size, and in turn, lower spillage, smaller receivers, and lower receiver radiation and convection losses. DELSOL simulates the two methods, focusing and canting, employed to reduce image size by decreasing the contribution from heliostat size. In focusing, the mirror panels are concave in a manner so that rays from the center of the sun reflected from point on the mirror panel hit the same point on the receiver, as shown in Figure II-l2(B). A canted heliostat is divided into a number of submirrors. Each submirror is displaced relative to the others so that rays from the center of the sun reflected from analogous points of the submirrors all converge to the same point on the receiver, as indicated in Figure II-lZ(C). Thus, perfect focusing results in the minimum size image by eliminating the contribution of the heliostat size to the reflected image. Perfect canting approximates perfect focusing by reducing the total heliostat size to that of a single submirror. The greater the number of canted submirrors for a given size heliostat, the smaller the contribution of heliostat size to the image. In other words, canting is a Fresnel approximation to focusing. (Note also that the submirrors of a canted heliostat can each be focused in 0 to 2 dimensions.) The curvature or displacement required for focusing or canting depends on the angles between the heliostat, sun, and receiver, and is therefore time dependent. For most heliostat designs the curvature cannot be varied, and the heliostat will be perfectly focused or canted for only the one or two times of the year when the sun is in the correct position. At all other times, the heliostat will produce “off-axis aberration” of the image; Le., distortions of the ideal image due to oper- ation when the sun is not in the correct position for the heliostat to be perfectly focused or canted. 46
TABLE 11-2 HELIOSTAT ERROR SOURCES Type Error Distribution* Typical Sources Default Values (rad) Heliostat en Pn Tracking errors in og, (SIGEL) = 0.00075 angles open-loop drive systems Foundation motion op,, (SIGAZ) = O.OOOOO* Surface Xn 9 Yn Mirror waviness ox,, (SIGSX) = 0.001 normal Panel alignment oy,, (SIGSY) = 0.000* errors Reflected x, Y Tracking errors in ox (SIGTX) = 0.000 vector closed-loop drive sys tems Atmospheric uy (SIGTY) = 0.000 refract ion Tower sway *Each distribution is of the form: where a,b = variable pair defined above, P = probability of displacements, da and db, from the nominal values of a and b. *These values are the defaults in DELSOLS and were used to generate the sample problems. However, a better choice of values would be SIGEL = SIGAZ = 0.00075 and SIGSX = SIGSY = 0.001. The user can either change these defaults in their version of DELSOLS or input these values in the input for each run of DELSOLS. 47
Page 1 and 2: - SANDIA REPORT SAND86-8018 Unlimit
Page 3: SAND 86-8018 Unlimited Release Prin
Page 6 and 7: ' The computer code which this repo
Page 9 and 10: I. Introduction CONTENTS A. Differe
Page 11 and 12: 1. More Accurate Images from Canted
Page 13: VII. Comparison of DELSOL, MIRVAL,
Page 16 and 17: 111-1 Insolation Models 111-2 Atmos
Page 19 and 20: A USER’S MANUAL FOR DELSOLS: A CO
Page 21 and 22: owing, blocking, atmospheric attenu
Page 23: The fourth major enhancement in DEL
Page 26 and 27: W- 26 S ? Jr RECEIVER NORMAL COORDI
Page 28 and 29: ZONE FlEL 180" Figure 11-3. Surroun
Page 30 and 31: 30 ZONE 60 Figure 11-4. Method of Z
Page 32 and 33: Figure 11-5. North-only Field (INOR
Page 34 and 35: 34 N' Figure 11-6. Code Defined Fie
Page 36 and 37: 36 Figure 11-7. Schematic Diagram o
Page 38 and 39: -SLEW (1)- Figure 11-8. Example of
Page 40 and 41: Figure 11-9. Radial Stagger Arrange
Page 42 and 43: Note that when IDENS=l or 2 the azi
Page 44 and 45: J1.D. Heliostats Either rectangular
Page 48 and 49: (A) FLAT REFLECTED RAY FROM (B) FOC
Page 50 and 51: IROUND = 0 WM = 9.91 (m) HM = 9.93
Page 52 and 53: That is, the aperture is always loc
Page 54 and 55: controlled by the IAUTOP parameter
Page 56 and 57: only be used with rectangular cavit
Page 58 and 59: grid of points on the DELSOL assume
Page 60 and 61: W E Figure 11-17. Flux Points on a
Page 62 and 63: flux point grid defined during syst
Page 64 and 65: To see whether this problem is occu
Page 66 and 67: Cal cul ati onal Day 1 2 3 4 5 Tabl
Page 68 and 69: 1II.B-I. Position 01 the Sun-The su
Page 70 and 71: where SO is given by Equation (1II.
Page 72 and 73: c 0 w V c LL .r a 0 0 0 0 0 s /s 0
Page 74 and 75: 1II.C. Field Performance Calculatio
Page 76 and 77: 1II.F. Flux Density and SDillane Th
Page 78 and 79: III. G-1. Atmospheric Attenuation:
Page 80 and 81: eceiver) or with aperture area (cav
Page 82 and 83: In other words, PLOST,R is the same
Page 84 and 85: Following the approach in the previ
Page 86 and 87: 86 - - - LLLLLL www CLee o m 4 I i
Page 88 and 89: This approximate method of calculat
Page 90 and 91: RECEIVER STARTUP WEATHER SUN PARASI
Page 92 and 93: 111.1. Relationship Between Perform
Page 95 and 96: IV. System Optimization Calculation
Page 97 and 98:
power and annual energy. Section 11
Page 99 and 100:
, . IV.A-7. Calculation of Annual E
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. production. When each design powe
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large enough fraction of total capi
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_____ Table IV-2. Design Parameters
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DELSOL will examine NUMHTW (520) eq
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The final step of cavity receiver o
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. furthermore, that the assumed tur
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point in the NMXFLX(1) array (I=l,
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, flux level. DELSOL determines the
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optimum for any power level is 13.
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I V. System Costs and Economics Whi
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for meteorological equipment. The d
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0 co I I I 0 co J 0 c\! c, 0 3 Ln 0
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w/2 x RWCAV W/2 x RWCAV IN (180. -
Page 127 and 128:
S M ~ , = ~ solar F multiple for re
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nSTOR is determined from an assumed
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CTK,REF (CSTREF) = $9.70 x loG VTK,
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XHE,A = scaling exponent. ni is cal
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. CCFIXED = 2.OE6 +'0.14 x DCC + 0.
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(V.B - 6) The discount rate rDIS is
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VI. Program Flow DELSOL can be used
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.I c to reach a certain design powe
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an optimum storage size based on en
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I Read i n N + K t x ] ITAPE=O or 1
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Read in System Definition from File
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. TABLE VI-2 OUTPIJT FROM OPTIMIZAT
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) Power level specific for detailed
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V1.B. DescriDtion of Subroutines in
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C cy c: C C
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L C c C c C c: C c C C c C C C c: c
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C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
Page 162 and 163:
At the time of the comparisons MIRV
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164 n m W * ? 0 F F 0 ( z W /M W) X
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166 Phase 1; CDRL Item 2, Pilot Pla
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168 43. Vittitoe, C. N. et al., “
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since the values have been already
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Title Card $BASIC$ $FIELD$ $HSTAT$
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IPROB NYEAR HRDEL UDAY UTIME NUAZ N
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TDESP PLAT ALT INSOL SOLCON IWEATH
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REFTIM REFSOL ASTART IATM ATMl ATM2
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IHPR NLAND XTOWER YTOWER (I= 1 ,NLA
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182 1 1-40 2 1-10 11-20 3 1-10 11-2
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SIGTX SIGTY ICANT NCANTX NCANTY HCA
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THT TOWL TOWD IREC W H RRECL IAUTOP
Page 188 and 189:
For cavities or flat plates, the fo
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NXFLX FAZMIN FAZMAX 190 AZMF (North
Page 192 and 193:
NMXFLXY) identifies the exact point
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REFPRL FSP FEP EFFSTR PF SMULT IP H
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IHOPT NUMTHT THTST THTEND NUMREC WS
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SMULT IPLFL(1) (I=l ,NUMOPT) IPROPT
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CH CL CWR CWDR CWDA ITHT CTOWl CTOW
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ICHE CHEREF PHEREF XHEP APHREF PPHR
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CKNREF PKNREF XKN 204 Sodium-to-sal
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TC TR FDEBT RDEBT ROE IDEP NDEP NYO
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The next set of cards is read at th
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value of insolation from the specif
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For optimizing cavity depth, the IO
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For the final detailed performance
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from that specified during the opti
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Sample Problem 4 - User Defined Fie
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GLOSSARY Absorber: The portion of t
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Heat Exchanger: A component in whic
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Receiver System Efficiency: The rat
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Variable AEVMAX AEVREF AFDC ALP(I)
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Variable H H20 HCANT HM HPANL HRDEL
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Variable PARL7,PARLI) PARL9,PARLlO
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Variable W WEATH WEND WM WPANL WST
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Analysis Review and Critique 6503 8
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Martin Marietta Aerospace P.O. Box
Page 239:
Stone and Webster Engineering Corpo
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