JST Vol. 21 (1) Jan. 2013 - Pertanika Journal - Universiti Putra ...

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Ahmad, D., Jamarei, O., Sulaiman, S., Fashina, A. B. and Akande, F. B. 1 MRR ( Bicycle ) = 3.1345. (0.04 + ) B 3.1345 MRR ( Bicycle) = 0.1254+ B Field condition: Wet soil (sandy-clay-loam soil) surface Added dynamic load range: 98.1 – 588.6 N From Brixius’ (1987) equation for bias-ply tractor tyres, the motion resistance ratio is as stated in Equation 5. Therefore, for the rigid bicycle wheel, the motion resistance ratio was derived as follows: 1 MRR ( Bicycle ) = 4.7841. (0.04 + ) Bn [19] 4.7841 MRR ( Bicycle) = 0.1914+ B CONCLUSION In conclusion, the motion resistance and motion resistance ratios of 660 mm pneumatic and the rigid bicycle wheels were determined both empirically and analytically on tilled and wet surfaces. The motion resistances measured on the wet surface by both the wheels were greater than those obtained on the tilled surface with the rigid wheel leading in all the cases. The motion resistance ratios obtained through empirical methods were greater than those of the semi-empirical ones. Hence, different relationships between motion resistance ratios, the dynamic loads and the towing velocities exist on different surfaces with different wheel types. The rigid wheel is a better traction member on the wet surface at any forward velocity compared with its pneumatic counterpart. The semi-empirical approach under-predicted the motion resistance ratios compared to the empirical method. Based on this, a new set of motion resistance ratio models were derived for predicting motion resistance ratios of pneumatic and rigid bicycle wheels on deformable surfaces (tilled and wet surfaces). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research project is classified under the Institute of Higher Learning, IHL (FRGS- Fundamental Research Grant Scheme) 1/ 2007 KOS 55235435.ihlrm7 IRPA Project No. 01- 02-04. The authors are very grateful to the authority of Universiti Putra Malaysia for granting the fund for this research project. REFERENCES Arregoces, A. (1985). Rolling resistance of bicycle wheels: Measurement and trends investigation (Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis), Silsoe College. American Standard for Test and Measurements (ASTM) D. 4318(2005) Liquid Limit. Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils. ASTM. 72 Pertanika J. Sci. & Technol. 21 (1): 283 - 298 (2013) n n n [18]
Modelling of Motion Resistance Ratios of Pneumatic and Rigid Bicycle Wheels Bernstein, R. (1913): Problem Experimental Motorflugmech, 16. Brixius, W. W (1987). Traction prediction equations for bias ply tyres. ASAE Paper No 87-1662, ASAE, St. Joseph, MI. Code, O. (2003, R2009). General Terminology for Traction of Agricultural Traction and Transport Devices and Vehicles. ANSI/ASABE S296.5 (ASABE Standard), 1-5. Elwaleed, A. K. (1999). Motion resistance, Net traction ratio, and tractive efficiency of riceland type tyre (Unpublished M.Sc Thesis), Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor. Gee-Clough, D., McAllister, M., Pearson, G., & Evernden, D. W. (1978). The empirical prediction of tractor-implement field performance. Journal of Terramechanics, 15(2), 81-94. Gheissari, M. H., & Loghavi, M. (2010). Evaluation of Agricultural Tire Traction Prediction Model Using a Single Wheel Tester (ASABE Paper No 1009100). Presented at the 2010 ASABE Annual Meeting, David Lawrence Convention centre, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. David L. Lawrence Convention Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: (ASABE Paper No. 1009100) St. Joseph, Mich. ASABE. Gotteland, P., & Benoit, O. (2006). Sinkage tests for mobility study, modelling and experimental validation. Journal of Terramechanics, 43(4), 451-467. Islam, M. S. (1986). Off-road performance of bicycle wheels: With special emphasis on Rolling Resistance. Silsoe College, England. Kawase, Y., Nakashima, H., & Oida, A. (2006). An indoor traction measurement system for agricultural tires. Journal of Terramechanics, 43(3), 317-327. Macmillan, R. H. (2002). Mechanics of tractor-implement performance; Theory and Worked examples. In A textbook for Students and Engineers. Place Published. Retrieved July 3, 2009 from http://www. eprints.unimelb.edu.au. Naderi, M., Alimardani, R., Abbaszadeh, R., & Ahmadi., H. (2008). Assessment of dynamic load equations through drive wheel slips measurement. American- Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences 3(5): 778-784. Pandey K. P., Tiwari, G. (2006). Rolling Resistance of Automobile Discarded Tyres for Use in Camel Carts in Sand. Paper read at 2006 Annual international meeting of ASABE, 9-12 July, 2006, at Oregon Conventional center Portland, oregon. Perdok U. D. (1978). A prediction model for the selection of tyres for towed vehicles on tilled soil. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 23(4), 369-383. Plackett, C. W. (1985). A review of force prediction methods for off-road wheels. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 31(1), 1-29. Pope, R. G. (1971). The effect of wheel speed on rolling resistance. Journal of Terramechanics, 8(1), 5-5. Saarilahti, M. (2003). Soil interaction model. ECOWOOD studies made at the University of Helsinki. University of Helsinki, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Resource Management Publication, 31, 2003-07. Schreiber, M., & Kutzbach H. D. (2007). Comparison of different zero-slip definitions and a proposal to standardize tire traction performance. Journal of Terramechanics, 44(1), 75-79. Pertanika J. Sci. & Technol. 21 (1): 283 - 298 (2013) 73
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International Advisory Board Adarsh
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Selected Articles from UPM-Malaysia
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ISSN: 0128-7680 © 2013 Universiti
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Aspect of Fatigue Analysis of Compo
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Application of Anthropometric Dimen
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INTRODUCTION Tajau, R. et al. A hig
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CONCLUSION Aji, I. S., Zinudin, E.
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CBIR Using Colour and Shape Fused F
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Trust Value MF-ID 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
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A Negation Query Engine for Complex
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REFERENCES A Negation Query Engine
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The Problem Association Rule Mining
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Association Rule Mining threshold t
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Association Rule Mining must be sor
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Association Rule Mining On the othe
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Association Rule Mining Quinlan, J.
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Che Mustapha Yusuf, J., Mohd Su’u
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Hasiah Mohamed@Omar, Azizah Jaafar
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The Role of Similarity Measurement
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TABLE 5: Winners MRS The Role of Si
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REFEREES FOR THE PERTANIKA JOURNAL
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Guidelines for Authors Publication
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table should be prepared on a separ
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The Journal’s review process What
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Usability of Educational Computer G
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