<strong>Journal</strong> of Science & Technology <strong>Journal</strong> of Science & Technology <strong>Journal</strong> of Science & Technology <strong>Journal</strong> of Sciences & Technology About the <strong>Journal</strong> <strong>Pertanika</strong> is an international peer-reviewed journal devoted to the publication of original papers, and it serves as a forum for practical approaches to improving quality in issues pertaining to tropical agriculture and its related fields. <strong>Pertanika</strong> began publication in 1978 as the <strong>Journal</strong> of Tropical Agricultural Science. In 1992, a decision was made to streamline <strong>Pertanika</strong> into three journals to meet the need for specialised journals in areas of study aligned with the interdisciplinary strengths of the university. The revamped <strong>Journal</strong> of Science & Technology (<strong>JST</strong>) aims to develop as a pioneer journal focusing on research in science and engineering, and its related fields. Other <strong>Pertanika</strong> series include <strong>Journal</strong> of Tropical Agricultural Science (JTAS); and <strong>Journal</strong> of Social Sciences and Humanities (JSSH). <strong>JST</strong> is published in English and it is open to authors around the world regardless of the nationality. It is currently published two times a year, i.e. in <strong>Jan</strong>uary and July. Goal of <strong>Pertanika</strong> Our goal is to bring the highest quality research to the widest possible audience. Quality We aim for excellence, sustained by a responsible and professional approach to journal publishing. Submissions are guaranteed to receive a decision within 12 weeks. The elapsed time from submission to publication for the articles averages 5-6 months. Indexing of <strong>Pertanika</strong> <strong>Pertanika</strong> is now over 33 years old; this accumulated knowledge has resulted in <strong>Pertanika</strong> journals being indexed in SCOPUS (Elsevier), EBSCO, DOAJ, AGRICOLA, and CABI etc. <strong>JST</strong> is indexed in SCOPUS, EBSCO, DOAJ, ISC and ERA. Future vision We are continuously improving access to our journal archives, content, and research services. We have the drive to realise exciting new horizons that will benefit not only the academic community, but society itself. We also have views on the future of our journals. The emergence of the online medium as the predominant vehicle for the ‘consumption’ and distribution of much academic research will be the ultimate instrument in the dissemination of research news to our scientists and readers. Aims and scope <strong>Pertanika</strong> <strong>Journal</strong> of Science and Technology aims to provide a forum for high quality research related to science and engineering research. Areas relevant to the scope of the journal include: bioinformatics, bioscience, biotechnology and biomolecular sciences, chemistry, computer science, ecology, engineering, engineering design, environmental control and management, mathematics and statistics, medicine and health sciences, nanotechnology, physics, safety and emergency management, and related fields of study. Editorial Statement <strong>Pertanika</strong> is the official journal of <strong>Universiti</strong> <strong>Putra</strong> Malaysia. The abbreviation for <strong>Pertanika</strong> <strong>Journal</strong> of Science & Technology is <strong>Pertanika</strong> J. Sci. Technol.
Editorial Board <strong>2013</strong>-2015 Editor-in-Chief Mohd. Ali HASSAN, Malaysia Bioprocess engineering, Environmental biotechnology Chief Executive Editor Nayan D.S. KANWAL, Malaysia Environmental issues- landscape plant modelling applications Editorial Board Members Abdul Halim Shaari (Professor Dr), Superconductivity and Magnetism, <strong>Universiti</strong> <strong>Putra</strong> Malaysia, Malaysia. Adem KILICMAN (Professor Dr), Mathematical Sciences, <strong>Universiti</strong> <strong>Putra</strong> Malaysia, Malaysia. Ahmad Makmom Abdullah (Associate Professor Dr), Ecophysiology and Air Pollution Modelling, <strong>Universiti</strong> <strong>Putra</strong> Malaysia, Malaysia. Ali A. MOOSAVI-MOVAHEDI (Professor Dr), Biophysical Chemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Amu THERWATH (Professor Dr), Oncology, Molecular Biology, Université Paris, France. Angelina CHIN (Professor Dr), Mathematics, Group Theory and Generalisations, Ring Theory, University of Malaya, Malaysia. Bassim H. HAMEED (Professor Dr), Chemical Engineering: Reaction Engineering, Environmental Catalysis & Adsorption, <strong>Universiti</strong> Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. Biswa Mohan BISWAL (Professor Dr), Medical, Clinical Oncology, Radiotherapy, <strong>Universiti</strong> Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. Christopher G. JESUDASON (Professor Dr), Mathematical Chemistry, Molecular Dynamics Simulations, Thermodynamics and General Physical Theory, University of Malaya, Malaysia. Ivan D. RUKHLENKO (Dr), Nonliner Optics, Silicon Photonics, Plasmonics and Nanotechnology, Monash University, Australia. Kaniraj R. SHENBAGA (Professor Dr), Geotechnical Engineering, <strong>Universiti</strong> Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia. Kanury RAO (Professor Dr), Senior Scientist & Head, Immunology Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Immunology, Infectious Disease Biology and Systems Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. Karen Ann CROUSE (Professor Dr), Chemistry, Material Chemistry, Metal Complexes – Synthesis, Reactivity, Bioactivity, <strong>Universiti</strong> <strong>Putra</strong> Malaysia, Malaysia. Ki-Hyung KIM (Professor Dr), Computer and Wireless Sensor Networks, AJOU University, Korea. Kunnawee KANITPONG (Associate Professor Dr), Transportation Engineering- Road traffic safety, Highway Materials and Construction, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand. Megat Mohamad Hamdan MEGAT AHMAD (Professor Dr), Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, <strong>Universiti</strong> Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Malaysia. Mirnalini KANDIAH (Professor Dr), Public Health Nutrition, Nutritional Epidemiology, <strong>Universiti</strong> Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Malaysia. Mohamed Othman (Professor Dr), Communication Technology and Network, Scientific Computing, <strong>Universiti</strong> <strong>Putra</strong> Malaysia, Malaysia. Mohd Adzir Mahdi (Professor Dr), Physics, Optical Communications, <strong>Universiti</strong> <strong>Putra</strong> Malaysia, Malaysia. Mohd Sapuan Salit (Professor Dr), Concurrent Engineering and Composite Materials, <strong>Universiti</strong> <strong>Putra</strong> Malaysia, Malaysia. Narongrit SOMBATSOMPOP (Professor Dr), Engineering and Technology: Materials and Polymer Research, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Thailand. Prakash C. SINHA (Professor Dr), Physical Oceanography, Mathematical Modelling, Fluid Mechanics, Numerical Techniques, <strong>Universiti</strong> Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia. Rajinder SINGH (Dr), Biotechnology, Biomolecular Science, Molecular Markers/ Genetic Mapping, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Kajang, Malaysia. Renuganth VARATHARAJOO (Professor Dr-Ing Ir), Engineering, Space System, <strong>Universiti</strong> <strong>Putra</strong> Malaysia, Malaysia. Riyanto T. BAMBANG (Professor Dr), Electrical Engineering, Control, Intelligent Systems & Robotics, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia. Sabira KHATUN (Professor Dr), Engineering, Computer Systems and Software Engineering, Applied Mathematics, <strong>Universiti</strong> Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia. Shiv Dutt GUPTA (Dr), Director, IIHMR, Health Management, public health, Epidemiology, Chronic and Non-communicable Diseases, Indian Institute of Health Management Research, India. Shoba RANGANATHAN (Professor Dr), UNESCO Chair of Biodiversity Informatics Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Biodiversity Informatics, Protein Structure, DNA sequence, Macquarie University, Australia. Suan-Choo CHEAH (Dr), Biotechnology, Plant Molecular Biology, Asiatic Centre for Genome Technology (ACGT), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Waqar ASRAR (Professor Dr), Engineering, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Experimental Aerodynamics, International Islamic University, Malaysia. Wing-Keong NG (Professor Dr), Aquaculture, Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Aqua feed Technology, <strong>Universiti</strong> Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. Yudi SAMYUDIA (Professor Dr Ir), Chemical Engineering, Advanced Process Engineering, Curtin University of Technology, Malaysia.
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Heng, S. C., Ibrahim, Z. B., Suleim
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CONCLUSION Heng, S. C., Ibrahim, Z.
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Y. Yusuf, J. M. Juoi, Z. M. Rosli,
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Y. Yusuf, J. M. Juoi, Z. M. Rosli,
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Y. Yusuf, J. M. Juoi, Z. M. Rosli,
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Surface Roughness Y. Yusuf, J. M. J
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DISCUSSION Y. Yusuf, J. M. Juoi, Z.
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Y. Yusuf, J. M. Juoi, Z. M. Rosli,
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Modelling of Motion Resistance Rati
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The Empirical Method Modelling of M
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Modelling of Motion Resistance Rati
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Modelling of Motion Resistance Rati
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Modelling of Motion Resistance Rati
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Modelling of Motion Resistance Rati
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Modelling of Motion Resistance Rati
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Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution
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TABLE 1: Size of mussels in average
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Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution
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TABLE 5: Heavy metal concentrations
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Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution
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Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution
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Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution
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Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution
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Physico-Chemical and Electrical Pro
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Physico-Chemical and Electrical Pro
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Physico-Chemical and Electrical Pro
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TABLE 1: (continued) Physico-Chemic
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Physico-Chemical and Electrical Pro
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Norhashila Hashim et al. effectiven
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Statistical Analysis Norhashila Has
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Norhashila Hashim et al. Post-hoc a
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Norhashila Hashim et al. Cubero, S.
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S. Ismail and K. A. Mohd Atan 4 4 p
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S. Ismail and K. A. Mohd Atan The f
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Lemma 1.1 The equation S. Ismail an
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INTRODUCTION Tajau, R. et al. A hig
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Aji, I. S., Zinudin, E. S., Khairul
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Aji, I. S., Zinudin, E. S., Khairul
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D. Bachtiar, S. M. Sapuan, E. S. Za
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D. Bachtiar, S. M. Sapuan, E. S. Za
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N. Maizatul, I. Norazowa, W. M. Z.
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N. Maizatul, I. Norazowa, W. M. Z.
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N. Maizatul, I. Norazowa, W. M. Z.
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REFERENCES N. Maizatul, I. Norazowa
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CBIR Using Colour and Shape Fused F
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CBIR Using Colour and Shape Fused F
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CBIR Using Colour and Shape Fused F
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Toward Automatic Semantic Annotatin
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Toward Automatic Semantic Annotatin
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Toward Automatic Semantic Annotatin
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Toward Automatic Semantic Annotatin
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Issues on Trust Management in Wirel
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Issues on Trust Management in Wirel
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Trust Value MF-ID 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
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A Negation Query Engine for Complex
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A Negation Query Engine for Complex
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A Negation Query Engine for Complex
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A Negation Query Engine for Complex
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REFERENCES A Negation Query Engine
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The Problem Association Rule Mining
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Association Rule Mining threshold t
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Association Rule Mining must be sor
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Association Rule Mining On the othe
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Association Rule Mining Quinlan, J.
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Che Mustapha Yusuf, J., Mohd Su’u
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Che Mustapha Yusuf, J., Mohd Su’u
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Che Mustapha Yusuf, J., Mohd Su’u
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Che Mustapha Yusuf, J., Mohd Su’u
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Che Mustapha Yusuf, J., Mohd Su’u
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Az Azrinudin Alidin and Fabio Crest
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Az Azrinudin Alidin and Fabio Crest
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Az Azrinudin Alidin and Fabio Crest
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Az Azrinudin Alidin and Fabio Crest
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Az Azrinudin Alidin and Fabio Crest
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Az Azrinudin Alidin and Fabio Crest
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Yogan Jaya Kumar, Naomie Salim, Ahm
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Yogan Jaya Kumar, Naomie Salim, Ahm
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Yogan Jaya Kumar, Naomie Salim, Ahm
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REFERENCES Yogan Jaya Kumar, Naomie
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Hasiah Mohamed@Omar, Azizah Jaafar
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Hasiah Mohamed@Omar, Azizah Jaafar
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Hasiah Mohamed@Omar, Azizah Jaafar
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Hasiah Mohamed@Omar, Azizah Jaafar
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The Role of Similarity Measurement
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The Role of Similarity Measurement
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The Role of Similarity Measurement
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The Role of Similarity Measurement
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TABLE 5: Winners MRS The Role of Si
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REFEREES FOR THE PERTANIKA JOURNAL
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Guidelines for Authors Publication
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table should be prepared on a separ
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Usability of Educational Computer G