JST Vol. 21 (1) Jan. 2013 - Pertanika Journal - Universiti Putra ...

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Suriani, M. J., Aidy Ali, S. M. Sapuan and A. Khalina displacement with fatigue life. This shows that fatigue life decreases as the maximum tension displacement increases. In this study, the fatigue lives of the 3D specimens are represented by the maximum G-L strain parameter, N f , as performed in Eq. (8): N = 495, 450 ε f [ ] 1.324 − Toubal et al. (2006) worked on woven laminates composite of fabric (HR 285/G803), with high strength carbon fibre and the matrix is epoxy resin. This composite has been used in manufacturing aeronautical structures. The fatigue test was carried out under tension-tension load and analysis of temperature on external surface involving thermal concept or thermal imaging technique using infra-red camera applied in this research. This study intended to relate the damage evolution and heat dissipation in composites. An analytical model based on the cumulative damage has also been proposed to predict damage evolution. Roylance (2001) stated that a cumulative damage model is often hypothesized when the cyclic load level varies during the fatigue process. They are considered to be two main approaches for cumulative damage such as Miner’s rule and the other is that of residual strength. Miner’s rule can be written as Eq. (9): G−L 8 Pertanika J. Sci. & Technol. 21 (1): 283 - 298 (2013) (8) ni 1 N = ∑ (9) i where n i is the number of cycles applied at a load corresponding to a lifetime of Ni, and for residual strength σ R, Broutman and Sahu (1972) stated Eq. (10) as follows: ( σ ) S i n ∑ − = σ σ σ (10) i R S N i i − where σ S is the instantaneous tensile static strength as measured on the virgin material before any fatigue damage is induced as σ S=σ i (with σ i being the maximum stress in the cycle). In another example, Granda et al. (2008) reported from their prediction of fatigue damage of an automotive axle, which was subjected to variable loading observations that there was a localized damage process which resulted from a cumulative damage. Marin (1962) proposed a cumulative damage based on the consideration of the relations between damage as a function of cycle ratio and changes in the S-N curve due to damage accumulation. Cumulative damage, as a function of loading cycles, is described in Fig.6. It was determined that D is cumulative damage, N is the three numbers of loading cycles and N f is the number of cycles to failure. Cumulative damage was determined by using Equation (11): E D = 1− E where E is the residual modulus and E 0 is the initial modulus (Toubal et al., 2006). Toubal et al. (2006) used Eq. (4) proposed by Mao and Mahadevan (2002) to determine the analytical model of accumulation damage and the values of q, m 1 and m 2 are given in Table 1 and plotted in Fig.7 to Fig.8, respectively. 0 (11)
Aspect of Fatigue Analysis of Composite Materials: A Review Fig.6: Evolution of the modulus of elasticity E and damage D according to the number of cycle (Toubal et al., 2006) Fig.7: Evolution of q according to load (Toubal et al., 2006). Fig.8: Evolution of m 1 and m 2 according to load (Toubal et al., 2006). Table 1: The values of q, m 1 and m 2, Toubal et al. (2006) Loading of load (%) q m 1 m 2 70 0.585 0.600 4.50 67.5 0.520 0.460 7.20 65 0.500 0.180 10 62.5 0.400 0.142 14 60 0.365 0.135 15 Pertanika J. Sci. & Technol. 21 (1): 283 - 298 (2013) 9
Page 2 and 3: Journal of Science & Technology Jou
Page 4 and 5: International Advisory Board Adarsh
Page 6 and 7: ut bovine milk allergy by far is th
Page 8 and 9: Selected Articles from UPM-Malaysia
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Page 64 and 65: DISCUSSION Y. Yusuf, J. M. Juoi, Z.
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ISSN: 0128-7680 © 2013 Universiti
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Modelling of Motion Resistance Rati
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The Empirical Method Modelling of M
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Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution
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TABLE 1: Size of mussels in average
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TABLE 5: Heavy metal concentrations
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Physico-Chemical and Electrical Pro
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TABLE 1: (continued) Physico-Chemic
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Norhashila Hashim et al. effectiven
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Statistical Analysis Norhashila Has
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Norhashila Hashim et al. Post-hoc a
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Norhashila Hashim et al. Cubero, S.
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S. Ismail and K. A. Mohd Atan 4 4 p
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S. Ismail and K. A. Mohd Atan The f
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Lemma 1.1 The equation S. Ismail an
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CONCLUSION S. Ismail and K. A. Mohd
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INTRODUCTION Tajau, R. et al. A hig
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Tajau, R. et al. the acrylate’s c
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Tajau, R. et al. double bond) and C
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Tajau, R. et al. Ulanski, P., & Ros
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Aji, I. S., Zinudin, E. S., Khairul
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Aji, I. S., Zinudin, E. S., Khairul
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CONCLUSION Aji, I. S., Zinudin, E.
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D. Bachtiar, S. M. Sapuan, E. S. Za
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TABLE 1: (continue) 4 D. Bachtiar,
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N. Maizatul, I. Norazowa, W. M. Z.
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REFERENCES N. Maizatul, I. Norazowa
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CBIR Using Colour and Shape Fused F
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Toward Automatic Semantic Annotatin
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Issues on Trust Management in Wirel
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Trust Value MF-ID 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
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A Negation Query Engine for Complex
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REFERENCES A Negation Query Engine
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The Problem Association Rule Mining
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Association Rule Mining threshold t
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Association Rule Mining must be sor
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Association Rule Mining On the othe
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Association Rule Mining Quinlan, J.
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Che Mustapha Yusuf, J., Mohd Su’u
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Az Azrinudin Alidin and Fabio Crest
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Yogan Jaya Kumar, Naomie Salim, Ahm
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REFERENCES Yogan Jaya Kumar, Naomie
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Hasiah Mohamed@Omar, Azizah Jaafar
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The Role of Similarity Measurement
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TABLE 5: Winners MRS The Role of Si
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REFEREES FOR THE PERTANIKA JOURNAL
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Guidelines for Authors Publication
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table should be prepared on a separ
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The Journal’s review process What
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Usability of Educational Computer G
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