JST Vol. 21 (1) Jan. 2013 - Pertanika Journal - Universiti Putra ...

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D. Bachtiar, S. M. Sapuan, E. S. Zainudin, A. Khalina and K. Z. H. M. Dahlan fibre retains crystalline components (cellulose) (Reddy et al., 2012). It was believed that the structure change in the sugar palm interior due to the DTG curve exhibits the single step for degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose components. The initial degradation of this transition was at about 261°C to the final transition temperature at about 360°C, and the peak transition temperature occurred at about 311°C. It showed a lower value than the peak transition temperature of the untreated and Ma-g-PS treated composites for the degradation of cellulose component. Otherwise, the peak transition temperature in the next step is for the HIPS matrix component in the composites which shows an almost similar value to the Ma-g-PS treated composites which was about 442°C. However, all the peak transition temperatures of the treated composites at the degradation step of the HIPS component in the composites show a higher value than the untreated composites. It was worth noting that the thermal stability of the treated composites with alkali and compatibilizing agent was higher than that of the untreated composites. The degree of thermal stability was also exhibited by the residue that remained after the heating process. Table 2 represents the percentage weight of the sample at several temperature processes. Meanwhile, Table 3 represents the residue content of the samples at 600°C. On each temperature, it can be seen that the percentage weight of the treated samples has higher values than those of the untreated composites. TABLE 2: Weight percentage of the samples at various temperatures Samples 200 0 C (%wt.) 300 0 C (%wt.) 400 0 C (%wt.) 500 0 C (%wt.) Untreated composites 96.2 90.5 71.6 15.3 2%MA-g-PS composites 97.09 92.2 75.1 15.8 3%MA-g-PS composites 97.37 93.2 78 13.8 4%NaOH composites 97.26 92 80.5 14.6 6%NaOH composites 97.15 92.4 81.9 12.52 TABLE 3: Residue of the samples as the TG analysis results Samples Residue at 600°C (% wt.) Sugar Palm Fibre 14.4 Neat HIPS matrix 0.39 Untreated composites (40%wt.SPF) 11.27 2% MA-g-PS composites 13.89 3% MA-g-PS composites 12.48 4% NaOH composites 13.73 6% NaOH composites 11.82 148 Pertanika J. Sci. & Technol. 21 (1): 283 - 298 (2013)
Thermal Properties of Alkali-Treated Sugar Palm Fibre Reinforced High Impact Polystyrene Composites CONCLUSION The effects of alkaline treatment and compatibilizing agent on the thermal degradation of sugar palm fibre reinforced high impact polystyrene composites were studied in the current work. The modification of the SPF-HIPS composites, using the compatibilizing agent with different weight concentrations of polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-blockpoly(styrenegraft-maleic anhydride) and the fibres treated with alkali, has brought a slight improvement to the peak temperature of decomposition of composites. It can be stated that the addition of sugar palm fibre and the modification of the composites with alkaline treatment and compatibilizing agent on the high impact polystyrene composites resulted in a higher thermal stability of the composites than the high impact polystyrene polymer alone. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to express their thanks to the Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry, Malaysia, for funding the research through the Science Fund Agriculture grant number 05-01- 04SF1114. The authors would also like to thank Universiti Putra Malaysia for the financial assistance through the Graduate Research Fellowship for the principal author. Special thanks also go to Mr. Ahmed Ali for proof reading the manuscript. REFERENCES Agung, E. H., Sapuan, S. M., Hamdan, M. M., Zaman, H. M. D. K., & Mustofa, U. (2011). Study on abaca (Musa textilis Nee) fibre reinforced high impact polystyrene (HIPS) composites by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 6(8), 2100-2106. Alawar, A., Hamed, A. M., & Al-Kaabi, K. (2009). Characterization of treated palm tree fibre as composites reinforcement. Composites: Part B, 40, 601-606. Bachtiar, D., Sapuan, S. M., Zainudin, E. S., Khalina, A., & Dahlan, K. Z. H. M. (2011). Effects of alkaline treatment and compatibilizing agent on tensile properties of sugar palm fibre reinforced high impact polystyrene composites. Bioresources, 6(4), 4815-4823. Bledzki, A. K., & Gassan, J. (1999). Composites reinforced with cellulose based fibres. Progress in Polymer Science, 24(2), 221-274. Bledzki, A. K., Mamun, A. A., & Faruk, O. (2007). Abaca fibre reinforced PP composites and comparison with jute and flax fibre PP composites. eXPRESS Polymer Letter, 1, 755-762. Doan, T. T. L., Brodowsky, H., & Mader, E. (2007). Jute fibre/polypropylene composites II. Thermal hydrothermal and dynamic mechanical behaviour. Composites Science and Technology, 67, 2707-2714. George, J., Sreekala, M. S., & Thomas, S. (2001). A review on interface modification and characterization of natural fibre reinforced plastic composites. Polymer Engineering & Science, 41(9), 1471-1485. Ishak, M. R., Sapuan, S. M., Leman, Z., Rahman, M. Z. A., & Azwar, U. M. K. (2011) Characterization of sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) fibres: tensile and thermal properties. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, DOI 10.1007/s10973-011-1785-1. Joffe, R., & Andersons, J. (2008). Mechanical performance of thermoplastic matrix natural-fibre composites. In Kim, & L. Pickering (Eds.), Properties and performance of natural-fibre composites (p. 402-459). England: Woodhead Publishing Limited. Pertanika J. Sci. & Technol. 21 (1): 283 - 298 (2013) 149
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Surface Roughness Y. Yusuf, J. M. J
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The Problem Association Rule Mining
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Guidelines for Authors Publication
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