JST Vol. 21 (1) Jan. 2013 - Pertanika Journal - Universiti Putra ...

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TABLE 1: (continue) 4 D. Bachtiar, S. M. Sapuan, E. S. Zainudin, A. Khalina and K. Z. H. M. Dahlan Initial weight loss, T i - 365 405.4 Final weight loss, T f - 500 510 Temp. at max. degrad., T m - 437.86 439.74 The degradation temperatures for the natural fibre reinforced composites usually fall between the degradation temperatures for the matrix and the fibres (Singha & Thakur, 2008). The same behaviour is also exhibited by the untreated sugar palm fibre reinforced with high impact polystyrene composites. It has been observed that for composites that the initial decomposition temperature is at 42°C and the final decomposition of the composite at 600°C, indicating that the presence of cellulose fibres does affect the degradation process. The whole degradation of the untreated composites occurs in four stages. The first stage is the moisture evaporation which starts at 42°C and ends at 146°C, with the peak temperature at 79.6°C. In this step, it can be seen that the moisture content was less, as indicated by a tiny peak at DTG curve. The second stage of weight loss occurred at 266.8°C to 321°C, with the peak of this transition at 291°C. This step of degradation indicated the decomposition of hemicelluloses content in the composites. The third step indicated the degradation of cellulose that occurred from 329.97 to 387.5°C, with the temperature at the maximum degradation at 356.25°C. The fourth step indicated the degradation of the HIPS polymer part in the composites that occurred from 405.4 to 510°C and the peak of this transition was observed at 439.74°C. The value is slightly higher than the peak transition of neat HIPS matrix. Hence, it can be stated that the thermal stability of SPF-HIPS composites is better than the neat HIPS. TGA/DTG for the Treated SPF-HIPS Composites Fig.3 represents the TG analysis of the SPF-HIPS composites after the treatments, while Fig.4 depicts the DTG thermogram. The compatibilizing agent and alkali-treated SPF fibre on the composites slightly influence the characteristics of the thermal degradation of the composites. For 2% MA-g-PS and 3% MA-g-PS composites, the degradation occurs in three stages, as also shown by the degradation of the untreated composites. The first stage is believed to be the decomposition of the hemicellulose component, with an initial decomposition temperature at 260°C and the final temperature at 320°C, while the peak of transition occurs at 291°C. The second stage is the decomposition of cellulose component ranging from 331°C to 417°C, and the peak was observed at about 359.38°C and 359.46°C for 2%MA-g-PS and 3%MA-g-PS composites, respectively. The last stage is the degradation of HIPS polymer in the composites that occurs initially at 416°C to 500°C, and the peak of transition temperature occurs at about 444°C. Meanwhile, at the peak temperature transition for the untreated composites (439°C), it was clearly seen that the TG curve of the compatibilizing agent modified composites was higher as compared to the untreated composites. The compatibilizer was found to improve the thermal resistance of the composites due to the good interaction between the natural fibre and the polymer matrix that was caused by the formation of a covalent bond at the interface (Doan et al., 2007). 146 Pertanika J. Sci. & Technol. 21 (1): 283 - 298 (2013)
Thermal Properties of Alkali-Treated Sugar Palm Fibre Reinforced High Impact Polystyrene Composites Fig.3: The TG analyses of the untreated and treated SPF-HIPS composites Fig.4: The DTG curve of the untreated and treated SPF-HIPS composites The TG and DTG thermograms of the thermal decomposition treated fibre composites, with 4% and 6% of NaOH, showed different curves as compared to the TG and DTG curves of the untreated and compatibilizing agent treated composites. Only two stages appeared in the DTG curve during the degradation of the composites process. In general, this treatment removed natural and artificial impurities, produced a rough surface topography and made fibre fibrillation (Alawar et al., 2009). Moreover, the alkali treatment changes the structure of the fibres, removes weak amorphous components (hemicellulose and lignin) so that the Pertanika J. Sci. & Technol. 21 (1): 283 - 298 (2013) 147
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Journal of Science & Technology Jou
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International Advisory Board Adarsh
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ut bovine milk allergy by far is th
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Selected Articles from UPM-Malaysia
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ISSN: 0128-7680 © 2013 Universiti
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Aspect of Fatigue Analysis of Compo
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Application of Anthropometric Dimen
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Different Media Formulation on Bioc
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Heng, S. C., Ibrahim, Z. B., Suleim
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CONCLUSION Heng, S. C., Ibrahim, Z.
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Y. Yusuf, J. M. Juoi, Z. M. Rosli,
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Surface Roughness Y. Yusuf, J. M. J
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DISCUSSION Y. Yusuf, J. M. Juoi, Z.
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Modelling of Motion Resistance Rati
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The Empirical Method Modelling of M
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Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution
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TABLE 1: Size of mussels in average
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TABLE 5: Heavy metal concentrations
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Page 138 and 139: INTRODUCTION Tajau, R. et al. A hig
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Page 150 and 151: CONCLUSION Aji, I. S., Zinudin, E.
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Page 168 and 169: REFERENCES N. Maizatul, I. Norazowa
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The Problem Association Rule Mining
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Association Rule Mining threshold t
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Association Rule Mining must be sor
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Association Rule Mining On the othe
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Association Rule Mining Quinlan, J.
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Che Mustapha Yusuf, J., Mohd Su’u
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Az Azrinudin Alidin and Fabio Crest
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Yogan Jaya Kumar, Naomie Salim, Ahm
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REFERENCES Yogan Jaya Kumar, Naomie
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Hasiah Mohamed@Omar, Azizah Jaafar
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The Role of Similarity Measurement
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TABLE 5: Winners MRS The Role of Si
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REFEREES FOR THE PERTANIKA JOURNAL
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Guidelines for Authors Publication
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table should be prepared on a separ
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The Journal’s review process What
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Usability of Educational Computer G
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