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Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy Vol. 6 (2) 173-182 April 2012, ISSN 0973-8916 (Print), 2230-7303 (Online) the same ancestral gene. Future work regarding the function and evolution of the avirulence genes that correspond to the resistance genes at the Pik locus will help reveal part of the history of rice cultivar–blast fungus arms race. Although the number of isolates analyzed in this research is too small and their geographic origin is too limited, our results demonstrate the potential of the Vegetative Compatibility Group (VCG) analysis to differentiate even closed related isolates of P. grisea. Population structure analyses of M. grisea using molecular markers have contributed to the knowledge on evolutionary dynamics. Studies on genetic structure of M. grisea population using MGM markers SSR based fingerprinting showed that even though each isolate had a unique fingerprint, they could be grouped into distinct lineages Thus; P. grisea may represent a reticulate species in which there may be periodic vertical and horizontal gene transfer over time (35). Addressing such hypotheses about the true nature of genetic variability and population structure with P. grisea in the future will likely benefit from the use of marked field strains (36) combined with following the dynamics of specific pieces of DNA such as avirulence genes (37, 38) within and between field populations. A better understanding of these factors and the mechanisms that control population dynamics may reveal how we can most effectively manage this important plant pathogen. Conclusion The present study with genome specific microsatellite markers helped to understand the population diversity precisely. The concomitant grouping of the isolates collected on the differential varieties with the predominant isolates collected from the diverse agro climatic regions of India, helped in precise prediction of virulence genes spectra in the hotspot regions of India. The recent progress in genomics and sequence availability of rice and M. grisea can be extended further to determine the spectra of AVR genes of Madhan Mohan et al 180 major blast isolates which can in turn offer a major clue in deployment of blast resistance genes in rice improvement programmes. It is anticipated that this study will lead to a better understanding of the diversity and distribution of blast pathogens both from rice and non-rice hosts and to its potential application in rice breeding programs aiming at development of durable blast-resistant rice cultivars. Acknowledgement We thank the Project Director, DRR, for providing facilities and the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, New Delhi for financial support. The authors also thank Dr. R. M. Sundaram for critical reading and suggestions to improve the manuscript. References 1. Lavanya, B. and Gnanamanickam, S.S. (2000). Molecular tools for characterization of rice blast pathogen (Magnaporthe grisea) population and molecular markerassisted breeding for disease resistance. Cur Sci, 78(3): 248-257. 2. Sesma, A. and Osbourn, A.E. (2004). The rice leaf blast pathogen undergoes developmental processes typical of rootinfecting fungi. Natur, 431: 582-586. 3. Lee, F.N. (1994). Rice breeding programs, blast epidemics and blast management in the United States. (In R.S Ziegler et al. 1994 (Eds.) Rice blast disease. (pp. 489- 500). C.A.B. International, Wallingford, UK. 4. Bonman, J.M., Estrada, B.A., Kim, C.K., Ra, D.S. and Lee, E.J. (1991). Assessment of blast disease and yield loss in susceptible and partially resistant rice cultivars in two irrigated lowland environments. Plant Dis, 75: 462-466. 5. Levy, M., Romao, J., Marchetti, M.A. and Hamer, J.E. (1991). DNA fingerprint with a dispersed repeated sequence resolves
Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy Vol. 6 (2) 173-182 April 2012, ISSN 0973-8916 (Print), 2230-7303 (Online) pathotype diversity in the rice blast fungus. Pl Cell, 3: 95-112. 6. Correa-Victoria, F.J. and Zeigler, R.S. (1993). Pathogenic variability in Pyricularia grisea at a rice blast “hot spot” breeding site in eastern Colombia. Plant Dis, 77: 1029-1035. 7. Levy, M., Correa-Victoria, F.J., Zeigler, R.S., Xu, S. and Hamer, J.E. (1993). Genetic diversity of the rice blast fungus in a disease nursery in Colombia. Phytopathol, 83: 1427-1433. 8. Xia, J.Q., Correll, J.C., Lee, F.N., Marchetti, M.A. and Rhoads, D.D. (1993). DNA fingerprinting to examine microgeographic variation in the Magnaporthe grisea (Pyricularia grisea) population in two rice fields in Arkansas. Phytopathol, 83: 1029- 1035. 9. Chen, D., Zeigler, R.S., Leung, H. and Nelson, R.J. (1995). Population structure of Pyricularia grisea at two screening sites in the Philippines. Phytopathol, 85: 1011- 1020. 10. Zeigler, R.S., Cuoc, L.X., Scott, R.P., Bernardo, M.A., Chen, D.H., Valent, B. and Nelson, R.J. (1995). The relationship between lineage and virulence in Pyricularia grisea in the Philippines. Phytopathol, 85: 443-451. 11. Burt, A., Carter, D.A., Koenig, G.L., White, T.J. and Taylor, J.W. (1996). Molecular markers reveal cryptic sex in the human pathogen Coccidioides immitis. Proc of Natl Acad of Sci, USA, 93: 770-773. 12. Roumen, E., Levy, M. and Notteghem, J.L. (1997). Characterization of the European pathogen population of Magnaporthe grisea by DNA fingerprinting and pathotype analysis. Eur J Plant Pathol, 103: 363-371. 181 13. Xia, J.Q., Correll, J.C., Lee, F.N., Ross, W.J. and Rhoads, D.D. (2000). Regional population diversity of Pyricularia grisea in Arkansas and the influence of host selection. Plant Dis, 84: 877-884. 14. Hamer, J.E. (1991). Molecular probes for rice blast disease. Sci, 252: 632-633. 15. Farman, M.L., Taura, S. and Leong, S.A. (1996). Magnaporthe grisea DNA fingerprinting probe MGR586 contains the 3' end of an inverted repeat transposon. Mol Genet Geno, 251: 675-681. 16. Dobinson, K.F., Harris, R.E. and Hamer, J.E. (1993). Grasshopper, a long terminal repeat (LTR) retroelement in the phytopathogenic fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Mol Plant-Micro Interact, 6: 114- 126. 17. Farman, M.L., Tosa, Y., Nitta, N. and Leong, S.A. (1996). MAGGY, a retrotransposon in the genome of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Mol Gene Genet, 251: 665-674. 18. Kachroo, P., Leong, S.A. and Chattoo, B. (1994). Pot2, an inverted repeat transposon from the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Mol Gene Genet, 245: 339-348. 19. Morgante, M. and Olivier, A.M. (1993). PCR-amplified microsatellite as markers in plant genetics. Plant J, 3: 175-182. 20. Taramino, G. and Tingey, S.V. (1996). Simple sequence repeats for germplasm analysis and mapping in maize. Geno, 39: 277-287. 21. Field, D. and Wills, C. (1996). Long, polymorphic micro satellites in simple organisms. Proc of Roy Soc Lon, 263: 209- 215. Analysis of Population Structure of Magnaporthe grisea
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